Unit 1-thinking geographically)

“emphasizes basic geography skills and the various types and uses of maps.”
 Vocab

https://quizlet.com/1111427/ap-human-geography-chapter-1-vocab-flash-cards/
Political
Social
Economic
 Environmental
Sustainability
Are we using our resources in a way that we can use for a long time

Determinism Environemtanl
Environment determines how societies develop

-determine culture/technology

-humans are passive in our environmental relationship

-causes societies to fail and work

Possibilism Environemntal
- Environment puts some contraints and has some influence
- Humans change environment to FIT THEIR NEEDS
- Humans have a role in the human environment relationship
- DETERMINISM IS SOME OF A FACTOR BUT WE CAN OVERCOME THROUGH ADAPTATION
- Cultural traits matter
 Demographic (geographic DATA)
Quantative
Research that is focused on DATA collection and can be replicated

Qualatative Research
more opinion based and cannot be replicated

-surveys, observations, interviews, polls, etc.

Data Collection
-government uses census

-business use focus groups and studies

-individuals use surveys and polls

GIS
Articulates information for a geographic area

Different Types of Scales of geographic data

-personal: figure out if we want to live in allocation, school, crime rates, paying jobs ETC.

-business- understand markets better, and location of new stores

-government- voting district, schools, healthcare, education etc.

-organization- depends on the size, use it to understand needs of the community’

Census
-official population count

-how we determine federal funding, determine boundaries

 Spatial (MAPS)
Formal Region (uniform)
Grouped by perceived characteristics

-culture or terrain

-defined we can see where they end and start

-Ex: STATES OR WHEAT BELT

Functional Region (nodal

Grouped around a center point

-economic, transportation, communication

-airport, radio station, Disney etc.

Vernacular Region(perceptual)
-debatable

-exist in our minds and will change depending on the person

“which countries are in the middle east”

Scale of analysis
How data is grouped together- HOW WE BUNDLE/ASSOCIATE SIMILAR DATA

-global- look at global trade routes

-national- states

-Regional-counties and stuf f

-Local, apply regional data

ALLOWS US TO LOOK AT DIFFERENT TYPES OF DATA

Scale of inquiry
Focused on questioning what scale OF ANAlysis we should use

Small Scale
-Zoomed OUT and show a lot of earths surface but very little detail

-globe map
-more generalization ex: only shows MAIN religion

Large Scale
-zoomed IN, show less of the earths surface, but in VERY high detail

-map of mannahttan subway trails

Scale(map)
The distance ratio that correlates to the distance on the earth

Situation
-the attributes of an area surrounding an entity

-Ex: Paris was successful because it was in the center of a very productive agricultural area

-looks at the bigger picture of an entity

Site
-the attributes of an area within an entities border

-Ex: river thames or port which is PART of a city

-can be good or bad:

-river can provide acess to clean drinking water

-RAVINE can hurt expansion

Referance Map
- location of a place without DATA- just a basic map

Thematic Map
- show location of place but INCLUDE data- usually centered around conveying a certain topic

Ex: showing carbon emissions, education level of people, etc.

Absolute Distance
-Distance in quantative terms (latitude longitude)(miles kilometers)

Relative Distance
- qualatiatvie terms (30 minutes south, 10 minutes to the west)
Absolute Location
-exact location expressed by longitude/latitude

-doesn’t change (fixed)

-GPS on our phone EXACT

Relative Location
-Relative to another object

-CHANGES depending on the refereance point

-30 miles westfrom here

Clustering
– how grouped things are

Dispersal
- how spread out things are

Topographic map
- SHhow elevation

Distance Decay
-as the distance between two things increases they will interact less

-“friction of distance”

-larger more prominent entities retain interactions over a longer distance (a big company will have
better communication channels)

- being damaged due to increasing hyper-connectivity, whatsAPP, imessage, facebook, allow easier
communiciation and discussion

Time Space Compresssion

-Technology allows places to interact despite no change in distance

-Goes directly against distance decay- “a solution for it”

-ex: planes, ships, computers, technology etc,

-“make our world smaller”

Place
An area defined by the things in it

- What we associate with that location

-environemtnal characterisitcs

Climate, rivers, mountaints, topology

-human charcteristics

Religion, racial, gender, language, etc.

Placelessness

 is the similarity of places of popular cultures everywhere and the loss of a place’s unique
identity due to the influence of popular culture and globalization.
Popular culture promotes uniformity in landscape, lack of traditional value or cultural uniqueness
due to widespread popularity of specific ideas, places, etc.

