Geotechnical

1. What is the classification of soil having particle size < 0.075 mm in

diameter as classified by USCS?
ANS: Silt and clay has diameter which is < 0.075 mm.

2. What is the classification of soil having particle sizes from 2 to 0.075

mm in diameter as classified by AASHTO?
ANS: Sand ranges from 2 to 0.075 mm.

3. What is the classification of soil having particle sizes from 0.075 mm

to 0.002 mm in diameter as classified by AASHTO?
ANS: Silt ranges from 0.075 mm to 0.002 mm.

4. What is the classification of soil having particle sizes from 76.2 to 2

mm in diameter as classified by AASHTO?
ANS: Gravel ranges from 76.2 to 2 mm.

5. What is the classification of soil having particle sizes < 0.002 mm in

diameter as classified by AASHTO?
ANS: Clay < 0.002 mm
Geotechnical

6. What type of soil having fraction passing the 75 mm sieve and

retained on the No. 10 (2 mm) U.S. sieve under AASHTO
Classification System?
a) Gravel (passes 75 mm sieve and retained on the No. 10 sieve)
b) Sand
c) Clay
d) Silt

7. What type of soil having fraction passing No. 10 (2 mm) U.S. sieve
and retained on the No. 200 (0.075 mm) sieve under AASHTO
Classification System?
a) Gravel c) Clay
b) Sand d) Silt

8. What type of soil having fraction passing the No. 200 sieve under
AASHTO Classification System?
a) Gravel c) Loam
b) Sand d) Silt and clay

9. Type of soil where the fine fractions have plasticity index of 11 or

more.
a) Clayey c) Sandy
b) Silty d) Loamy
Geotechnical

10. Type of soil where the fine fractions have plasticity index of 10 or
less.
a) Clayey c) Sandy
b) Silty d) Gravelly

11. Soils having size larger than 75 mm.

a) Gravel c) Loam
b) Rock d) Boulders and cobbles

12. Soil particles having particular size limits from 2 mm to 0.05 mm in

diameter under USDA classification.
a) Clay size c) Sand size
b) Silt size d) Loamy size

13. Soil particles having particular size limits from 0.05 mm to 0.002 mm
in diameter under USDA classification.
a) Clay size c) Sand size
b) Silt size d) Loamy size
Geotechnical

14. Soil particles having particular size limits smaller than 0.002 mm in
diameter under USDA classification.
a) Clay size c) Sand size
b) Silt size d) Loamy size

15. Classification of soil under AASHTO Classification where

P.I. ≤ LL – 30.
a) A - 7 - 5 c) A - 7
b) A - 7 - 6 d) A - 2 - 6

16. Classification of soil under AASHTO Classification where

P.I. ≥ LL – 30.
a) A - 7 - 5 c) A - 2 - 5
b) A - 7 - 6 d) A - 2 - 6
Problem 7 – Geotechnical
A clay has the following Atterbergs limit as follows:
Liquid limit = 60% Plastic limit = 40%
From a hydrometer analysis to determine the particle sizes, it is found that 45% of
the sample consists of particles smaller than 0.002 mm. From this information,
determine the activity classification of clay.

Solution:
Plasticity index
Activity =
Percentage of clay size fraction by weight
60 - 40
Activity = = 0.44
45

Problem 8 – Geotechnical
A clay has the following Atterbergs limits:
Liquid limit = 63%
Plastic limit = 23%
Water content = 38%
Compute consistency index.

Solution:
LL - W 63 - 38
C.I. = C.I. = = 1.09
LL - P.I. 63 - 40
P.I. = LL - PL
P.I. = 63 - 23 = 40


Problem 9 – Geotechnical
A soil sample has the following properties:
Sp.gr. = 2.67
Void ratio = 0.54
Water content = 11.2%
Compute the air void ratio.

Solution:
Air void ratio = n(1 - S)
ω Gs 11.2(2.67)
S= = = 0.5538
e 0.54
e 0.54
n= = = 0.35
1 + e 1 + 0.54
Air void ratio = 0.35(1 - 0.5538) = 0.156









Problem 10 – Geotechnical
The following soil as specified by the AASHTO System has the following results:
Percent finer than No. 10 sieve . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Percent finer than No. 40 sieve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Percent finer than No. 200 sieve . . . . . . . . . . .. . 34
Liquid limit = 37
Plasticity index = 12
Calculate the partial group index for the soil that belongs to groups A-2-6.

Solution:
G.I. = 0.01(F200 – 15)(PI - 10)
G.I. = 0.01(34 - 15)(12 - 10) = 0.38




Problem 11 – Geotechnical
If the specific gravity of soil is 2.7 and has a water content of 15%, compute the zero air void
unit weight in kN/m3.

Solution:
γw 9.81
γ zav = = = 18.85 kN / m3
1 1
ω+ 0.15 +
Gs 2.7

Problem 12 – Geotechnical
A compacted soil has a water content of 16% and a dry unit weight of 0.90 γzav. Determine
the dry unit weight if it has a specific gravity of 2.70.

Solution:
γw
γ zav =
1
ω+
Gs
9.81
γ zav =
1
0.16 +
2.7
γ zav = 18.50 kN/m3
Dry unit weight:
γ dry = 0.90 γ zav

γ dry = 0.90(18.5)

γ dry = 16.65 kN / m3
Problem 13 – Geotechnical
A soil has a water content of 25% and a degree of saturation of 82%. Compute the
sp.gr. of the soil if it has a dry unit weight of 14.33 kN/m3.

Solution:
γ w Gs
γd =
1+e
(1 + e)(14.23) = 9.81 G s
G s = 1.45(1 + e)
Gs ω
S=
e
e = 0.305 G s
G s = 1.45(1 + e)
G s = 1.45(1 + 0.305 G s )
G s = 1.45 + 0.442 G s
0.558 G s = 1.45
G s = 2.60
Problem 14 – Geotechnical
The following are results of a field unit weight determinate test using sand cone
method:
Vol. of hole = 0.0014 m3
Mass of moist soil from hole = 3 kg
Water content = 12%
Max. dry unit weight from a laboratory compaction test is 19 kN/m3.
Determine the relative compaction in the field.

Solution:
3(9.81)
Moist unit weight of soil = = 21.02 kN/m3
1000(0.0014)
γ moist
γ dry =
1+ω
21.02
γ dry = = 18.77 kN/m3
1 + 0.12
18.77(1000)
Relative compaction = = 98.8%
19


















Problem 15 – Geotechnical
The relative compaction of sand in the field is 95. The max. dry unit weight of the
sand is 16 kN/m3. Compute the moist unit weight at a moisture content of 8%.

Solution:
γ dry (field)
R=
γ dry (max)
γ dry (field)
0.95 =
16
γ dry = 15.2 kN/m3
γ moist
γ dry =
1+ω
γ moist = (1 + 0.08)(15.2)
γ moist = 16.42 kN / m3
Problem 16 – Geotechnical
From a compaction test of soil, the foll. data were obtained in the laboratory:
Max. dry unit weight = 18.31 kN/m3
Min. dry unit weight = 15.25 kN/m3
Relative density = 64%
Find the relative compaction in the field.

Solution:
⎡ γ (field) - γ d (min) ⎤ ⎡ γ (max) ⎤
Dr = ⎢ d ⎥ •⎢ d ⎥
γ
⎢⎣ d (max) - γ d
(min) ⎥⎦ γ
⎢⎣ d (field) ⎥⎦
⎛ γ (field) - 15.25 ⎞ ⎛ 18.31 ⎞
0.64 = ⎜ d ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 18.31 - 15.25 γ
⎠⎝ d (field) ⎠
(γ d (field) - 15.25)(5.984)
0.64 =
γ d (field)
0.64 γ d (field) = 0.984 γ d (field) - 91.256
5.3436 γ d (field) = 91.25
γ d (field) = 17.07
17.07
R= = 0.933 = 93.3%
18.31











Problem 17 – Geotechnical
The moist unit weight of soil from the excavation site is 16.52 kN/m3 with an in-situ moisture
content of 18%. It has a sp.gr. of 2.75. This soil is to be used for a construction of a new
highway for use in compacted fill. The soil needed is to be compacted to a dry unit weight of
16.1 kN/m3. How many cubic meters of soil from the excavation site are needed to produce
850 cu.m. of compacted fill?

