Adiabatic condition

Gas Dynamics
Units
R

Cp

Cv

[kJ/kgK]
0.2870

[kJ/kgK]
1.005

[kJ/kgK]
0.718

1.400

Temp

from Celsius
9

[F] = [C]

Kelvin

[K] = [C] + 273.15

Rankine

Adiabatic condition

Adiabatic condition

to Celsius

Fahrenheit

+ 32

[C] = ([F] 32)

[R] = ([C] + 273.15)

[C] = ([R] 491.67) 9

lb s
slug ft
1slug 1 F
1 lb F 1 2

ft
m 2
kg m 2
1 J 1 kg 1 2 1 Nm
s

s
2

(Pa)

(bar)

(atm)

(psi)

1 Pa

1 N/m2

1.0197105

1.450377104

1 bar

105

1.0197

14.50377

1 atm

1.01325105

1.0332

14.69595

1 psi

6.8948103

7.03069102

1 lbF /in2

uM

Adiabatic velocity

Stagnation
condition

Stagnation pressure

R0 8.31 J / mol K

emono 1.5RT

enthalpy

Mass

ebi 2.5RT

h e

p
p
a 2 RT

Heating capacity

e
cv

T v

Heating Capacity
ratio

Mach number

R
1

Isentropic condition

pT

/ 1

dh udu dq dws

Euler

udu

P0 , T0 const

p
1
=( )
0
0

0
1 2 1
= (1 +
)

2
0
1 2
=1+

= 0.528
0

0 =
0.528

Isentropic
converging
diverging nozzle
design

A* , Ae

Shock wave
condition

Shock Waves
T0 const

A
1 2 1 2 2 1

M
1

A* M 1
2

Choked speed of
sound

a* RT *

a 1
2 1

Choked speed of
sound, stagnation
relations

* 2
2

a0 2

T*
2

T0 1

T*
a*
0.833,
0.913
T0
a0
P*
*
0.528,
0.634
P0

0
= 0.579
0

Maximum choked
flow rate
0
1 2 1
= (1 +
)

Minimal choked
stagnation
pressure

dp
0
p

P1 Pa

Choked stagnation
isentropic relations

Isentropic
temperature

1
1

Choked cross
section area:

Isentropic pressure

P Pa

Choked stagnation
adiabatic relations

A*
Isentropic density

1 M e
1

Energy

a0

const

Ffric dA

du
dP 0b

X
dx
A
dx
X gx

Isentropic Condition
Isentropic
relations

Friction force

Converging diverging nozzles

* 2

p const

du
dy

Choking condition

cv
u
M
a

cp

Shear stress

Important ideas:
Determine if the procedure is isentropic or adiabatic, if not than
use the ideal gas relations
If the starting velocity values are unknown consider assuming
that the starting condition is stagnation

Choked flow equations

T
P
s c p ln 1 R ln 1
T
2
P2

entropy

vL vL

d uA 0

Momentum

h
cp

T p
C p Cv R

Re

Fundamental Equations
d du dA
0
u A

Continuity

c pT

Speed of sound

Heating Capacity

P0,2

Reynolds number

:
. ,1

0 1 M
1

Stagnation density

P RT ideal

Monoatomic
internal energy
Du-atomic internal
energy

a2

R R0 / m J / mol K

Ideal Gas

T0
1 2
1
M
T
2
2
a02 T0 M

Pe

Avogadros number
Gas Constant

RT0

1 M 2

2
Stagnation Condition

Stagnation speed of
sound, stagnation
temperature
relations

Thermodynamics
N A 6 1023 1/ mol

Pitot Tube

u Ma M RT

[C] = [K] 273.15

9

1 2
= 0 1 = Hg
2

Hg = 13.56 [ 3]

u 2 u max
h0 h
2
2
2
u
T0 T
2c p

M *2

Choked Mach
number

2
1
M2
dA
du
M 2 1
A
u

Variable cross
sectional flow

Flow calculations
Pressure coefficient

p
1
2 0
=

=
(
1)
1 2
12 p1
0
2

How to determine third critical point:

1.

2.

3.

isen P
Ae isen
M e crit ,2
*
A
P0
Shock
P P
M e, x M e,y , y crit ,3
Px Pcrit ,2

Pcrit ,3

Pcrit ,3 Pcrit ,2

P0
Pcrit ,2 P0

Shock Condition:

Pcrit ,1 Pe
isentropic (non-choking)
Pcrit ,3 Pe Pcrit ,1
t s e
Pcrit ,2 Pe Pcrit ,3
e s

s1,2 c p ln

T2
p
R ln 2
T`1
p1
1

1 2 2 1
1
M1
s2 s1
M 2
2

ln
R
M1 1 2
1 2 M 2

1 2 2 1
1
M1
pt 2 M 2
2

pt1 M 1 1 2
1

M
2

fanno

shock

3.

M s , x M s , y L*s,y

4.

LY ,2 L L
*
s, y

M s ,y

*
e

p2 M 1 T2

p1 M 2 T1
Iterative method for finding

AS :
isen

AS calculate AS / A* M S , x

1.

Guess

2.

Determine shock tables M , P

3.

Calculate

4.

Use

5.

determine

/ P01

Pe / P02 M e

MY

AS / Ae
e,y

Pe, y

Pe Pa A
Pe Pa A

p
1

p* M

Psub Pref Psuper

Shockwave between the reference pressure
and the subsonic pressure
2

4.