Space
-the DISTANCE between entities or EXTENT of a place (occupies x amount of space)

-density- amount of entities within an area

-concentration-how phenomena is distributed within an area

-THE PHYISCAL GAP BETWEEN OBJECTS

Patterns
- Consistent relationships between phenomena and their location
- Shows you things about areas where those phenomena occur
- MOST thigns don’t have a pattern
- GEOMETRRIC ARRAngements of objects in a space

Flow
Movements of people ideas goods or services
Unit 2- Population and Migration Processes
Vocab
Ravenstein 11 laws
 Political
Sustainability
Ability to satisfy wants and needs without sacrificjng the future

Pronatalist
Policies that increase the birth rate

Anti-natalist
China – one child policy to limit the legal amount of children

-gender imbalance, gender selective abortions, caused human trafficking

Forced Migation
Forced to migrate due to circumnstances they cant control

Voluntary Migration
People had the choice whether or not to migrate

Refugee
A person forced to cross an INTERNATIONAL border to flee persecution, economic etc

Ex: Syria because of the civil war

Internally displaced persons

Same as a refugee but don’t cross any international borders
 Social (human factors)
Human Factors of Population Distribution (why do people move to where they are)
1. Economic- money and good job
2. Political- political safety and low crime
3. Cultural Factors
4. Historical- architecture, (philadelphua) (born there)

Carrying Capacity
How many people live in an area without dying

-how many people can survive without losing

Population Pryamids
-broken down by age ranges

-prereopductive 0-14

-reproductive years, 15-45

- post reproductive 45-80

-broken down by gender

- shows historical events and how socities operate

General Patterns

-Better economy=less kids – Country C- germany

-low population growth

-small base

-longer living population+equally distributed

-agriculture (less advanced)- Country D- angola

-big base

-high birth rate

-have a lot of kids because they need labor and don’t know if they will survive

-immigration- Coutnry B-saudi arabia

-men who come into countries in the working range show a lot of migration

-once they get older they leave the countries

Internal war- Country A- cambodia

-dropoff in range between 44 would show some historical problems and a large dropoff

Population boom

CBR- Crude Birth Rate

Total number of births per every thousand people

CDR- Crude Death Rate

total number of deaths per every thousand person

NIR – Natural Rate of Increase

How much a population grows by every year
TFR – Total Fertility Rate
Average number of children born to each women- shows whether its ustainable (2.1 is the sutainable
rate)

(2.1 is the sutainable rate)-

Infant Mortality Rate-

Larger families because more people are gonna die

IFR- Infant mortality Rate

Infant mortality rate (IMR) is the number of deaths per 1,000 live births of children under one
year of age. The rate for a given region is the number of children dying under one year of age,
divided by the number of live births during the year, multiplied by 1,000.

Countries that are more economically advanced see more urbanization, more people
living in cities, and people have more capital
-lower IMR because of more education and healthcare
-better standard of living

Countries with bad economy:

-high IMR

-more births

Doubling Time
How long it takes for a population to double in size

IntERregional migration
Movement from one region to another within a STATE

intraregional migration
same region- rural--- suburbs/urban

Immigration
A permenant move to a place

Emigration
LEAVIng a place for a permenant move

Migration
A temporary move
Step Migration
Migration occruing at stages and people many times stop in the middle because of intervening
opportunity

Chain Migration
Legal immigrants sponsor immigration to the US

Push and Pull Factors

1. Economic/ jobd
2. Social- acceptance ethnicity
3. Political- stability avoiding corruption, etc.

Intervening obstacle
Cultural and physical factors that stop people from moving along with immigration laws

Intervening opportunity
Cultural political, or environmental factor that causes a person to stop from migrating to their original
destination (job opportunity)

Transnational migration
Movement across international borders

Effects of Migration

Bad
-assimilation
-hyrid culturation – some old, some new culture
-alienation in which society rejects the culture
-xenophobia and violence
-ethnocentrism
Good
-new culture
-economic growth
-innovation

Remittance
Sending money back to your hometown
 Economic
#1 reason why people move
Rural--------->Urban (urbanization)- movement of people to urban areas usually
because of economic reasons
Guest Worker
A person with a temporary status to work in a country

Transumanism
Seasonal movement of people and livestock
 Environmental
Environemtanl Reasons for Pop Distribution
1. Climate
2. Landform
3. Acess to natural resourfes
4. Culture

Malthus Theory
Food would grow arithmetically while population would grow geometrically