Solution:
16.52
γ dry = = 14 kN/m3
1 + 0.18
Weight of dry soil needed = 16.1(850) = 13685 kN
13685
Vol. of soil from the excavation site needed = = 977.5 m3
14






Problem 18 – Geotechnical
For a variable head permeability test, the foll. are given:
Length of specimen = 375 mm Hydraulic conductivity = 1.72 m/min.
Area of specimen = 1875 mm2
What should be the area of the stand pipe for the head drop from 625 mm to 300 mm in
8 minutes?

Solution:
a L ⎛ h1 ⎞
K= ln ⎜ ⎟
A t ⎝ h2 ⎠
a(375) ⎛ 625 ⎞
1.72 = ln ⎜
1875(8) ⎝ 300 ⎟⎠
a = 93.74 mm2
Problem 19 – Geotechnical
For a constant head laboratory permeability test on a fine sand, the following are
given:
Length of specimen = 250 mm
Dia. of specimen = 62.5 mm
Head difference = 450 mm
Water collected in 2 min. = 484 mm3
Determine the discharge velocity in mm/sec.

Solution:
QL
K=
Aht
484(250)
K= π 2
4 (62.5) (450)(2)
K = 0.0438 mm/min.
V =Ki
⎛ 450 ⎞
V = 0.0438 ⎜
⎝ 250 ⎟⎠
V = 0.0789 mm/min.
V = 0.001315 mm / sec.

Problem 20 – Geotechnical
Find the flow rate in m3/hr/m length (at right angles to the cross-section shown)
through the permeable soil layer shown.
H=3m H1 = 1.07 m h = 1.4 m
ø = 14˚ K = 0.000488 m/s L = 36.58 m

Solution:
L ' Cos 14˚ = 36.58
L' = 37.70 m
h=1.4 m
h
i=
L'
1.4 Direction impervious
i= of flow layer
37.70
H=3 m
i = 0.0371
q=KiA impervious layer

A = 1.07 Cos 14˚ (1) θ=14˚

L’
A = 1.0382
L=36.58 m
q = 0.000488(0.0371)(1.0382)
q = 1.88 x 10 -5 m3 / sec/ m
q = 0.06733 m3 / hr / m
Problem 21 – Geotechnical
A layered soil is shown:
H1 = 3 ft. K1 = 10-4 cm/sec.
H2 = 4 ft. K2 = 3 x 10-2 cm/sec.
H3 = 6 ft. K3 = 4 x 10-5 cm/sec
Estimate the ratio of equivalent permeability.
H 1 =3 m
K 1 =10-4 cm/sec.

Solution:
Equivalent hydraulic conductivity for H 2 =4 m K 2 = 3 x 10-2 cm/sec.
a horizontal flow in stratified soil. H =13 m

1
KHeq. = (K1 H1 + K2 H2 + K3 H3 )
H H 3 =6 m K 3 = 4 x 10-5 cm/sec.
1
KHeq. = [10- 4 (3) + 3 x 10-2 (4) + 4 x 10- 5 (6)]
13
KHeq. = 92.72 x 10 -4 cm/sec.

Equivalent hydraulic conductivity for a vertical flow in stratified soil.

H
KVeq. =
H1 H2 H3
+ +
K1 K2 K3
13
KVeq. = = 0.7217 x 10 - 4
3 4 6
+ +
10 - 4 3 x 10 -2 4 x 10 -5
Ratio of equivalent permeability:
92.72 x 10 - 4
Ratio = -4
= 128.47
0.7217 x 10
Problem 21 – Geotechnical
Figure shows the layers of soil in a tube 100 mm x 100 mm in cross-section water
is supplied to maintain a constant head difference of 400 mm across the sample.
The hydraulic conductivities of the soils in the direction of flow through them are as
follows:
Compute the rate of supply in cm3/hr.
Water supply

400 hA
hB Out flow

100

Solution: Direction of flow A B C

K A =10-2 K B =3x10-3 K C =5x10-4 100
cm/sec. cm/sec. cm/sec.
400
i= 200
mm
200
mm
200
mm
600 600
mm

H
K=
HA HB HC
+ +
KA KB KC
600
K= = 0.0012329
200 200 200
+ +
10 - 2 3 x 10 -3 5 x 10 - 4
q=KiA
⎛ 400 ⎞
q = 0.0012329 ⎜ ⎟ (100)(100)
⎝ 600 ⎠
q = 0.0822 cm3 /sec
q = 295.90 cm3 / hr


Problem 22 – Geotechnical
A pumping test from a well in an unconfined permeable layer underlain by
impermeable stratum as shown has the foll. data:
Rate of flow of ground water into the well = 20 ft3/min.
h1 = 18 ft.
r1 = 200 ft.
h2 = 15 ft. r 1 =200
r 2 =100 ground surface
r2 = 100 ft.

Calculate the hydraulic water table

before pumping

conductivity in (ft/min) of the

permeable layer. draw down
h 1 =18 curve
h 2 =15
Observation
wells
Solution:
⎛r ⎞
2.303q log ⎜ 1 ⎟ Impermeable layer
⎝ r2 ⎠
K=
(
π h12 - h22 )
⎛ 200 ⎞
2.303(20) log ⎜
⎝ 100 ⎟⎠
K=
π [(18)2 - (15)2 ]

K = 0.0446 ft/min.








Problem 23 – Geotechnical
A sand layer of the cross-sectional area shown in the figure has been determined
to exist for a 500 m. length of the levee. The hydraulic conductivity of the sand
layer is 3 m/day. Determine the quantity of water which flows into the ditch in
m3/min.

El.=160 w.s.

Levee
10 m Impervious
layer w.s. El.=150
2m Sand Ditch

Impervious layer

125 m

Solution:
q=KiA
10
i=
125
A = 2(500)
⎛ 10 ⎞
q = 3⎜ ⎟ (2)(500)
⎝ 125 ⎠
q = 240 m3 / day
240
q=
24(60)
q = 0.166 m3 / min.






Problem 24 – Geotechnical
The weir shown has a base of which 2 m. below the ground surface. The pressure distribution diagram at
the base of the weir can be obtained from the equipotential lines as follows:
Nd = 3 Nf = 7
Coefficient of permeability K = 4 m/day w.s.

➀ Compute the uplift pressure at d. 7m

➁ Compute the uplift force per unit length. 9m 8m
➂ Compute the seepage through the foundation. w.s.
3 3 3 3 3 2m
Solution: a
➀ Uplift pressure at d b
f
e
7 1 c d 7
Headloss for each potential drop = = 1 m
7 2 6
3 5
fd = [9 - 4(1)] 9.81 4

fd = 5(9.81) = 49.05 kPa 15 m

➁ Uplift force per unit length

fa = (9 - 1)(9.81) 15 m
a f
fa = 78.48 kPa 29.43
kPa
ff = [(9 - 6(1)] 9.81
78.48
ff = 29.43 kPa kPa

78.48 + 29.43
F= (15)
2
F = 809.3 kN / m

➂ Seepage through the foundation

K H Nf
Q=
Nd
Nf = 7
Nd = 3
K = 4 m/day
4(7)(7)
Q=
3
Q = 65.33 m3 / day



Problem 25 – Geotechnical
A flow net flow around a single row of sheet piles in a permeable soil layer is shown in the
figure.
K = 5 x 10-5 m/sec., Nf = 3, Nd = 6. w.s.
Sheet Pile
H=4.8 m
➀ How high above the ground surface will 6m
w.s.
the water rise if piezometer is placed at Ground surface
1.2 m

point “A”?
I
➁ What is the rate of seepage through flow II
channel II per unit length (perpendicular 10 m A III
to the section shown)?
➂ Compute the total seepage loss per 2m B

meter length of sheet pile. 1 2 3

Impermeable layer
4 5

Solution:
➀ Height above the ground surface that the water will rise if a piezometer is placed at point
“A”
H 4.8
Potential drop = = 0.8 m
Nd 6
Point A is located on equipotential line I which means that the potential drop is 1(0.8) =
0.8 m
Therefore, the water in the piezometer at A will rise to a height equal to 6 – 0.8 = 5.2 m
above the ground surface.