P
P* P* P0
0.528 0
Pe P0 Pe
Pe
A*

Ae
isentropic

Me

5.

7.

assume that
2.

V* 1

* V M

Pe
P
P02 02
P02
P01

Heat transfer

M2
1
2

2
1/2 1

T
2

T * 1 2
M
1
2

A*

Condition: supersonic inlet flow,

1.

Fanno flow equations

Maximum pipe length without shock wave
*
Fanno condition

LL

Q0

T0 , P, A, , L const
*

Guess 1

L* L

M s , x M1
M1

L*s

LY ,1 L Lx

A3 A4

M4
A5 A5

2.

Lx L*1

qmax c p T0* T01

*
Rayleigh
P, A, , L const
condition
Important ideas:
if a pipe maintains cross sectional area, than the flow rate
can be used to calculate the throat area ratio and can be
used to determine the Mach number

A3 5v5

A5 3v3

Iterative approach to shockwave determination in pipe

m
*v *

q c p T02 T01

m3 m4 m5

v* RT *

Rayleigh flow equations

Max heat transfer

Important ideas:

P* P* T *
P0 T0 R
RT * P0 T0

mRT
D2
M
RT
4

3.

8.

m *v* A*

Pe is given as 1 ATM it is safe to

Me 1

1 2
1
M
t
1
2

*
1
t
M

P02 isentropic
M s,x
P01
isentropic
A
M s , x s* As
A

6.

Ly ,2 Ly1 M x
Important Ideas
1. if M isnt given and

2
1 2
M
1
2

*
*
1 2 1 P A
M e 2 1
Me
Me
2

2 Pe Ae

P* A*
M e 2 1 0.2 M e 2 1.2
Pe Ae

3.

Ly ,2 Ly1 M x

1 2
1
M1
T2
2

1
T1

M 22
1
2

Pe Pa As
Calculation method:
1.
Check isentropic condition:

2.

Ly ,2 Ly1 M x

M1
1
2

As / A*MY

A* / Ae M e,Y Pe,Y / P02 M

7.

1 2
M1
1
2

1 2
1

2
2

1 2
1
M2
2 M 1
2

1 M 2 1 2

P02

A* / Ae A* / As

6.

02

p2 M 1

p1 M 2

M s ,x

P
RT

v M RT

u piston

cs W RT1 1

T0 const

Oblique shock
wave condition
Normal
transformation
Oblique
transformation

M M n sin

Mn
M
sin
2 / tan M12 sin 2 1
tan
M 12 cos 2 2

Beta theta
transformation

RT2

a1 p2 1

1
p1 p2 1
p 1
1

1/2

Oblique shock waves

4.

u2 ' M 2 ' a2
u2 ' cs u p u p

1 p2
1
2 p1

Velocity
transformation
relation

2.

M2

v 6 tan 1

M 2,n

sin

M1, M 2 , M 3
P2 P3
,
P1 P1

1,2 1,3

3.

Calculate

4.

Solve for

3,4 1,3
2,5 1,2
p4 p5
,
p3 p2

p4 p5
5.

/( 1)

1/( 1)

T2 T3
,
T1 T1

Guess

M 1
v M 2 v M1

1 2
1
M1
p2
2

p1 1 1 M 2
2

1 2
2 1 2 M1

1 1 1 M 2
2

Gas Relative
Region in front of the shockwave as region (1), region
behind the shockwave as region (2), the speed of the shock
wave relative to the gas is W.
Shock relative
Given a fixed reference frame to the shock, region 1 is
redefined as x and region 2 is redefined as y.

2.

6 M 2 1 tan 1

1 2
1
M1
T2
2

T1 1 1 M 2
2

P P
M 2,n , 2 , 02
P1 P01

Calculate

Flow angle
transformation

Method for solving non symmetric oblique shock

1.

u' u' 1 '

2 1
M1 1 0
a1 2

1 1 1
2
1
v

tan
M 1 tan
1
1

M1 oblique


M1,n M1 sin

M1,n

' 2
1

Prandtl Meyer angle

1 p2

1 p1
p2 1
1

p1 1

Shock

3.

Prandtl Meyer flow

Method for solving oblique shock waves

1.

u2' u1'
2 M1 1

a1
1 M 1'
' 2

1 p2

1
2 1 p1

1
1 p2

1 p1
T2 p2

T1 p1

T2 a2

u y W u1 u2

My

W u1 u2
a2

p1 px

p2 p y

; T1 Tx

; T2 Ty ,

1 x ; 2 y ; a1 ax ; a2 a y ,
Mx

ux W
,
ax a1

My

uy
ay

W u1 u2
a2

a2
2( 1)
1
2
1
M x 2 ( 1)
a1
( 1) 2
Mx

2
1

1
2
1
1
1
1 M x2
p2
2
M 2 1
1
p1
1 x
Moving shockwave coordinate transformation:

p4 p5
p4 p5

Moving Shock Waves

1.

Define coordinate system

2.

u1 '
M1 '
RT1

3.

shock
p T
M 1 ' M 2 ', 2 , 2
p1 T1

u1 ' cs u1
u 2 ' cs

max

1
1

2 1

max max ( M 1 )