-not enough food to go around

-need government or god to stop this from occurring

-decreasing of birth rate, adaptation allowing more food production, agricultural revolution prevent this

Neomalthus
Believed in the same thing but rather in ALL resources are being expropriated (not just food) but
litereally everything else
 Demographic

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL

STAGE 1
CBR: HIGH

CDR: HIGH

NIR: low

Econ: subsistence Farming

Life Expectancy: Limited

-Women don’t have good opportunities, and are generally mothers and cookers

-migrating for food sources

-NO country that is stage one, only nomadic people

Stage 2
CBR: High

CDR: RAPIDLY decreasing (indisutrial revolution, medical revolution) BUT PEOPLE DON’T REALIZE THAT
THEIR KIDS ARE DYING LESS SO THEY KEEP HAVING KIds
NIR: High (more people are living than dying)

Econ: Agriculutre for Trade

Health/Life Expectancy- Better living conditions

Women: mothers/caretakes

Migrations: move to stage 3 or 4 countris for job opportunities, and people will move to urbanized areas

Ex:angola,sudan, most of Africa

Stage 3
People realize we shouldn’t have kids since we have to pay for all of this stuff and they have stopped
dying lmao

CBR: Rapidly Decreasing

CDR:Decreasing

NIR: moderate

Econ Focus on manufacturing

Life Expectancy/Medical: higher life expectancy, better medical services

Women: get some roles and workforce

Migration: similar, more people going to urban areas

Ex: Mexico, Vietnam- population growth declining

Stage 4
CBR: Low- no need for large families

CDR: Low

NIR: ZPG- zero population growht

Econ : services industries, economy becomes more complex

Life Expectancy/Medical: Keeps getting better, more degerantive di ses because people are leaving
longer

Women: Econ and social empowerment

Migration: More immigrants from developing countries since there is opportunity and growth- start
seeing suburbanization

Ex: China/US

Stage 5
NEGATIVE POPULATION GROWTH- HIGHER DEATH RATE
CBR:

CDR:

NIR:

Econ

Life Expectancy/Medical:

Women:

Migration:

Ex:

Epedimological Transiiton Model

Maps hpw people die (malaria_---- degernatvie)

AS socities advance TFR goes down because of family planning and contraceptives
along with jobs and careers which displaces childbearing

Developed countries need immigrants to sustain population growth- birth rate goes
down—immigrants support the workforce

Dependancy Ratio
The amount of people who work and are able to support those who do not

-japan and germancy are aging and don’t have enough workers
 Spatial
Arithmetic Density
Population/amount of land- shows how spread out, density, clustered, dispersed

Physiological Density
Total population/arable land- how much food do we need to produce per unit of land, shows stress
upon land

Too high can be infertile soil

Agriculture Density
Farmer/agricultural land

Low number means people can do other things and more specialization and higher technology (tractors,
combines, etc.)

(intensive vs extensive)

Population Clusters
High rate of growth

South Asia: indo pak, bangla, sri lanka

Southeast Asia:Indonesia, phillipines, malaysis

East Asia:China,Japan,Korea,Taiwna

Europe:Monaco, Germany, France

Density
How many people are in one spot

Distribution
Location moreso, clustered, disperersed

Less concentration on population have more dispersion creates primate cities and
leads to lack of goods and services

Densely populated cities have higher pollution, overpopulation, and lack of jobs.
Unit 3- Culture
Vocab
 DiffusioN!!!!
Relocation Diffusion 
occurs when people move from their original location to another and bring their innovations with
them. Examples: Immigration from country to country, city to city, etc. As they relocate to a new
location, they bring their ideas, cultural tradition such as food, music, and more.
The United States is filled with culturally diverse food and delicacies ranging from Pizza which
originated in Italy, to Sushi from Japan etc. As masses of individuals immigrate to a new
environment, they bring along their cultural connections, influencing others in the new
environments

Expansion Diffusion
 is the spread of an idea through a population where the amount of those influenced grows continuously
larger. There are three types of Expansion diffusion: Stimulus, Hierarchical, and Contagious.

Contagious
Contagious Diffusion is defined as distance-controlled spreading of an idea through a local population
by contact from person to person. Similarly to a disease, it spreads rapidly from one source to others
from person to person. Another way to think of it is like the spreading of a forest fire. 

Examples of this includes religions when people are in contact with beliefs systems especially
universalizing religions such as Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam.Missionaries spread christianity. In
addition, the globalization of social networking, media platforms.