➁ Rate of seepage through flow channel II per unit length

Note: The drop in the piezometer level between any two adjacent lines is the same equal
to 0.8 m.
KH
Q=
Nd
Q = K(0.8)
Q = 5 x 10 -5 (0.8) = 4 x 10 -5 m3 / sec / m

➂ Total seepage loss

K H Nf 5 x 10-5 (4.8)(3)
Q= = = 12 x 10 -5 m3 / sec / m
Nd 6
Problem 26 – Geotechnical
A flow net for the weir shown in the figure, compute the rate of seepage under the
weir and the shape factor.
Hydraulic conductivity K = 0.014 m/day
w.s.

H
10 m w.s.
1.5 m

24 m

Solution:
Nf = 4
Nd = 14
H = 10 - 1.5 = 8.5
Rate of seepage:
K H Nf
q=
Nd
(0.014)(8.5)(4)
q=
14
q = 0.034 m3 / m / day
N 4
Shape factor = f = = 0.286
Nd 14
Problem 27 – Geotechnical
Consider the upward flow of water through a layer of sand in a tank as shown in the figure.
Properties of sand:
Void ratio e = 0.52
Specific gravity of solids = 2.67
h=1.5

➀ Calculate the effective stress at B.

➁ What is the upward seepage force per unit volume 0.70 m H2O

of soil?
➂ What is the rate of upward seepage of water in γsat 1m
m3/hour if K = 2 x 10-3 m/sec and area of tank is 2m
0.45 m2? A
B
Solution:
➀ Effective stress at B valve
(G + e)γ w open
γ sat = s In flow
1+e
(2.67 + 0.52)(9.81)
γ sat =
1 + 0.52
γ sat = 20.59 kN/m2
Total stress at B = 9.81(0.7) + 20.59(2) = 48.047
Pore stress at B = (0.7 + 2 + 1.5)(9.81) = 41.202 kPa
Effective stress at B = 48.047 - 41.202 = 6.845 kPa

➁ Upward seepage force per unit ➂ Rate of upward seepage in m3/hour

volume of soil q=KiA
F =i γw 1.5
i= = 0.75
1.5 2
i= K = 2 x 10 -3 m/sec.
2
⎛ 1.5 ⎞ q = 2 x 10 -3 (0.75)(0.45)(3600)
F = ⎜ ⎟ (9.81)
⎝ 2⎠ q = 2.43 m3 / hour
F = 7.36 kN / m3
Problem 28 – Geotechnical
From the figure shown, the void ratio of the sand is 0.55 with a specific gravity of 2.68. The cross-sectional
area of the tank is 0.5 m2 and hydraulic conductivity of sand = 0.1 cm/s.
➀ What is the rate of upward seepage in m3/hour?
➁ Determine the critical hydraulic gredient for zero effective stress.
➂ Determine the value of h to cause boiling.
➃ Determine the value of x. h=1.2 m
x
Solution: H2O
H 1 =1 m
➀ Rate of upward seepage A
q=KiA z =0.8 Soil
1.2 C
i= = 0.60 H 2 =2 m
2
0.1 B
q= (0.60)(0.5)(3600)
100
q = 1.08 m3 / hour valve
open
In flow
➁ Critical hydraulic gredient
(G + e)γ w
γ sat = s
1+e
(2.68 + 0.55)(9.81)
γ sat =
1 + 0.55
γ sat = 20.44 kN/m3
Critical hydraulic gredient:
γ -γ
icr = sat w
γw
20.44 - 9.81
icr =
9.81
icr = 1.08

➂ Value of h to cause boiling ➃ Value of x

h x 1.2
=i =
H cr 0.80 2
h x = 0.48 m
= 1.08
2
h = 2.16 m
Problem 29 – Geotechnical
A soil profile shown has a zone of capillary rise in the sand overlying the clay. In
this zone, the average degree of saturation is 60% with a moist unit weight of
17.6 kN/m3.
Ground surface

Dry Sand
γdry =16.50 kN/m3
3m
3.9 m
A
6.9 m Sand γ=17.6 kN/m3 0.9 m
B water table

Clay
γsat =18.08 kN/m3 3m

➀ Compute the effective stress inside the capillary zone at a depth of 3.0 m
below the ground surface.
➁ Compute the effective stress at a depth of 3.9 m below the ground.
➂ Compute the effective stress at C.

Solution:
➀ Effective stress immediately inside the capillary zone at a depth of 3.0 m
below the ground surface
σA = 16.50(3) – [(- 0.60)(0.9)(9.81)]
σA = 54.80

➁ Effective stress at a depth of 3.9 m below the ground

σB = 16.50(3) + 17.6(0.9)
σB = 49.50 + 15.84
σB = 65.34 kPa

➂ Effective stress at C
σC = 16.5(3) + 17.6(0.9) + 18.8(3) – 9.81(3)
σC = 92.31 kPa
Problem 30 – Geotechnical
From the soil profile shown,
Ground surface
➀ Compute the effective stress at the bottom of the clay.
Dry Sand
➁ If the water table rises to the top of the ground surface,
what is the change in the effective stress at the bottom of e = 0.49
Gs = 2.68
4.6 m
the clay layer?
➂ How many meters must the ground water table rise to
Ground water table
decrease the effective stress by 14.4 kPa at the bottom of the
clay? Clay
e = 0.9 3.6m
Gs = 2.75
Solution: A
➀ Effective stress at A
Dry unit weight of sand: water table

G γ 2.68(9.81)
γ dry = s w = = 17.64 kN/m3 Dry Sand
1+e 1 + 0.49
γsat =20.87 kN/m3
Critical hydraulic gredient: 4.6 m
(G + e)γ w (2.75 + 0.9)(9.81)
γ sat = s = = 18.85 kN/m3
1+e 1 + 0.9
Clay
σ A = 17.64(4.6) + (18.85 - 9.81)(3.6) = 113.68 kPa γsat =18.85 kN/m3 3.6m

A
➁ Change in the effective stress A if the water
table rises to the ground surface
Saturated unit weight of sand:
Dry Sand
(G + e)γ w 4.6-h
γ sat = s
γdry =17.64 kN/m3

1+e water table 4.6 m

(2.68 + 0.49)(9.81)
γ sat = = 20.87 kN/m3 h γsat =20.87 kN/m3
1 .49
σ A = (20.87 - 9.81)(4.6) + (18.85 - 9.81)(3.6) Clay
γsat =18.85 kN/m3
σ A = 83.42 m 3.6m

Change in effective stress at A: A

∆σ' = 113.68 - 83.42 = 30.26 kPa

➂ Height that the ground water table rise to decrease the effective stress by 14.4 kPa
σA = 113.68 – 14.4
σA = 99.26 kPa
σA = 17.64(4.6 - h) + (20.87 – 9.81)h + (18.85 – 9.81)(3.6)
99.26 = 81.14 – 17.64h + 11.06h + 32.54
6.58h = 14.42
h = 2.19 m
Problem 31 – Geotechnical
From the sieve analysis of a sand, the effective size was determined to be 0.18 mm,
estimate the range of capillary rise in these sand for a void ratio of 0.65. Assume constant
C = 20 mm2

Solution:
C
h=
eD10
20
h=
0.65(0.18)
h = 170.94 mm

Problem 32 – Geotechnical
From the soil profile, compute the following:

➀ Total stress at D
➁ Pore stress at D Dry Sand γdry =16.2 kN/m3
4m
➂ Effective stress at C
water table

Solution: 1.5 m Sand γsat =18.4 kN/m3

➀ Total stress at D
σ = 16.2(4) + 18.4(1.5) + 19.81(9) Clay

σ = 270.69 kPa
9m
γsat =19.81 kN/m3
➁ Pore stress at D
U = (9 + 1.5)(9.81)
U = 103.01 kPa

➂ Effective stress at C
σ’ = 16.2(4) + 18.4(1.5) – 9.81(1.5)
σ’ = 77.685 kPa
Problem 33 – Geotechnical
A soil element is shown in the figure.
σy =300 kPa
➀ Compute the magnitude of the principal stresses.
➁ Compute the normal stress on plane AB. 60 kPa
➂ Compute the shear stress on plane AB. B

σx =120 kPa
Solution:
➀ Magnitude of the principal stresses
20˚
2
σy + σx ⎛ σy - σx ⎞ A
τxy =40 kPa
σ1 = ± ⎜ ⎟ + (τ xy )
2

2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
2
300 + 120 ⎛ 300 - 120 ⎞
σ1 = ± ⎜ ⎟ + (- 40)2
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
σ 1 = 210 + 98.49 = 308.49 kPa
σ 3 = 210 - 98.49 = 111.5 kPa

➁ Normal stress on plane AB

σy + σx ⎛ σy - σx ⎞
σn = +⎜ ⎟ Cos 2θ + τ xy Sin 2θ
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
300 + 120 ⎛ 300 - 120 ⎞
σn = +⎜ ⎟⎠ Cos 40˚ - 40 Sin 40˚
2 ⎝ 2
σ n = 210 + 68.94 - 25.71
σ n = 253.23 kPa

➂ Shear stress on plane AB

⎛ σy - σx ⎞
τn = ⎜ ⎟ Sin 2θ - τ xy Cos 2θ
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 300 - 120 ⎞
τn = ⎜ ⎟⎠ Sin 40˚ - (- 40) Cos 40˚
⎝ 2
τ n = 88.49 kPa

Problem 34 – Geotechnical
A 2 m. x 2 m. footing located 1.2 m. below the ground surface as shown, carries a load of 660 kN
(including column load and weight of footing and soil surcharge). Unit wt. of soil is 18 kN/m3.

