Wasit University CE 4340 Asphalt Technology

Faculty of Engineering Fourth Year

Civil Engineering Dept. Dr. Nabeel Saleem

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2‐ Viscous Materials
• Stress‐strain is time dependent
• No immediate deformation
• No recovering of deformation (all deformation are permanents)
• Follows Newton's law:

dγ
τ=ƞ× dt

Where:
𝒅𝒚𝒏𝒆
τ = shear stress ( )
𝒄𝒎𝟐

ƞ = absolute viscosity (poise)

dγ 1
= rate of shear strain ( )
dt 𝑠𝑒𝑐

• Represent by Dashpot

When τ = constant
34
Wasit University CE 4340 Asphalt Technology
Faculty of Engineering Fourth Year
Civil Engineering Dept. Dr. Nabeel Saleem

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------

Viscosity: is internal friction or resistance to flow

‫ قابلية المادة لمقاو ة الحركة او الجريان أو هي االحتكاك الداخلي‬:‫اللزوجة‬

Fluidity = 1/η
:‫وتقسم اللزوجة الى‬
1. Absolute viscosity (dynamic) ‐ under vacuum pressure.

‫ قابلية المادة لمقاو ة الحركة تحت تأثير ضغط‬:)‫اللزوجة المطلقة وتقاس ب (بويز‬

2. Kinematics viscosity (stokes)‐ under gravity

‫ قابلية المادة لمقاو ة الحركة تحت تأثير الجاذبية‬:)‫اللزوجة الحركية وتقاس ب (ستوك‬

Absolute Viscosity poise

Kinematics viscosity = = gm
density
cm3
𝒈𝒎
Poise = 𝒄𝒎 .𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒄𝒎𝟐
Stoke = 𝒔𝒆𝒄

3-Visco-Elastic Materials

In Series, (spring or Dashpot)

‐Stress constant and strain additive

35
Wasit University CE 4340 Asphalt Technology
Faculty of Engineering Fourth Year
Civil Engineering Dept. Dr. Nabeel Saleem

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------
A-Spring System

γtotal = γ1 + γ2
𝝉 𝝉 𝟏 𝟏
= + =𝝉( + )
𝑮𝟏 𝑮𝟐 𝑮𝟏 𝑮𝟐

B-Dashpot System

dγ dγ dγ
( )total = ( )1 + ( )2
dt dt dt

𝛕 𝛕 𝟏 𝟏
= + =𝝉( + )
ƞ𝟏 ƞ𝟐 ƞ𝟏 ƞ𝟐

In Parallel, (spring or Dashpot)

‐Deflection constant and stress additive
A-Spring System
𝝉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝝉1 + 𝝉2 = G1 γ + G2 γ
= γ (G1 + G2)

B-Dashpot System
𝝉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝝉1 + 𝝉2
dγ dγ
= ƞ𝟏 + ƞ𝟐
dt dt
dγ
= (ƞ𝟏 + ƞ𝟐 )
dt

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Wasit University CE 4340 Asphalt Technology
Faculty of Engineering Fourth Year
Civil Engineering Dept. Dr. Nabeel Saleem

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------
Viscoelastic Material Properties can be studied by mechanical models:

1-Maxwell Model: spring and dashpot series (heavy liquid)

γ = γ1 + γ2

dγ dγ1 dγ2
= +
dt dt dt

dγ 𝟏 dτ 𝛕
= +
dt 𝐆 dt 𝛈

−𝐆 𝐆
𝐭 𝐭 dγ 𝐭
𝛕= 𝐞 𝛈 {𝛕𝐨 + G ∫𝟎 dt 𝐞 𝛈 𝐝𝐭 }

A-Under constant stress

−𝐆 𝐆
𝐭 𝐭 dγ 𝐭
𝛕= 𝐞 𝛈 {𝛕𝐨 + G ∫𝟎 dt 𝐞 𝛈 𝐝𝐭 }

37
Wasit University CE 4340 Asphalt Technology
Faculty of Engineering Fourth Year
Civil Engineering Dept. Dr. Nabeel Saleem

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------
B-Under constant strain

dγ
=0
dt

−𝐺
𝑡
τ = 𝜏𝑜 𝑒 η

Relaxation time: the time required for a stress to be reduced (1/e or 36.8 %) of the original
value.

𝛈
Trel =
𝑮

−𝒕
τ = 𝜏𝑜 𝒆 𝐓𝐫𝐞𝐥

2-Kelvin (Voight) Model: spring and dashpot in parallel (solid materials)

Under constant strain

𝛕 = 𝝉𝟏 + 𝝉𝟐

dγ
=G𝜸+ƞ
dt

−𝐆 𝐆
𝐭 𝟏 𝐭 𝐭
𝛄= 𝐞 𝛈 {𝛄𝐨 + ∫𝟎 τ 𝐞 𝛈 𝐝𝐭 }
𝛈

Under constant stress

−𝐆 𝐆
𝐭 τ 𝛈 𝐭
𝛄= 𝐞 𝛈 {𝛄𝐨 + × (𝐞 𝛈 − 𝟏) }
𝛈 𝐆
−𝐆 𝐆
𝐭 τ 𝐭
𝛄= 𝐞 𝛈 {𝛄𝐨 + (𝐞 𝛈 − 𝟏) }
𝑮

At 𝛄𝐨 = 0
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