When videos or songs go viral, they contagiously diffuse like wildfire through the help of modern
technological innovations. 

Hierarchical
Hierarchical Diffusion: an idea spreads by passing first among the most connected individuals, then
spreading to other individuals. Think of the chain of command in businesses, and the government.
There’s somewhat of a hierarchy in terms of position of authority.

Ex: The Federal government such as the president, vice president, cabinet members are the first to be
informed of governmental matters before the general public and state government employees. A
business CEO is more informed on matters within their company before the spread of that information
to employees and the general public.

You can also think about popular music first reaching urban centers, city communities in New York, LA,
Chicago before gaining popularity among the wider public. 

Stimulus
Stimulus Diffusion: an idea diffuses from its cultural hearth outward, but the original idea is changed by
the new adopters.
  Ex: The McDonalds fast food chain having different menu items in
different regions.  – spain and china might slightly change up their food
Maladaptive Diffusion
 is the adoption of diffusing traits that are not practical or reflective of a region's environment or
culture. Ex: the popularity of wearing blue jeans in any weather despite the impracticality of
wearing them in the winter season. 

Vehicles for Diffusion

-Colonailism- Christopher Columbus established the colombiuan exchange which allow recricrulation
and introduction of different plants, SLAVES, crops, animals, spices, etc. COUNTRIES using processes for
ECONOMIC BENEFITS

-imperialism is a country taking political soverignty

-neocolonization is about business and business expropriating resources

-missionaries exporting religious beliefs upon missionaries in afirca, America,

-Trade: silk road allowed exchange of prodcuts

-lingua-franca, latin Spanish French

-creolization

Modern causes: economics, technology, etc, time space compression (of language diffusin)

!!!!IMPACTS OF DIFFUSION

Acculturation
 is defined as the adoption of cultural and social characteristics of one society that is controlled
by another society with the minority of inhabitants adapting and adopting the host cultures
experience-
-Ex Spansih speakers adopting English
-Mongols invading adopting Chinese cultures

Syncretism
 is the birth of a new culture trait from blending two or more culture characteristics Ex: Sikhism
which combines elements of Islam and Hinduism, 

Assimilation
 occurs when the minority culture integrates, absorbs the host culture and in the process loses
aspects of their native customs. Ex: Immigrating to a new country and no longer speaking your
native language or carrying on your traditional customs Ex: LATIN, americans born

Cultural appropriation
 describes a situation where a dominant cultural group takes a product or idea from an
oppressed/minority cultural group and uses it for its own benefit. Ex: Using a Native-American
tribal name as an American sports team name (Redskins, Blackhawks, etc.
 Political

Centripetal forces 
unify a state and provide stability.
Ex:
-monolingual languages
-universal ideals
-ethnic difference
-wartime

Centrifugal Forces
 divide a state leading to balkanization, weakening, etc.- ethnicity identity, political views, etc.
-religious persecution/conflict
-multilingual
-homogeniety
Cultural shatter-belt 
is the process where a state breaks down through Ethnic Conflict (balkanization).  
Balkanization
 is the process by which a state breaks down due to conflicts among its ethnicities. Ex:
Yugoslavia which was once multicultural with multiple ethnicities broke up into 6 republics.

EX: 28 federal systems in india, tons of religions in Nigeria which have led to friction among the
individuals – and the formations of non-secular jurisdicial/governmental systems in these
various regions
Along with that islam vs Hinduism led to india Pakistan formation

Land survey
methods for portioning land to occupants differ by group ethnicity in the US and Canada. Land
survey methods for parceling out land to its occupied Folk customs are decreasing due to pop
cultural customs.
 Social (culture mostly)
Culture 
defined as a particular group's material characteristics, behavioral patterns, beliefs, social norms, and
attitudes that are shared and transmitted.

Cultural hearth
a place where innovations and new ideas originate and diffuse to other places which can
include Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus River Valley, etc.
Culture Complex
The group of traits which define a culture

Habit – 
a repetitive act that a particular individual performs.
Custom 
-a repetitive act that a particular group performs. 

Folk Culture
 is predominantly present among homogenous groups of people maintaining their traditions,
values, mostly in isolation. Changes slowly remain resistant and spread by relocation diffusion.
Ex: Amish

material culture
 values items such as clothing, furniture, artifacts that are physically tangible.

Nonmaterial culture 
values customs, traditions, folk stories, myths, religion, oral and written languages (mentifacts)
in addition to religious organizations, political and educational institutions, etc (sociofacts) that
are intangible.
For instance: Folk music may tell stories about daily activities such as farming in an agrarian
society and is passed down to generations. 