➀ Determine the stress of soil at the bottom of the footing.

➁ Determine the net vertical stress increment at a depth of 5 m. 660 kN
below the center of the footing at A.
➂ Determine the net vertical stress increment at a depth of 5 m.
below the edge corner of the footing at B.
1.2 m
Solution:
➀ Stress of soil at the bottom of the footing 2m x 2m
P
q = - γsh 5m
A
660
q= - 18(1.2)
2(2)
B A
q = 143.4 kPa

➁ Net vertical stress increment at a depth of 5 m. below the center of the footing at A
The total area is divided into 4 equal areas and each area shares a corner at point A.
A 1 B 1
m = = = 0.20 n = = = 0.20
z 5 z 5 1m
Influence coefficient from table 6-2 = 0.018
1m
Net vertical stress increment due to this load at a depth 5 m. at A:
σv = 0.018(4)(143.4) = 10.32 kN/m2 A

TABLE 6-2
Influence Coefficients for Points under Uniformly Laoded Rectangular Area
m=A/z
or n = B/z or m = A/z
n=B/z 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 5.0 10.0
0.1 0.005 0.009 0.013 0.017 0.020 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.027 0.028 0.029 0.030 0.031 0.031 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032
0.2 0.009 0.018 0.026 0.033 0.039 0.043 0.047 0.050 0.053 0.055 0.057 0.059 0.061 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062
0.3 0.013 0.026 0.037 0.047 0.056 0.063 0.069 0.073 0.077 0.079 0.083 0.086 0.089 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090
0.4 0.017 0.033 0.047 0.060 0.071 0.080 0.087 0.093 0.098 0.101 0.106 0.110 0.113 0.115 0.115 0.115 0.115 0.115
0.5 0.020 0.039 0.056 0.071 0.084 0.095 0.103 0.110 0.116 0.120 0.126 0.131 0.135 0.137 0.137 0.137 0.137 0.137
0.6 0.022 0.043 0.063 0.080 0.095 0.107 0.117 0.125 0.131 0.136 0.143 0.149 0.153 0.155 0.156 0.156 0.156 0.156
0.7 0.024 0.047 0.069 0.087 0.103 0.117 0.128 0.137 0.144 0.149 0.157 0.146 0.169 0.170 0.171 0.172 0.172 0.172
0.8 0.026 0.050 0.073 0.093 0.110 0.125 0.137 0.146 0.154 0.160 0.168 0.176 0.181 0.183 0.184 0.185 0.185 0.185
0.9 0.027 0.053 0.077 0.098 0.116 0.131 0.144 0.154 0.162 0.168 0.178 0.186 0.192 0.194 0.195 0.196 0.196 0.196
1.0 0.028 0.055 0.079 0.101 0.120 0.136 0.149 0.160 0.168 0.175 0.185 0.193 0.200 0.202 0.203 0.204 0.205 0.205
1.2 0.029 0.057 0.083 0.106 0.126 0.143 0.157 0.168 0.178 0.185 0.196 0.205 0.212 0.215 0.216 0.217 0.218 0.218
1.5 0.030 0.059 0.086 0.110 0.131 0.149 0.164 0.176 0.186 0.193 0.205 0.215 0.223 0.226 0.228 0.229 0.230 0.230
2.0 0.031 0.061 0.089 0.113 0.135 0.153 0.169 0.181 0.192 0.200 0.212 0.223 0.232 0.236 0.238 0.239 0.240 0.240
2.5 0.031 0.062 0.090 0.115 0.137 0.155 0.170 0.183 0.194 0.202 0.215 0.226 0.236 0.240 0.242 0.244 0.244 0.244
3.0 0.032 0.062 0.090 0.115 0.137 0.156 0.171 0.184 0.195 0.203 0.216 0.228 0.238 0.242 0.244 0.246 0.247 0.247
5.0 0.032 0.062 0.090 0.115 0.137 0.156 0.172 0.185 0.196 0.204 0.217 0.229 0.239 0.244 0.246 0.249 0.249 0.249
10.0 0.032 0.062 0.090 0.115 0.137 0.156 0.172 0.185 0.196 0.205 0.218 0.230 0.240 0.244 0.247 0.249 0.250 0.250
0.032 0.062 0.090 0.115 0.137 0.156 0.172 0.185 0.196 0.205 0.218 0.230 0.240 0.244 0.247 0.249 0.250 0.250
Problem 34 (Cont.) – Geotechnical
➂ Net vertical stress increment at B
A 2
m= = = 0.40
z 5
B 2
n = = = 0.40
z 5 2m

Influence coefficient from table 6-2 = 0.060

Net vertical stress increment at B:
σv = 0.060(143.4)
B
2m

σv = 8.6 kN/m2

TABLE 6-2
Influence Coefficients for Points under Uniformly Laoded Rectangular Area
m=A/z
or n = B/z or m = A/z
n=B/z 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 5.0 10.0
0.1 0.005 0.009 0.013 0.017 0.020 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.027 0.028 0.029 0.030 0.031 0.031 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032
0.2 0.009 0.018 0.026 0.033 0.039 0.043 0.047 0.050 0.053 0.055 0.057 0.059 0.061 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062
0.3 0.013 0.026 0.037 0.047 0.056 0.063 0.069 0.073 0.077 0.079 0.083 0.086 0.089 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090
0.4 0.017 0.033 0.047 0.060 0.071 0.080 0.087 0.093 0.098 0.101 0.106 0.110 0.113 0.115 0.115 0.115 0.115 0.115
0.5 0.020 0.039 0.056 0.071 0.084 0.095 0.103 0.110 0.116 0.120 0.126 0.131 0.135 0.137 0.137 0.137 0.137 0.137
0.6 0.022 0.043 0.063 0.080 0.095 0.107 0.117 0.125 0.131 0.136 0.143 0.149 0.153 0.155 0.156 0.156 0.156 0.156
0.7 0.024 0.047 0.069 0.087 0.103 0.117 0.128 0.137 0.144 0.149 0.157 0.146 0.169 0.170 0.171 0.172 0.172 0.172
0.8 0.026 0.050 0.073 0.093 0.110 0.125 0.137 0.146 0.154 0.160 0.168 0.176 0.181 0.183 0.184 0.185 0.185 0.185
0.9 0.027 0.053 0.077 0.098 0.116 0.131 0.144 0.154 0.162 0.168 0.178 0.186 0.192 0.194 0.195 0.196 0.196 0.196
1.0 0.028 0.055 0.079 0.101 0.120 0.136 0.149 0.160 0.168 0.175 0.185 0.193 0.200 0.202 0.203 0.204 0.205 0.205
1.2 0.029 0.057 0.083 0.106 0.126 0.143 0.157 0.168 0.178 0.185 0.196 0.205 0.212 0.215 0.216 0.217 0.218 0.218
1.5 0.030 0.059 0.086 0.110 0.131 0.149 0.164 0.176 0.186 0.193 0.205 0.215 0.223 0.226 0.228 0.229 0.230 0.230
2.0 0.031 0.061 0.089 0.113 0.135 0.153 0.169 0.181 0.192 0.200 0.212 0.223 0.232 0.236 0.238 0.239 0.240 0.240
2.5 0.031 0.062 0.090 0.115 0.137 0.155 0.170 0.183 0.194 0.202 0.215 0.226 0.236 0.240 0.242 0.244 0.244 0.244
3.0 0.032 0.062 0.090 0.115 0.137 0.156 0.171 0.184 0.195 0.203 0.216 0.228 0.238 0.242 0.244 0.246 0.247 0.247
5.0 0.032 0.062 0.090 0.115 0.137 0.156 0.172 0.185 0.196 0.204 0.217 0.229 0.239 0.244 0.246 0.249 0.249 0.249
10.0 0.032 0.062 0.090 0.115 0.137 0.156 0.172 0.185 0.196 0.205 0.218 0.230 0.240 0.244 0.247 0.249 0.250 0.250
0.032 0.062 0.090 0.115 0.137 0.156 0.172 0.185 0.196 0.205 0.218 0.230 0.240 0.244 0.247 0.249 0.250 0.250

