GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY

What is demography?
˗ The scientific study of human populations, primarily with
respect to their size, their structure and their development.
˗ It studies the size, territorial distribution and composition of
population, changes therein, its components of such changes,
which may be identified as NATALITY [BIRTH RATE},
MORTALITY [DEATH RATE], TERITORIAL MOVEMENT
[MIGRATION], and SOCIAL MOBILITY [CHANGE OF
STATUS].
˗ Therefore, GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY is the study of the
worldwide population rather than the population of a specific
country, region, or city.

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY

˗ used to describe and explain the movement of birth rates, death
rates, and population growth.
˗ this theory suggests that every country passes through THREE
DIFFERENT STAGES OF PUPULATION GROWTH:
o First Stage- the birth rate and death rate are HIGH and the
growth rate of population is LOW.
o Second Stage- the birth rate REMAINS STABLE but the
death rate FALLS RAPIDLY. As a result, the growth rate
increases very swiftly.
 o Third Stage- the birth rate starts FALLING RAPIDLY and
tends to EQUAL the death rate. The growth rate is VERY
SLOW.

First Stage of Population Growth

The COUNTRY IS:
 Backward- does not have modern industries and machines.
 Characterized by HIGH birth and death rates
 Growth rate of the population is LOW
 People mostly live in RURAL AREAS
 Main occupation is AGRICULTURE-BASED
Tertiary sector- UNDERDEVELOPED
 responsible for low incomes and poverty of the masses.
Children- ASSET to the society and parents
 more children = insurance against old age by the parents.
Mass Illiteracy
Joint Family
 provides employment to all children in keeping with their ages.

Second Stage of Population Growth

˗ The economy goes into the phase of economic growth.
Agricultural and industrial productivity increases and the
means of transportation progress. There is greater mobility of
labor, education develops.
˗ The people do not have any leaning to decrease the birth of
children because with economic growth employment,
 opportunities increase and children are able to augment more to
the family income.

Third Stage of Population Growth

˗ Fertility rate drops and tends to equate the death rate so that the
growth rate of population declines. As growth increases
momentum and people cross the subsistence level of income,
their standard of living improves.
˗ The delayed marriage has become a norm. the desire to have
more children to complement parental income declines. People
willingly accept family planning methods.

THE MALTHUSIAN THEORY OF POPULATION

Thomas Robert Malthus [1766-1834]
˗ An English scholar and cleric and scholar published a theory in
his 1798 writings, An essay on the Principle of Population.
˗ He theorized that populations increased in geometric
progression and that food production increases in arithmetic
progression.

Geometric Progression
˗ is a type of sequence where each succeeding term is produced
by multiplying each preceding term by a fixed, non-zero
number called the common ratio.
For example:
the sequence 1, 2, 4, 8,16, 32…
Arithmetic progression
˗ is a sequence where the difference between every two
consecutive terms are the same.
For example:
the sequence 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17…

Positive Checks
˗ refer to the natural events that would reduce population size
back to a level that can be supported by the available food
supply.
Examples:
 epidemics
 earthquakes
 floods
 war
Preventive Checks
˗ using preventive methods to regulate the growth of the
population.
Examples:
 family planning
 late marriages
 celibacy

CRITICISMS OF THE MALTHUSIAN THEORY OF

POPULATION
1. Population Growth
 ˗ The despair and fate forecasts place forward by Malthus have
not manifested.
2. Food Production
˗ food production has dramatically improved over the past
century.
3. Global Trade
˗ Malthus theory on food production restrictions was largely
grounded on the inadequate availability of land.
4. Calculations
˗ Malthus lacked calculations for geometric population growth
and arithmetic food growth.

Experts challenge Malthus' predictions, noting inconsistencies in

growth rates.
 La Croix, Mason, and Abe (2003:3): Globalization in East
Asia fosters modernizing forces, leading to lower fertility.
 Gray et al. (2006): Ratification of UN CEDAW linked to
increased female life expectancy, reduced illiteracy, higher
female labor force participation, and increased female
representation in parliament.
 Gray, Kittilson, and Sandholtz (2006): Strong empirical
support for the direct association between globalization and
women's empowerment.
 Barro and Sala-i Martin (2004:525): International trade
introduces a new and interesting dynamic, but it also raises the
likelihood of conflict.
  Ufatal (2004): Suppressing birth rates alleviates environmental
pressures, reducing the potential for internal and external
conflicts.
 Sache (2004, 199): Rapid population growth in certain
countries, driven by pet-related industries, poses a threat to
global environmental sustainability.

URBANIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES 2010

 Overall Urbanization: 45.3% of the total population
 Urban Population: 41.9 million out of 92.3 million
 Rural Population: 50.5 million, accounting for 54.7% of the
total

REGIONAL URBANIZATION 2010 AND 2007

 National Capital Region: Completely urban.
 National Urbanization Rates: 45.3% in 2010, 42.4% in 2007
 III, IV-A, XI, XII: Regions with higher urbanization than the
national average (2010)

EFFECTS TO GLOBAL POPULATION

 Increased trade incentivizes fewer children as people focus on
acquiring human capital and engaging in productive activities.