Popular culture
 is practiced by large, heterogeneous (Diverse) groups, originating from more developed
regions, resulting from more leisure time, wealth to acquire elements of pop culture, widespread
diffusion through hierarchical from specific nodes, and contagious. While folk culture varies from
place to place, pop culture varies from time to time in a given place.

-Spreading: spreading in popularity due to globalization, communication, transportation,

marketing networks.
-Ex: BLUE JEANS
-present more in higher stage countries
- There are also extinct languages due to globalization including Latin.
 Counterexample: Indigenous languages such as Basque, Welsh, Quechua, etc struggle to be
maintained however increased nationalism, tourism, and governmental policies allow minority
languages to be kept despite the rise of globalization

Ethnocentrism 
is a biased perspective of one's ethnic group as being superior.

cultural relativism
 is the objective (unbiased) view of understanding others cultural beliefs and customs.  

Cultural landscape
 is made up of structures within the physical landscape caused by human imprint/human
activities. Ex: buildings, artwork, Protestant churches in the US South - Cathedrals in
Southern/western Europe, mosques in Southwest Asia.

Sequent occupancy
 is the theory that a place can be occupied by multiple different groups each modifying the
landscape and having its own imprint for future occupiers Ex: Bolivia’s cultural landscape
includes imprints/ influences from early Inca civilization and Spanish colonial conquerors.

Perceptual/Vernacular Regions
 are defined by certain cultural traits that people perceive them as that develop through books,
media images, historical and cultural differences between regions. (bible belt, chinatown).

Formal Regions 
are areas inhabited by people who have one or more characteristics in common such as dialect,
local cuisine, local activities, etc.(french speaking region of Canada).

Functional regions 
are areas organized to function politically, socially, and economically as a single unit.radio
broadcasts local culture, sports teams bring people together.  (Metropolitan area of Chicago,
Bank of America).

Globalization
 - interconnection of all regions of the world through politics, technology, communication,
marketing, economics, manufacturing, and sociocultural processes. This resulted from waves of
industrialization and technological innovations, social media, popular music culture,
immigration. The rapid connectivity altered society from an agrarian society with local
connections to an industrial society with global connectivity which has both positive and
negative consequences.
 Positives of Globalization: increased communication worldwide.
Becoming informed of news and pop culture. 
 Negatives of Globalization: loss of cultural uniqueness/folk cultural
traditions, loss of indigenous languages(decreased linguistic diversity)
Urbanization
 - the population shift from rural areas to urban areas, the gradual increase in the proportion of
people living in urban areas. The rise of Industry caused the rise in urbanization. 
Economic
Environmental
Demographic
Spatial
 Specific Cultures//Language

LANGUAGE
language family 
is a group of languages originating from an earlier language (protolanguage-reconstructed
ancestral language

Indo-European language family 

is the largest language family. It includes European, some Asian, and newly adopted American
languages.

Subfamilies
 are Divisions within a language family where the commonalities are more definite and the origin
is more recent. Indo-european languages have spread through expansion and relocation
diffusion.(

Creole languages
 (a mixture of two languages that is a native language of a group of people). It is used to describe
languages in the Caribbean when slavery and colonization merged cultures. Ex: Haitian Creole.

 pidgin language
 is a language that develops when two or more different languages meet in one geographic
region, usually a result of trading among people who speak different languages such as: Swahili
which combines some Bantu dialects with Arabic. When it evolves to a primary language of a
region, it becomes a creole language.

Dialects 
are variations of speech. Different regions throughout the United States have dialects of the
English language. Someone in the southern regions may pronounce English words differently 

 isogloss 
is a geographic “barrier” that exists between the use of one word over another. (marks linguistic
difference)
CULTURE
Universalizing Religion
- anyone can be a member of it. Their beliefs attract the universal population. Missionaries sent
throughout the world seeking converts. Diversity in its worshipers from various ethnic
backgrounds. They spread through EXPANSION DIFFUSION
Three main ones are Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam.  And SIKHISM

Ethnic Religion
 - part of a particular ethnic or political group. In order to practice the religion you must be born
into it and/or through marriage. Ex: Judaism, Hinduism. Ethnic religions are found near
the hearth(origin) but spread through relocation diffusion. Judaism diffused by the scattering of
Jews around the world after the Roman destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD. Ethnic religions
haven’t spread primarily because in some cases, universalizing religions, replace ethnic
religions.
Secularism
 is when religious beliefs and systems are rejected. It is rising in popularity in Europe. 