Problem 35 – Geotechnical
According to the elastic theory, the vertical stress induced flexible line load of infinite length that has an
intensity of q units/length on the surface of a semi-infinite soil mass can be estimated by the expression:
q
p = 0.637
N
2
⎡ ⎛ r ⎞2⎤
where N = Z ⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ⎝ Z⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
r = horizontal distance from the line load
Z = depth of interest at which stress is induced
A concrete hollow block wall weighing 6 kN per lineal meter is carried by a wall footing 0.60 m. wide.

➀ Evaluate the bearing pressure in kPa exerted by the footing onto the supporting soil.
➁ Evaluate the stress in the soil caused by the load depth equal to twice its width.
➂ Evaluate the stress at a depth of 2 m. and a horizontal distance 3 m. from the line of load.

Solution:
➀ Bearing pressure in kPa exerted by the footing onto the supporting soil
Consider 1 m. length of wall.
A = 0.6(1) = 0.6 m2
P 6
q= = = 10 kPa
A 0.6(1)

➁ Stress in the soil caused by the ➂ Stress at a depth of 2 m. and a

load depth equal to twice its width horizontal distance 3 m. from the
Z = 2(0.6) line of load
Z = 1.2 m r =3 Z=2
0.637q ⎡ ⎛ r ⎞2⎤
2
p=
N N = Z ⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ⎝ Z⎠ ⎥
⎡ ⎛ r ⎞2⎤
2
⎣ ⎦
N = Z ⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎡ ⎛ 3⎞ 2 ⎤
2

⎢ ⎝ Z⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ N = 2 ⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = 21.125
⎢ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎥
⎡ ⎛ 0 ⎞2⎤
2
⎣ ⎦
N = 1.2 ⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ 0.637q
⎢ ⎝ 1.2 ⎠ ⎥ pA =
⎣ ⎦ N
N = 1.2 0.637(10)
pA = = 0.302
0.637(10) 21.125
p= = 5.31 kPa
1.2
Problem 36 – Geotechnical
A layer of soft clay having an initial void ratio of 2 is 10 m thick. Under a compressive load
applied above it, the void ratio decreased by one-half. Evaluate the reduction in the thickness
of the clay layer, in meters.

Solution:
e1 = 2
1
e2 = (2) = 1
2
H(e1 - e2 )
∆H =
1 + e1
10(2 - 1)
∆H =
1+2
∆H = 3.33 m

Problem 37 – Geotechnical
Estimate the height to which water will rise in the capillary tube of radius 1.5 mm. Surface
tension of water is 0.0728 N/m.

Solution: θ θ
4σ Cos θ
h=
γw d
h
welting angle θ = 0˚ for water
4(0.0728)Cos 0˚
h=
9810(0.003)
h = 0.00989 m
h = 9.89 mm
Problem 38 – Geotechnical
Determine the depression h of the mercury in the glass capillary tube having a diameter of
2 mm when the welting angle is 40˚.
Surface tension σ = 0.514 N/m, Sp.gr. of mercury = 13.6

Solution:
capillary
4σ Cos θ tube
h=
γw d
4(0.514)Cos 40˚
h= h
13.6(9810)(0.002)
h = 0.0059 m θ θ
h = 5.9 mm

Problem 39 – Geotechnical
From the given soil profile, the clay has an overconsolidation ratio OCR = 2.0. Find the pre-
consolidation pressure.

Solution:
Sand
Overburden pressure fb : 1.2 γdry =17.31 kN/m3

water table
PO = 17.31(1.2) + (18.10 - 9.81)(1.2) + (16.5 - 9.81)(0.6)
Sand
PO = 34.374 kPa 1.2
γsat =18.10 kN/m3
PC
OCR = 0.6 γsat =16.5 kN/m3
PO 1.2
Clay
e =1.70
0.6 P O
PC = (OCR)PO
PC = (2)(34.374)
PC = 69.468 kPa (preconsolidation pressure)

Problem 40 – Geotechnical
A soil profile is shown. The compression index for
the given clay is 0.36. If the water table is lowered Sand
dry=15.60 kN/m3
by 1.5 m, determine the settlement that would 3m
occur in the clay layer due to the lowering of the
water table
water table.
Sand

4m sat=16.58 kN/m3

Clay 1.2 m sat=17.52 kN/m3

Solution: 2.4 m e=1.2
A
P1 = effective pressure at A (midpoint of clay)
before water is lowered
P1 = 15.60(3) + (16.58 - 9.81)(4) + (17.52 - 9.81)(1.2)
P1 = 83.13 kPa
P2 = effective stress at A (midpoint of clay) Sand
dry=15.60 kN/m3
4m
after lowering of water table
P2 = 15.60(4.5) + (16.58 - 9.81)(2.5) + (17.52 - 9.81)(1.2)
water table
P2 = 96.38 kPa
Sand
2.5 m
Settlement: sat=16.58 kN/m3

C H P Clay 1.2 m sat=17.52 kN/m3

S = c log 2 2.4 m
1+e P1 A

0.36(2.4) 96.38
S= log
1 + 1.2 83.13
S = 0.025 m
S = 25 mm






Problem 41 – Geotechnical
From the given soil profile shown, the ground surface is subjected to a uniformly
distributed load of 80 kPa. Compression index for clay is 0.288. Compute the
settlement due to primary consolidation.

80 kPa

1.5 m Sand γdry =13.6 kN/m3

water table

Sand
3.2 m γsat =20.78 kN/m3

Clay 2m γsat =19 kN/m3

e =0.60
4.0 m A

Solution:
Overburden pressure fb :
PO = 13.6(1.5) + (20.78 - 9.81)(3.2) + (19 - 9.81)(2)
PO = 73.884 kPa
∆P = 80
Cc H ⎛ ∆P + PO ⎞
S= log ⎜ ⎟
1+e ⎝ PO ⎠
0.288(4) ⎛ 80 + 73.884 ⎞
S= log ⎜
1 + 0.60 ⎝ 73.884 ⎟⎠
S = 0.229 m
S = 229 mm
Problem 42 – Geotechnical
The thickness of the clay layer under a layer of sand is equal to 5 m. The ground surface is
subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 40 kPa and resulted to a primary consolidation
settlement of 180 mm. Compute the secondary settlement of the clay layer 5 years after the
completion of the primary consolidation settlement. Time of completion of primary settlement
is 1.5 yrs. Secondary compression index Cα = 0.02 and void ratio of 0.54.

Solution:
C H ⎛T⎞
S = α log ⎜ 1 ⎟
1+e ⎝ T2 ⎠
0.02(5) ⎛ 5⎞
S= log ⎜ ⎟
1 + 0.54 ⎝ 1.5 ⎠
S = 0.034 m
S = 34 mm





Problem 43 – Geotechnical
A clay is normally consolidated. A laboratory consolidation test on the clay using eodometer
gave the following results:

Pressure (kPa) Void ratio

100 0.905
200 0.815

Compute the compression index of the normally consolidated clay.

Solution:
e -e
C c = 1 P2
log P2 ( )1

0.905 - 0.815
Cc = = 0.299
log ( ) 200
100

Problem 44 – Geotechnical
A normally consolidated clay has 3 m. thick and a void ration of 1.10. A uniform
load is acting on the ground surface of the sand which overlies the clay equal to
∆P = 4.0 kPa.
Average effective stress at the midpoint of clay is Po = 80 kPa
Preconsolidation pressure Pc = 130 kPa
Swell index = 0.06
Compute the primary consolidation settlement.

