The Human Population

and
Urbanization
Marjim P. Dela Cruz
 Topic Outline
>Human Population
>Urbanization
>Urban Sustainability
 Human Population
 Population - distinct group of individuals, whether
that group comprises a nation or a group of people
with a common characteristic.
pool of individuals from which a statistical sample is drawn
for a study. (statistics)
 whole number of inhabitants occupying an area (such
as a country or the world) and continually being
modified by increases and losses.
 Human Population
 Demography - examination of population size,
composition and distribution.
it includes the examination of effects of population on the
society
Population Composition
 age, sex, marital status, education, occupation, income and size of household

 Fertility - level of childbearing for an individual or

population
 Human Population
Mortality - opposite of fertility
incidence of death in a population
Adult Mortality Rate (15-60)
Children Mortality Rate (5-14)
Under Five Mortality Rate (5<)
Infant Mortality Rate (birth-11 mos)
Neonatal Mortality Rate (0-27 days)
 Human Population
Current world Population - 7,997,242,195+++ as
of September 27, 2022

growth of population is expected to be 209,783

per day or 8,742 per hour leading to an
expected 8+++ billion population in the year
2023 (Thomson Higher Education)
 Human Population
increased of more than 76 million people per
year since 2010
annual population growth occurs in low-income
countries in Africa, Latin America, and Asia
(Philippines) by 1.4% from year 2010-2030.
Population Change = (Births+Immigration)-
(Deaths+Emigration)
 Human Population
Migration -movement of people from one
geographic area to another (forced or
voluntary)
Wars
Persecution
Natural Disasters
Political Unrest
 Human Population
Two types of movement
Immigration - movement of people into a
geographic area to take up residency.
freedom, democratic government etc
Emigration - movement of people out of a
geographic area to take up residency
elsewhere.
natural disasters, tyrannical movement
 Human Population
Theories of Population Growth
Malthusian Perspective
Marxist Perspective
Neo-Malthusian Perspective
Demographic TransitionTheory
 Malthusian Perspective
if left unchecked, the population would exceed
the available food supply

Population would increase in a geometric

progression (2, 4, 8,......)

The food supply would increase by an

arithmetic progression (1, 2, 3, 4, ....
 Malthusian Perspective

Believed only
acceptable check on
population is moral
restraint.
People should practice
abstinence.
 Marxist Perspective
 Using technology, food can be produced for a
growing population

 Capitalism is the root of problem

 Wealthy control the resources and means of

food production

 Unequal distribution of wealth

 Marxist Perspective

 Overpopulation will lead to the eventual

destruction of capitalism

 Workers will become dissatified and develop

class-consciousness because of shared
oppression
 Neo-Malthusian Perspective (ZPG)

Overpopulation and rapid population growth

result in global environmental problems
Believe in use of birth control

People should be encouraging zero population

growth - roughly 2 children per couple
Population balances... does not grow
 Demographic Transition Theory
 Preindustrial Societies - little population growth, high
birth rates offset by high death rates.

 Early Industrialization - significant population growth,

birth rates are relatively high, death rates decline.

 Advanced Industrialization and Urbanization - very

little population growth occurs, birth rates and death
rates are low.
 Demographic Transition Theory
 Postindustrialization - birth rates decline as more
women are employed and raising children becomes
costly.

 Technological Developments dictates population

growth
 Urbanization

City - relatively permanent and dense settlement of

people with non-agricultural activities
Three Preconditions:
-A favorable physical environment
- An advanced technology that could produce a
social surplus
 Urbanization

- A well-developed political system to provide social

stability to the economic system.
 Emergence and Evolution of the City

The earliest humans believed to have emerged

anywhere from 40,000 to 1,000,000 years ago.
Scholars date the development of the first city
between 3500 and 3100 BCE.
 Preindustrial Cities

The largest preindustrial city was Rome. By 100

CE, it may have had a population of 650,000
(Chandler and Fox, 1974)
Crowded housing conditions and a lack of
adequate sewage facilities increased the hazards
from plaques and fires, and death rates were high.
 Preindustrial Cities

Food supplies were limited

Migration to the city was difficult.
Concept of nation-state emerged
Jericho is believed to be the oldest known city,
founded around 8,000 BC
 Industrial Cities
The Industrial Revolution changed the nature of
the city.
factories attract workers from rural areas.
Rapid developing transportation bring more people.
Urban populations mushroom.
The metropolis is born
A central city and suburbs that dominate the cultural and
economic life of a region
 Post Industrial Cities
Economies gradually shift from secondary
(manufacturing) production to tertiary (service
and information-processing) production.
Cities increasingly rely on an economic structure
that is based on scientific knowledge rather than
industrial production, and as a result, a class of
professionals and technicians grow in size and
influence.
 Model of Cities

Concentric Zone Model

Sector Model

Multiple Nuclei Model

 Concentric Zone Model
Functionalist perspective
Each area of the city is developed depending on
the land use. Areas move from one center
circularly.
Invasion...new type of land use evolves in
occupied area
 Concentric Zone Model
Succession...the invading land use eventually
dominates the area
Gentrification... middle and upper middles classes
move into the city and renovate
 Sector Model
It emphasizes the importance of terrain and
transportation in the layout of a city.
 Multiple Nuclei Model
Type of city that have numerous number of
centers of development
Model of Cities
 Advantages of Urbanization
Jobs
Education
 Better access to health care
Some environmental advantages
Biodiversity may be preserved in some rural areas
 Disadvantages of Urbanization
Resource use and waste
Reduction in vegetation
 Water supply problems and flooding
Don’t grow food
Air, noise and water pollution
Disease, poverty, crime and accidents
Microclimates: Urban heat Islands
 Urban Sustainability
Limits and Regulations
Zoning
Planning
Protection
Taxes
Tax Breaks
Revitalization and New Growth
 Limits and Regulations
Limit building permits
Urban Growth Boundaries
Green belts around cities
Public Review of new development
 Zoning
Encourage mixed use
Concentrate development along mass
transportation routes
Promote high-density cluster housing
developments
 Planning
Ecological land-use planning
Environmental impact analysis
Integrated regional planning
State and national planning
 Protection
Preserve existing open space
Buy new open space
Buy development rights that prohibit certain
types of development on land parcels
 Taxes
Tax land, not buildings
Tax land on value of actual use (such as forest and
agriculture) instead of highest value as developed
land
 Tax Breaks
For owners agreeing legally to not allow certain
types of development (conservation easements)
For cleaning up and developing abandoned urban
sites (brownfields)
 Revitalization and New Growth
Revitalize existing towns and cities
Build well-planned new towns and villages within
cities

- with these ideas we hope population and

urbanization with lead hand in hand towards
progressive and developing community.
That’s all! Thanks you for listening!