Ethnic group
 is a population of people that share a common nationality, language, culture, religion, and/or
more.

Race
 differs from an ethnic group in that the shared trait is that they originate from a common
biological ancestor.
Unit 4- Political Geography
Vocab
 Political
City State
A city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside

Nation State
A soverign state made up of peole who are homogenous in language or culture

-occurred as people wanted to protect their identity

Nation
A large group of people who share a common history or have similar cultural characteristics

Self Determination/
-nations have the right to govern themselves without interverences

-get the right to protect their own cultures

-middle finger to supranantional organizations

-some countries like Ukraine don’t want to be governed by others so they fight for independence

-shown in Palestine, kurdistine, catalonia, etc.

Soverignty
The ability of the right to govern a state and the right of a state to govern its internal and external affairs

State
A set geographic area that has a government that controls internal and external affair

Multinational State
-two different ethnic groups

-history of self determination

-peaceful but culturally distinct

-EX: Soviet Union- NATION STATES UNITED UNDER ONE BANNER, different languages, cultures

-broke up because many nation states had self determination and wanted independence

-RUSSIA HAS 180 DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS

Multi-state nation
-different states with the same nation

- a cultural group of people that is located within multiple countries

-ex: soko and noko

-Ex: Kurds, presence in Iraq, armena, turkey, etc.

Stateless nation
-an ethnicity which has a history of self determination but lacks recognition and doesn’t have a state

-no political boundries

-no control of internal or external affaris

-Kurds:

-kurs identify as Kurdish not arabs- speak their own language

-have a history of self determination

-have their own military/government

-kurdistan was going to be a state but the ottoman empire failed which caused turkey to invade
Kurdistan

-Palestanians, Tibetans, Catalonians

-independence movments in spain for catalonia to be its own state

-brewed towards violent

Autonomous Regions
-autonomy from external authority

-control own internal affairs

-geographically distinct

Ex: China and Taiwan- Taiwan controls internal affairs but china says Taiwan is part of them

Semi-Autonomous Regions
-control over their own affairs but ruled/controlled by another state

-Ex:natives can control affairs but are limited by the US GOVERNMENT

-Ex: hong kong

Colony
A territory that is not independnat and is legally tied to another soveirgn state

Colonialsim
An effort by one country to impose settlements upon another country along with political and economic
dominance

THREE Gs were the reason for colonialism

1. God
2. Gold
3. Glory

-colonialism declined over time because of independence i.e india, united states

-some people got indeoendance after the world war when European countries couldn’t afford to sustain
anymore

Scramble for Africa

divided it based off of longitude and latitude without regard for ethnic or language differences which
messed up Africa

-didn’t invest in education

-no infrastructure

-when they got independence they lacked education, infrastrtucture

-grouping of ethnic groups generated conflicts, civils wars, ethnic cleansing, etc.

-the boundaries were made off of what was convenient

-the majority of conflict are between ethnic groups and not states

Imperialism
-the thought BEHIND colonialism, colonialism is the practice

-expanding resources, connections, and power

-colonialism is the establishment of colonies

-have reshaped the world

Devolution
Movement of power from a central government to local regions

-can cause balkanization

-Ex: Yugoslavia, after TITO’s death it shifted towards regional governers of ethnic groups which led to
balkanization but it doesn’t always have to happen like that

Caues
- Ethnic separatism occurs when minority groups fight for independence. In Spain, the
Basques & Catalans are two such groups that have a unique culture/language and desire to be
independent from Spain. 
- Terrorism is organized violence, usually for a political goal. For example, Al Qaeda conducted
attacks in the United States, eastern Africa, and the Arabian Peninsula to seek power and push
their ideology. Sometimes, ethnic separatists use terrorism to reach their goal of independence.
T
- Economic devolutionary forces can occur when regions seek control of natural resources. In
Brazil, Amazonian tribes want more ownership of the resources in there are
- Social issues due to different languages, cultures, or religions can lead to devolution. Belgium
is distinctly divided into two distinct regions, the Flemish in the north and the Walloons in the
south. This may eventually lead to Belgium splitting into two different countries

Territoriality
How people use space to marcate dominance, occupation of an area

-deters through non-verbal stuff

Neocolonilization
MDCvs LDC- more versus less developed countries

The practice of using economic of political influence by an MDC to control an ne

-ex: china and Africa

 -china supported 60 billion of infrastructure projects in Africa

-562 million loan to build a dam, 3.2 billion dollar railway

-offered at low interest rates

-the goal is not to get their money back but rather as foreign aid but POLITICAL RETURN//secure
relationships with future companies in Africa, and as Africa becomes more developed might become a
good tool for CHINA

-they are shifting manufacturing to China to take advantage of cheap labor

-countries that vote along with china get more infrastructure projects vs countries that recognize Taiwan

Choke Point
- A geographical region that has to be passed to reach a destination
- Ex: straight of hormutz, cape of good hope, etc.