Solution:
∆P = 40 kPa
Po = 80 kPa
∆P + Po = 40 + 80 = 120
∆P + Po < Pc = 130
Pr imary consolidation settlement:
Cs H ⎛ Po + ∆P ⎞
Sc = log ⎜ ⎟
1+e ⎝ Po ⎠
0.06(3) ⎛ 120 ⎞
Sc = log ⎜
1 + 1.1 ⎝ 80 ⎟⎠
Sc = 0.015 m
Sc = 15 mm
Problem 45 – Geotechnical
Laboratory consolidation data for an undisturbed clay specimen are as follows:
e1 = 1.12 e2 = 0.90 P1 = 90 kPa P2 = 460 kPa
Find the void ratio for a pressure of P = 600 kPa.

Solution:
e -e e1 - e
Cc = 1 2 Cc =
⎛P ⎞ ⎛ P⎞
log ⎜ 2 ⎟ log ⎜ ⎟
⎝ P1 ⎠ ⎝ P1 ⎠
1.12 - 0.90 1.12 - e
Cc = 0.31 =
⎛ 460 ⎞ ⎛ 600 ⎞
log ⎜ log ⎜
⎝ 90 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 90 ⎟⎠
Cc = 0.31 e = 0.865






Problem 46 – Geotechnical
Laboratory test were conducted on a specimen collected from the middle of the clay layer.
The void ratio of undisturbed clay is 1.12 with a saturated unit weight of 18 kN/m3. The void
ratio of the clay after the application of the load (surcharge) is 1.05. Determine the settlement
in the field caused by the primary consolidation after the application of the load at the ground
surface. Thickness of clay layer is 6 m.

Solution: ∆P
Settlement in the field:
H (e1 - e 2 ) water table
S= Clay
1 + e1 γsat =18 kN/m3
e =1.12
6(1.12 - 1.05) H=6 m
S=
1 + 1.12
S = 0.198 m
S = 198 mm


Problem 47 – Geotechnical
From the field consolidation data shows that the soil has the foll. properties:
Water content = 40% Plasticity index = 0.64 Plastic limit = 20%
Compute the primary compression index.

Solution:
Cc = 0.009(LL - 10)
ω - PL
P.I. = Cc = 0.009(LL - 10)
LL - PL
40 - 20 Cc = 0.009(51.25 - 10)
0.64 =
LL - 20 Cc = 0.371
LL = 51.25






Problem 48 – Geotechnical
Estimate the elastic settlement of a rigid 3 m. square footing constructed over a loose sand
layer, given that the load carried by the footing = 701 kN
Modulus of elasticity of soil Es = 16000 kN/m2
Poisson’s ratio of soil µs = 0.32
Non-dimensional influence factor Ip = 0.88

Solution:
Elastic settlement:
P
σ= σ B (1 - µ2s )
A Se = Ip
Es
700
σ= 77.78(3)[1 - (0.32)2 ]
3(3) Se = (0.88)
σ = 77.78 kPa 16000
Se = 0.0115 m
B=3m
Se = 11.5 mm
I p = 0.88

Problem 49 – Geotechnical
A consolidated-undrained tri-axial test was conducted on the clay sample and the results are
as follows:
Drained friction angle = 28˚ for a normally consolidated clay
For a consolidated-undrained tri-axial test
Chamber confining pressure = 100 kPa
Deviator stress at failure = 90 kPa
➀ Compute the consolidated undrained friction angle.
➁ Determine the pore water pressure developed in the clay specimen at failure.
➂ Compute the deviator stress at failure when the drained test was conducted with the
same chamber confining pressure.

Solution:
➀ Consolidated undrained friction angle
45
Sin øcu = 45
145
øcu
øcu = 18.08˚
100 45 45

➁ Pore water pressure developed

in the clay specimen at failure
45 28˚ 45
Sin 28˚ =
σ 3 + 45 18.08˚

σ3 x 45 45
σ 3 = 50.85 kPa 45 45

x = 100 - 50.85 100

x = 49.15 kPa (pore pressure)

➂ Deviator stress at failure r

r 28˚
Sin 28˚ =
100 + r 100 r r

r = 88.49
Deviator stress = 2(88.49)
Deviator stress = 176.98 kPa


Problem 50 – Geotechnical
An unconfined compression test was carried out on a saturated clay sample. The
maximum load the clay sustained was 130 kN and the vertical displacement was
0.8 mm. The diameter of the soil sample was 40 mm diameter and 75 mm long.
Compute the undrained shear strength.

Solution:
π(0.04)2
Ao = = 0.00126 m2
4
0.8
ε= = 0.011
75
A
A= o
1- ε
0.00126
A= = 0.00127 m2
1 - 0.011
P
qu =
A
0.130
qu = = 102.36 kPa (unconfined compressive strength)
0.00127
Undrained shear strength:
q
c= u
2
102.36
c= = 51.18 kPa
2









Problem 51 – Geotechnical
A 4.5 m. high retaining wall. The wall is restrained from yielding. The drained friction angle of the soil is
30˚.
Dry unit weight of soil = 16 kN/m3
Saturated unit weight of soil = 19.60 kN/m3 Sand

➀ Compute the at rest earth pressure coefficient. 3m γdry =16 kN/m3

➁ Compute the lateral force per unit length of the wall.
➂ Determine the location of the resultant force from the 4.5 m
ground water table
bottom of the wall.
Sand
1.5 m γsat =19.60 kN/m3
Solution:
➀ At rest earth pressure coefficient
Ko = 1 – Sin ø
Ko = 1 – Sin 30˚
Ko = 0.50 γdry =16 kN/m3
3.0
➁ Lateral force per unit length of the wall P1
a = 16(3)(0.5) 1.0
a = 24 kN/m2
b = 0.50[16(3) + (19.6 - 9.81)(1.5)] P2
P3 P4
7.34(1.5) 1.5
b = 31.34 kN/m2 P3 = 0.75 0.5 0.5
2
c = 31.34 - 24 c
P3 = 5.51 kN/m d
2 b
c = 7.34 kN/m
14.72(1.5)
d = 1.5(9.81) P4 =
2
d = 14.72 kN/m2 P4 = 11.04 kN/m
24(3) Lateral force on the wall:
P1 =
2 P1
P = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4
P1 = 36 kN/m P
P = 36 + 36 + 5.51 + 11.04
P2 = 24(1.4)
P = 88.55 kN / m 2.5
y
P2
P2 = 36 kN/m
0.75 0.5 P3 P4

➂ Location of the resultant force from the bottom of the wall

P y = P1 Y1 + P2 Y2 + P3 Y3 + P4 Y4
88.55y = 36(2.5) + 36(0.75) + 5.51(0.5) + 11.04(0.5)
y = 1.414 m


Problem 52 – Geotechnical
A vertical retaining wall 6 m. high is supporting a backfill having a dry unit weight of
15.6 kN/m3.
Drained friction angle
Over consolidation ratio = 2
Compute the lateral force per unit length of wall so that the wall is restrained from yielding.

Solution:
Coefficient of earth pressure at rest.
Ko = (1 - Sin ø) OCR Sin ø
Ko = (1 - Sin 30˚)(2)Sin 30˚
Ko = 0.707
Ko γ dry h2
P=
2
0.707(15.6)(6)2
P=
2
P = 198.52 kN / m (lateral force on the wall at rest)

Problem 53 – Geotechnical
The unit weight of the soil mass deposit of loose sand is 16 kN/m3. If the coefficient of lateral
pressure at rest condition is 0.50, determine the horizontal stress that acts within in the soil
mass at a depth of 3 m.

Solution:
σv = 16(3) = 48 kPa
σh = 0.50(48) = 24 kPa





Problem 54 – Geotechnical
A concrete basement wall for a structure extends below the ground water table.
Dry unit weight of sand = 16.8 kN/m3
Saturated unit weight of sand = 19.6 kN/m3
Calculate the total lateral pressure acting against the wall at a point 2.4 m below
the ground surface. Coefficient of lateral pressure at rest condition is 0.40.

ground surface

1.5 m
2.4 m ground water table

0.9 m
A

Solution:
Vertical pressure at A:
σv = 16.8(1.5) + (19.6 – 9.81)(0.9)
σv = 34.01 kPa
Total lateral pressure at A:
σh = 0.4(34.01) + 9.81(0.9)
σh = 22.43 kPa
Note: In soils below the water table, the total lateral pressure requires that the
hydrostatic pressure due to the water be added to the effective soil at rest
condition.





