energy approach II 1

PATH INDEPENDENT J INTEGRAL

(Rice J.R., 1968, J. Applied Mechanics, 379-386)


- Consider a homogeneous body of linear or nonlinear
elastic material, free of body forces, subject to a two-
dimensional deformation field in the plane x
1
- x
2
(x - y)

- A traction free straight crack runs parallel to the x-axis



- Consider the integral J calculated in a contraclockwise
sense starting from the lower crack surface to the upper
crack surface along the curve surrounding the crack tip:

|
.
|

\
|

= ds
x
dy U J
d
u
T
where:

U
d
= strain energy density
T = surface traction vector
(T
i
=
ij
n
j
, with n the outward normal to )
u = displacement vector
ds = element of arc length along

energy approach II 2
The J Integral has important properties:



J is path independent and it holds for any integration
contour

(J has the same value when evaluated along different
curves surrounding the crack tip)



J equals the total potential energy released during an
unitary collinear crack extension in nonlinear elastic bodies


da
dW
a
W(a) - a) W(a
J
0 a
lim
=

+
=





J equals the energy release rate in linear elastic bodies
(for collinear crack growth)



G = J
energy approach II 3
Proof of Path Independence


- Consider a generic closed curve * enclosing an area A* in
a 2D body free of body forces.

- Greens theorem gives:



(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

* * A
2 1
1
i
ij
j 1
d
1
i
i 2 d
dx dx
x
u
x x
U
ds
x
u
T dx U


- Differentiating the strain energy density:


|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

1
i
ij
j
1
i
j
ij
j
1 j
i
1
ij
j
j
i
1
ij
1
ij
ij
1
ij
ij
d
1
d
x
u
x
x
u
x xi
u
x x
u
x 2
1
xi
u
x
u
2
1
x x x
U
x
U

0 ds
x
u
T dx U
1
i
i 2 d
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

*
for any closed curve *
energy approach II 4
- Assume * =
1
+
s+
-
2
+
s-
surrounding the crack tip


then:

0 ds
x
u
T dx U ds
x
u
T dx U
s s 1
i
i 2 d
1
i
i 2 d
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
+ +

2 1
*


But T=0 and dx
2
= 0 along
s+
and
s-
so that:

0 ds
x
u
T dx U
1
i
i 2 d
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

2 1






|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

2 1
ds
x
u
T dx U ds
x
u
T dx U
1
i
i 2 d
1
i
i 2 d


energy approach II 5
J Integral along a special path


- Consider linear elastic body in Mode I conditions

- Reduce to a circular contour of radius r about crack tip

- Assume r very small so that Westergaards asymptotic
fields apply inside

- Introduce system of polar coordinates:

ds = r d
dy = r cos d

d
x
) (r,
) (r, )cos (r, U r J
d

|
.
|

\
|

=
u
T


- Evaluate J using asymptotic fields (Mode I)
(see previous pages)


Equivalence between linear J and local quantities:


'
2
E
K
J
I
=
energy approach II 6
J-Integral and strain energy release rate in
DCB specimen in pure bending

- Consider DCB specimen loaded by bending moments M
per unit width.


Assume a >> h, L >> h and plane strain conditions




- Apply J Integral to dashed path =
1
+
2
+
3
+
4
+
5
:

- Contributions to J vanishes along:

2
and
4
since dy = 0 and T = 0

3
since U
b
= 0 and T = 0


- Contributions to J along
1
and
5
:

dy = -ds
T
y
= 0 (beamlike arms state of pure bending)
T
x
= -
xx
(
ij
n
i
= T
j
)

( ) ds U - ds
x
u
U - J
xx xx d
x
xx d
+ +
+ =
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
5 1 5 1

energy approach II 7
- J Integral in DCB specimen in pure bending:


ds U J
dc
+
=
5 1



U
dc
= complementary energy density


- If material is linearly elastic:


I E
M
dy' y
I E
M
dy'
I E
y M
dy'
E
2
1
2 ds U 2 J
'
h/4
-h/4
2 '
h/4
-h/4
2 '
'
xx
h/4
-h/4
dc
2
2
2 2 2
2
'
'
1


+ +
+

= = =
= = =





- Strain energy release rate from total potential energy
(beam theory):


I E
M
I E
Ma
M
2
1
da
d
2 M
2
1
da
d
2
da
dW
'
2
'
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
= = G

where = rotation of the upper arm


Conclusion: J =G
energy approach II 8
CRACK GROWTH AND CRACK STABILITY
(R CURVE BEHAVIOR)

Crack resistance energy R = energy required to create a
unitary crack area
dA
dW
R
s
=

in ideally brittle fracture (Mode I): R = G
IC
= constant
in bodies with R curve behavior: R = R(a)

- Consider Griffiths problem of an infinite plate subject to
biaxial loading with crack of length 2a
0

Brittle crack growth

- if =
1
stable crack
- if =
3
unstable crack growth:
crack starts to grow in A where G =G
IC

unstable crack growth after point A, G >G
IC

- if =
2
unstable crack growth for crack length a
2
> a
0

- stable crack growth only if after point A (where =
3
) the
load is progressively reduced to maintain G =G
IC

energy approach II 9
Crack growth (R curve behavior)


- if =
1
stable crack growth
- if =
3
unstable crack growth, G R


Fracture stability conditions

growth crack unstable R
I
> G

growth crack unstable
da
dR
da
d
and R
growth crack stable
da
dR
da
d
and R
I
I
> =
=
G
G
G
G


crack stable R
I
< G

- R curve behavior in:
ductile fracture in metals (rising R curve)
cleavage fracture in metals (falling R curve)
fracture in fiber reinforced composites (rising R curve)

The R curve is not a material property !!!!
It depends on the geometry and the size of the body !!!

energy approach II 10
WORK OF FRACTURE AND TENSILE STRENGTH
FOR VARIOUS MATERIALS




Material
Youngs
Modulus
(GPa)
Tensile
Strength
(MPa)
Fracture
Energy
(J/m
2
)
Critical K

(MPam)
glass 70 170 1-10 0.25-0.8
diamond 1200 - 15 4
concrete 30 5 30-130 1-2
epoxy resin 2.8 50 100 0.5
bones 21 200 1000 5
Nylon,
Ethylene resin
14 150-600 1000 1-1.5
fiber reinforced
ceramic
composites

200-400

-

1000-3000

20-25
high-strength
steel
210 1000 1E03-5E04 20-100
wood 14 100 10000 10
aluminum 70 70 150000 100
steel 210 400 1E04-1E06 50-500