Shatter Belt Region

-a region caught between large external powers who are fighting

-large PEST pressures agiansdt their populations

-Example: kAshmir, eastern Europe during WW2

Cultural Shatterbelt
-region where different CULTURES come into contact/conflict with each other

-ex: south sudan/sudan

-difference is normal shatterbelt is OUTSIDE POWERS

Voting District
Polling areas that are created for voting

Gerrymandering
Redrawing off legislative boundaries to benefit a power

Splitting/Cracking

Splits likeminded voters into multiple districts

Packing
stacking into a few districts to ensure a win

Safe District
Politicians are garunteed a win

federal 
system is where power is shared between the central government and state or local
governments, like the United States and Germany

Unitary
 system is where power is held primarily by the central government without much power given to
local governments, like in France and China. 

Shape of States
Supranationalism 
is when multiple countries form an organization to mutually benefit all member countries. Some
common examples are the UN, NATO, NAFTA, and the EU.
 Social
Globalization
, or increased global trade, connections, and interactions, can challenge state sovereignty.
Freer trade has decreased the importance of political borders. Globalization has also allowed
ideas to spread fast, which leads to more independence movements, such as the Arab Spring, a
pro-democracy movement that started out as small demonstrations but quickly escalated to
region wide disturbance due to social media.

people are connected than ever before, which means the idea of democratization is
more widespread than ever before. The time-space compression for social and
political movements has never been this short. INTERNET DEMOCRATIZATION
THROUGH EASE OF TRAVEL AND this wave of democratization has hit the
Middle East with the Arab Spring. 
 Economic
Transnational companies
 span across countries, thus weakening state sovereignty. These include Google, Amazon,
Facebook, and Apple. Economic supranationals can help revitalize a state's economy if a
transnational decides to relocate production to a different state.
Environmental
Demographic
 Spatial (boundaries)
Boundary
An invisible barrier or line that seperates one state from another

Cultural Boundaries
Divides ethnicity, language or religion

Ex: Ireland and orthern irealnd, india, Pakistan

Geometric Boundary
Straight lines and go with latitude parallels, chad//Libya

Or US//Canda

Physical Boundary
Is a major geographical feature,

Mountains, rivers, lakes etc.

Antecedant Boundary
Boundaries that have existed before human settlements or cultural landscape was developed

Ex:argentine vs boliviai

Relic Boundary
Boundaries that no longer exist but impact the cultural landscape.

-berlin wall

-the Korean boundary

Subsequent Boundary
A boundary that forms along a cultural landscape

-separates ethnic groups

-ex: Yugoslavia after balkanization

Consequent Boundary
A boundary that divides different ethnic groups by physical feature

-natural/made by the environment

Superimposed boundaries
Boundaries put in by a foreign sate

-example is the scramble for Africa

Frontiers
Geographic areas where no state has power over the areas

Defenitional Boundary Dispute

-countries do not agree with the original intended boundary

-countries will sue in international court

Locational Boundary Disputes

When the boundary has shifted over time causing people to question the original boundary

Operational Boundar
Disagree on a major issue involving the border

-ex: us-mexico border crossing

-the operation/control is disputed

THE ACTUAL PHYSICAL DEMARCATION OF THE BOUNDARY IS AGREED UPON

Allocational
-whats inside our outside of the boundary (usually due to natural resource dispute)

THE ACTUAL PHYSICAL DEMARCATION OF THE BOUNDARY IS AGREED UPON

Ex: Kuwait and Saudi disagreeing o nand underground oil thing

Law of the sea

-states my regulate outside of 12 nautical miles

-12-24 nautical miles states can control some stuff immigration,taxes etc.