Problem 55 – Geotechnical
At a planned construction site, subsurface sampling indicates that the wet unit
weight of the soil is 19.35 kN/m3.

➀ Determine the effective vertical stress at a depth of 3.6 m if the water table is
deep.
➁ Determine the effective vertical stress and the neutral stress at the 3.6 m.
depth, if the water table rises to within 1.8 m. of the ground surface.
➂ Determine the effective stress at a depth of 3.6 m. if the water table is on the
ground surface. Ground surface

 =19.35 kN/m3 3.6 m

Solution:
➀ Effective vertical stress at a depth of 3.6 m if
the water table is deep A
σA’ = 19.35(3.6) = 69.66 kPa

ground water table

➁ Effective vertical stress and the neutral stress Ground surface

at the 3.6 m. depth, if the water table rises to

within 1.8 m. of the ground surface  =19.35 kN/m3
ground water table 3.6 m
σA’ = 19.35(1.8) + (19.35 – 9.81)(1.8)  =19.35-9.81=9.54 kN/m3
1.8 m
σA’ = 52.00 kPa A

Ground surface
➂ Effective stress at a depth of 3.6 m. if the
water table is on the ground surface
σA’ = (19.35 – 9.81)(3.6) 3.6 m

σA’ = 34.34 kPa A

Problem 56 – Geotechnical
An unsupported cut is shown in the figure.
Unit weight of soil backfill = 18.2 kN/m3
Cohesion of soil = 25 kN/m3  =18.2 kN/m3
C=25 kN/m2
Angle of friction = 10˚ ø=10˚
4.2 m
➀ Find the stress at the top and bottom of cut.
➁ Determine the maximum depth of potential crack.
➂ Determine the maximum unsupported height of excavation needed.

Solution:
➀ Stress at the top and bottom
Stress at the top :
1 - Sin 10˚ 1
Ka =
1 + Sin 10˚ z
Ka = 0.704
σ 1 = - 2 c Ka 4.2

σ 1 = - 2(25) 0.704
σ 1 = - 41.95 kPa (stress at the top)
Stress at the bottom :
-81.95
σ 2 = γ h Ka - 2 c Ka
z
σ 2 = 18.2(4.2)(0.704) - 2(25) 0.704
σ 2 = 53.81 - 41.95
4.2
σ 2 = 11.86 kPa (stress at the bottom) 4.2-z

➁ Maximum depth of potential crack 11.87

By ratio and prop. Using formula :
Z 4.2 - Z 2c
= Z=
41.95 11.87 γ s Ka
11.87 Z = 176.19 - 41.95 Z
2(25) H
53.82 Z = 176.19 Z=
18.2 0.704
Z = 3.27 m Z = 3.27 m (check)

➂ Max. unsupported excavation

H=2Z
H = 2(3.27)
H = 6.54 m
Problem 57 – Geotechnical
During a consolidated undrained tri-axial test on a clayey soil specimen, the minor and major
principal stresses at failure were 220 and 340 kPa, respectively. What is the axial stress at
failure if a similar specimen is subjected to an unconfined compression test and determine
also the cohesion of the clayey soil sample.

Solution:
Axial stress at failure ø
220 120
= 340 - 440 340

= 120 kPa
120
Cohesion = = 60 kPa
2 C=60
Unconfined compression test, confining pressure = 0
120

Problem 58 – Geotechnical
The frictional angle ø’ = 20˚ of a normally consolidated specimen collected during field
exploration. The unconfined compression strength qu of a similar specimen was found to be
140 kPa. Determine the pore water pressure at failure for the unconfined compression test.

Solution:
70 70
Sin 20˚ =
σ 3 + 70 20˚
σ 3 = 134.67 kPa 3 70 70

Pore pressure = - 134.67 kPa

Pore pressure

134.67
Problem 59 – Geotechnical
A 5.4 m high retaining wall is supporting a horizontal backfill of a cohesionless soil as
shown. Unit weight of soil = 17.30 kN/m3. Angle of friction ø = 36˚.

➀ Determine the at rest force per unit length of the wall.

➁ Determine the active force per unit length of the wall.
➂ Determine the passive force per unit length of the wall.

Solution:
➀ At rest force per unit length of the wall
Ko = 1 – Sin ø
Ko = 1 – Sin 36˚
Ko = 0.41 h=5.4 m
Po = ½ K o γs h2 P
Po = ½(0.41)(17.3)(5.4)2
Po = 103.4 kN/m

➁ Active force per unit length of the wall

1 - Sin 36˚
Ka = = 0.26
1 + Sin 36˚
1
Pa = γ s h2 Ka
2
1
Pa = (17.30)(5.4)2 (0.26)
2
Pa = 65.58 kN / m

➂ Passive force per unit length of the wall

1 + Sin 36˚
Kp = = 3.85
1 - Sin 36˚
1
Pp = Kp γ s h2
2
1
Pp = (3.85)(17.3)(5.4)2
2
Pp = 971 kN / m


Problem 60 – Geotechnical
A retaining wall has a height of 6 m. It supports a horizontal backfill of non-cohesive soil with a ground
water table at a depth of 3 m. below the horizontal backfill.
➀ Compute the effective stress at the bottom of the wall.
ø=30˚
➁ Compute the force per unit weight of the wall using Rankine’s active state. 3m s=16 kN/m3
➂ Determine the location of the resultant force acting on the wall.
Solution: 1 water table

➀ Effective stress at the bottom of the wall ø=35˚

1 - Sin 30˚ 1
K1 = = 3m sat=18 kN/m3
1 + Sin 30˚ 3
1 - Sin 35˚ A
K2 = = 0.271
1 + Sin 35˚
σ A ' = [16(3) + (18 - 9.81)(3)] (0.271)
σ A ' = 19.67 kPa

➁ Force per unit weight of the wall 16

σ 1 = 16(3)( 31 ) = 16 kN/m2
σ 1 = 16(3)(0.271) = 13 kN/m2
σ A = [16(3) + (18 - 9.81)(3)](0.271) 3m P1
σ A = 19.67 kPa
σ 3 = 9.81(3) = 29.43 R
16(3) 4m
P1 = = 24 kN/m P2
2 3m P3 y + P4
P2 = 13(3) = 39 kN/m 1.5
1.0 1.0
13
6.67(3)
P3 = = 10 kN/m
2 13 6.67 29.43
29.43(3)
P4 = = 44.14 kN/m 19.67
2
R = 24 + 39 + 10 + 44.14
R = 117.14 kN / m

➂ Location of the resultant force

R y = P1 Y1 + P2 Y2 + P3 Y3 + P4 Y4
117.14 y = 24(4) + 39(1.5) + 10(1) + 44.14(1)
y = 1.78 m from the bottom

Problem 61 – Geotechnical
A retaining wall is 6 m. high. The ground water table is located 3 m. below the ground
surface. The horizontal backfill is subjected to a surcharge of 15 kN/m2. Compute the
Rankine active force per unit length of the wall.

Solution:
1 - Sin 30˚ 1
K1 = =
1 + Sin 30˚ 3
1 - Sin 36˚
K2 = = 0.26
1 + Sin 36˚
σ 1 = 15( 31 ) = 5 kP
σ 2 = [15.5(3) + 15] ( 31 ) = 20.50 kPa
σ 3 = [15.5(3) + 15] (0.26) = 15.99 kPa
σ 4 = [15 + 15.5(3) + (19 - 9.81)(3)] (0.26)
σ 4 = 23.16 kPa
σ 5 = 9.81(3) = 29.43 kPa
P1 = 6(5) = 30 kN/m
3m
P2 =
15.5(3)
= 23.25 kN/m P2
2
P1 15.5
P3 = 10.99(3) = 32.97 kN/m
7.17(3) P3 +
P4 = = 10.76 kN/m 3m
2 3
P4 P4
29.43(3)
P5 = = 44.15 kN/m
2
R = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + P5 5 10.99 7.17 29.43
22.16
R = 30 + 23.25 + 32.97 + 10.76 + 44.15
R = 141.13 kN / m

Problem 62 – Geotechnical
A retaining wall having a height of 1.5 m. is supporting two layers of cohesive soil having the
characteristics as shown in the figure. Compute the active force after the occurrence of the
tensile crack.