-24-200 states get economic control reosurces and stuff

-international water - no state has control

-states can go to the international court of justice

-ex: SCS-very high in natural resources + global chokepoint

-5 countries have claims

-china is ignoring lawof the sea and saying they have a historical right to ti

-building islands and military bases to

-spratly islands represent a claim to the SCS, whichever countries own them can expand their nautical
mile s

-chinese military presence has gotten the united states involved

Unit 5
Vocab
Political
Social
 Economic
Size of Land 
Intensive = small size of land 
Extensive = large size of land 
Amount of Labor 
Intensive = High inputs of labor 
Extensive = Low inputs of labor 
Capital 
Intensive = large amounts of capital (advanced agricultural techniques and technology) 
Extensive = relies more on land than technology
Examples 
Intensive = market gardening, mixed crop/livestock, plantation agriculture
Extensive = nomadic herding, ranching, shifting cultivation

intensive farming practices (also known as Intensive Agriculture)

, a large amount of money is invested to increase the yield per unit of land, thereby reducing the
size of land required to farm on. In this type of agricultural practice, it is common to see a great
use of pesticides, fertilizers, and fungicides for crops as well as advanced machinery for
harvesting crops. While this does increase the yield per unit of land, it also increases the amount
of labor and capital required per unit of land. Intensive agriculture is commonly found in areas
close to the market in order to reduce the cost of transporting goods. 
Ex: Nomadic Herding, Ranching, and Shifting Cultivation

extensive farming practices (also known as Extensive Agriculture), a larger amount of land is
required compared to intensive farming practices, primarily because lower inputs of labor are put
into this method. The labor is less intense and less technology (such as fertilizers and machinery)
is used in extensive agriculture, resulting in the larger land size in order to remain profitable. 

Types of Farming
Early Hearths

1st Agricultural Revolution

FIRST TRANSITION TO FARMING

-columbian exchange helped by introducing new crops to both sides

2nd Agricultural Revolution
-  started in England, around the 1600s and lasted until the late 1800s

- new crop rotation methods and selective livestock breeding- lots more food production
-occurred around the same time as the industrial revolution and the population boom
-this diffused heirarchichaly

Green Revolutution
-most current, large impact on food production
Subsistence Farming
-occurs in LCDs (least developed country)

-grow plants and livestock to feed their own family, and not to sell in markets

Comercial Farming
-found in d3eveloped countries

-farmers have machinery to increase production

-production for sale

Von thunen Model
Innovation: GOOD AND BAD

Biotechnology:
Good

-efficieny

-increased freshness

Bad

-GMO can contaminate food supplies

-GMO consumption hurts antiobitic usage

GMO

Things that make giving everyone foo dhard

 Environmental
Effects of agriculture
-overgrazing of animals

-Fertile land becomes like a dessert because of over-cultivation and loses nutrients

-overfishing

-pesticides cause pollution

Types of land Changing and how they are bad

-slash and burn, detrimental to environment

-terrace farming which can cause mudslides and erosion

-Irrigation

-nomadism- overgrazing

Societal Effects
-role of women: Food gathering -> farming -> managing agribusiness  (how it has evolved)

- Although agriculture was once geared toward individual consumption, it has since shifted to
global consumption. Agriculture has become a necessary component of our economy and the
purpose of agriculture has become increasingly focused on profits.
Demographic
Spatial
FRQ TIPS
 Maps
BE SMART AND HSOW THEM YOU KNOW WHAT YOU ARE TALKING

1. Check the title what is it showing

2. Key/legend what do symbols mean
3. Connect question to map
4. Without thinking of the answer understand the map

Describe
1.Provide the relevant characteristics of a topic

2. Details and or Example

3. Multiple Sentances

4. DO NOT JUST WRITE DOWN THE DEFENITION

Explain
1. TO provide information about HOW OR WHY a relationship process, pattern, position, or
outcome occurs, using evidence or reasoning
2. Provide identification with details and then explain why that results occurs USE BECAUSE
3. SAGE- specific analysis of a geographic example (example)
4. “be as specific as you are confident with and as vague as you can get away with”
5. SPIRE- Social, Political, Ideological/Cultural, Regional/Environmental, Economic
6. Should be a BECAUSE

Compare
1. Description or explanation for similarities and differences
2. Explain the relationship
3. DO NOT DEFINE THE TWO ITEMS AND TALK ABOUT THE DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES
4. Use in compairosn

Common Errors
1. No blanks- educated guesses are better
a. No trick questions
2. Not Reading Carefully +determine which units it is from
3. Note the Scale
4. Answer with Examples and not to vague
5. Don’t use totalizing language “

Explain the Degree

1. Answer in two parts
a. Show Why the model DOES WORK
b. Show the model DOESN’T WORK
2. uSe a because statement