Clayey
Solution: 0.6 m ø=20˚
s=17.30 kN/m3
1 - Sin 20˚ C=14.4 kPa
K1 = = 0.49 3.46
1 + Sin 20˚
Depth of tensile crack : Sand
ø=30˚
2c K1 s=17 kN/m3
Z= 0.9 m 0.60 P
C=0
γ K1
2(14.4) 0.49 8.56
Z=
17.30(0.49)
Z = 2.38 > 0.60 m
The tensile crack will develop up to 0.60 m.
1 - Sin 30˚ 1
K2 = =
1 + Sin 30˚ 3
At 0.60 m.
σ 1 = 17.30(0.6)( 31 ) = 3.46 kPa
At 1.5 m.
σ 2 = [17.3(0.6) + 17(0.9)]( 31 ) = 8.56 kPa
(3.46 + 8.56)
P= (0.6)
2
P = 3.6 kN / m







Problem 63 – Geotechnical
A square footing 1.5 m x 1.5 m carries a concentric column load of P. The water table is at a
distance of 1.2 m. below the bottom of the footing.
Characteristics of sand: P
Unit weight of sand = 19.6 kN/m3
Angle of friction = 35˚
Nc = 58 Nq = 42 Ny = 46 ground surface
Water content = 15%
0.90 m
Poisson’s ratio = 0.42
Coefficient of subgrade reaction = 14 kN/m3
If the factor of safety based on ultimate B=1.5 m
D=1.2 m
bearing capacity is 2.8, compute the ground water table

maximum column load that the footing

could support.

Solution:
Since the water table is at a depth less than the width of footing, the unit weight of the soil
must be corrected.
(γ - γ s )(B - D)
γs = γ D +
B
19.6(1.2) + (19.6 - 9.81)(1.5 - 1.2)
γs = = 17.64 kN/m3
1.5
Ultimate bearing capacity for a square footing :
qu = 1.3 c Nc + q Nq + 0.40 γ B Ny
qu = 0 + 19.6(0.90)(42) + 0.40(17.64)(1.2)(46)
qu = 1130.37 kPa
qu 1130.37
qall = = = 403.70 kPa
F.S. 2.8
P
= qall
A
P = 403.70(1.5)(1.5)
P = 908.3 kN
Problem 64 – Geotechnical
A square footing must carry a gross allowable load of 670 kN. The base of the
footing is to be located at a depth of 0.92 m. below the ground surface. For the
soil, we are given that γs = 18.1 kN/m3, c = 0 and angle of friction ø = 40˚. If the
required factor of safety is 3, determine the size of the footing. Assume general
shear failure of soil. Nc = 95.66 Nq = 81.27 Ny = 115.31

Solution:
γ s = 18.1 kN/m3
q = 18.1(0.92) = 16.65 kPa
qu = 1.3 c Nc + q Nq + 0.40 γ B Ny
qu = 0 + 16.65(81.2) + 0.40(18.1)B(115.31)
qu = 1353.15 + 834.84 B
q 670 kN
qall = u
F.S.
ground surface
1353.15 + 834.84 B
qall =
3 0.92 m

P = qall A
B
(1353.15 + 834.84 B)(B)2
670 =
3
2010 = 1353.15 B2 + 834.84 B3
Trial and error :
B = 0.965 ≈ 1.0 m
NSE = 1.0 meter square footing






Problem 65 – Geotechnical
A square foundation footing has a dimension of 3 m x 3 m. It supports an axial load of
2250 kN. The building site is underlain by a thick stratum of sand. If the modulus of vertical
subgrade reaction is 45 x 103 kN/m3, estimate the settlement of the soil supporting the
footing.

Solution:
3.93 q B2
S=
Kv (B + 0.305)2
2250
q= = 250 kPa
3(3)
3.93(250)(3)2
S=
45000(3 + 0.305)2
S = 0.180 m.
S = 18 mm

Problem 66 – Geotechnical
A rectangular footing 6 m x 3 m supports an axial load of 3600 kN. Shear strength of clay =
90 kPa
Elastic modulus of clay: Es = 45000 kPa
Poisson’s ratio of clay = 0.50
Shape and foundation rigidity factor: Cs = 1.12
Calculate the immediate settlement (due to volume distortion) expected beneath the center
of a rigid rectangular shape foundation bearing a deep clay deposit.

Solution:
Cs q B (1 - µ2 )
Sv =
Eu 1.12(200)(3)[1 - (0.5)2 ]
Sv =
P 45000
q=
A S v = 0.0112 m
3600 S v = 11.2 mm
q= = 200 kPa
3(6)
Problem 67 – Geotechnical
A 3 m. x 3 m. square footing is embedded 0.60 m into a sand profile having a bulk unit
weight of 18 kN/m3 and bearing capacity factors Nc = 48, Nq = 25 and Ny = 19. Neglecting
shape factors, if the depth to the water table is 2.10 m. below the ground surface and the
proposed column load is 3340 kN, find the factor of safety against bearing capacity.

Solution:
The effect of the water table is to be considered since its distance from the bottom of the
footing is less than the width of the footing.
qu = 1.3 c Nc + q Nq + 0.40γ B Ny
3340 kN
q = 18(0.6)
q = 10.8 kPa
γ(3) = 18(1.5) + (18 – 9.81)(1.5) ground surface

γ = 13.10 kN/m3 0.60 m

qu = 0 + 10.8(25) + 0.40(13.10)(3)(19)
qu = 568.68 kPa 2.10
3m
s=18 kN/m3 1.5 m
Soil pressure due to column load + soil ground water table
3340 3m
Overburden pressure = + 18(0.6)
3(3) 1.5 m

Overburden pressure = 381.91 kPa

Factor of safety against bearing capacity:
568.68
F.S. =
381.91
F.S. = 1.49 say 1.50
Alternate solution :
q -q
qall = u
F.S.
P qu - q
=
A F.S.
3340 568.68 - 18(0.6)
=
3(3) F.S.
F.S. = 1.50


Problem 68 – Geotechnical
A square footing 2 m x 2 m is embedded 1.2 m. below the ground surface. The soil
profile has the following properties:
Cohesion = 10 kPa
Bulk unit weight = 20 kN/m3
Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Factors: Nc = 12.86, Nq = 4.45 and Ny = 1.52
If the ground water table is at the bottom of the footing and the proposed column
load is 350 kN, determine the factor of safety against bearing capacity.

ground water table

1.2 m

3m

Solution:
qu = 1.3 c Nc + q Nq + 0.40γ B Ny
q = 20(1.2) = 24 kPa
γ = 20 – 9.81
γ = 10.19 kN/m3
qu = 1.3(1.0)(12.86) + 24(4.45) + 0.40(10.19)(2)(1.52)
qu = 286.37 kPa
q -q
qall = u
F.S.
P qu - q
=
A F.S.
350 286.37 - 24
=
2(2) F.S.
F.S. = 3


Problem 69 – Geotechnical
A clay embankment has a slope of 3H to 1V and a height of 5.40 m. The unit
weight of clay is 19.7 kN/m3 and the unconfined compressive strength is 76 kPa.
Compute the factor of safety for slope stability if it has a stability number of 5.53.

Solution:
cN
F.S. =
γH 1 H=5.4 m
3
1
c = (76) = 38 kPa
2
38(5.53)
F.S. = = 1.975
19.7(5.4)







Problem 70 – Geotechnical
The ultimate bearing capacity of a 600 mm diameter plate as determined from field
load test is 300 kPa. Estimate the ultimate bearing capacity of a circular footing
with a diameter of 1.6 m. The soil is sandy.

Solution:
qu (footing) B(footing)
=
qu (plate) B(plate)
300(1.6)
qu (footing) = = 800 kPa
0.6
For clays :

qu (footing) = qu (plate)


Problem 71 – Geotechnical
For the infinite slope shown the values of the soil properties are as
follows: Thickness of granular soil (c = 0) is 6 m. Angular friction is 22ˆand
the slope is 18˚. Unit weight of soil is 19.6 kN/m3. Determine the factor of
safety of the infinite slope.

Solution:
tan ø s=19.6 kN/m3
F.S. = ø=22˚
tan ß C=0 C K
H=6 m
RO
tan 22˚
F.S. =
tan 18˚

F.S. = 1.24 =18˚