CHAPTER 7

1. Current Population Trends

Three basic demographic processes that
are responsible for all changes to a
population:

Births
Deaths
Migration
 Population in the world is currently
(2020) growing at a rate of around 1.05%
per year (down from 1.08% in 2019, 1.10%
in 2018, and 1.12% in 2017).
 The current average population increase
is estimated at 81 million people per year.
 The death rate for the year 2020 is
estimated to be 7.7 per 1,000.
2. POPULATION AND STANDARD
OF LIVING

 The standard of living is a difficult concept to

quantify since various cultures have different
attitudes and feelings about what is desirable.
 Here are the comparison averages of several
aspects of the culture in three countries:
1. United States – a highly developed
industrialized country
2. Argentina – a moderately developed country
3. Zimbabwe – a less developed country
 US produces approximately three times
more goods and services per person than
does Argentina and about forty-five times
more good and services than Zimbabwe.
 US citizens consume five times more
energy than the average Agentican and
about 60 times more than average
Zimbabwean.
 Standard living seems to be closely tied to
energy consumption.
 The higher the capita energy
consumption, the higher the standard of
living.
 This is related to the degree of
industrialization or development.
However, with industrialization comes
pollution, as huge amounts of fossil fuels
are consumed to provide the goods and
services that contribute to the standard
of living.
 3.THE HUMAN POPULATION
ISSUE
1. Population Size
 - the larger the size of a population within an area,
the greater demand on resources.
 - Population Growth that contributes in all world
problems:
 Famine in areas
 Political Unrest
 Environmental Degradation
 Water Pollution
 Air Pollution
 Extinction
 Destructive Effects of Exploitation of Natural
Resources
-Several factors interact to determine the
impact of a society on the resources of
the country
 Impact of a population =
Population Size x Degree of technological
Area Occupied development
 2. Population Density
-the number of people per unit of land area
 Population Density =
Population ÷ Total land area or water volume
-frequently applied to living organisms, most of
the time to humans.
3.Degree of Technological Development
- highly developed countries consume huge
amounts of resources that leads to a
purchase goods and services from other
parts of the world.
 4.CAUSES OF POPULATION
GROWTH

 BiologicalFactors apply to human as well as

non human populations.
 Limiting Factors will cause human
populations to stabilize.
 Unlike other kinds of organisms humans
are also influenced by social, political,
economic, and ethical factors.
 A. Biological Reasons for Population Growth
 Democracy
◦ study of human populations, their characteristics,
and what happens to them.
◦ it can predict the future growth of population.
Example:
 If the birth rate exceeds the death rate, the
size of population must increase.
 The death rate will grow rapidly if there is high
birth rates and high death rates with birth rates
greatly exceeding.
 Total Fertility Rate
-the number of children born per woman
per lifetime.
 Replacement Fertility
- the total fertility rate of 2.1
 Zero Population Growth
- it happens when the population is growing, and
the number of births and the number of deaths
are equal.
B. Social Reasons for Population Growth
 Several factors that influence a person’s desired
family size.
a. Religious
b.Traditional
c. Social
e. Economic
 Major social factor that determine family
size are the role and desires of women in
the culture.
 Traditionalrole of women to marry and
raise children
 Lack of education reduces options for
women that lead to early marriage that
causes high fertility rate.
 While, better-educated women are also
more likely to have access to and use
birth control.
 It is important to recognize that access to
birth control will not solve the population
problem but it is extremely important in
regulating the birth rate.
 THE IMPACT OF AIDS ON
POPULATION
 AIDS or Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome
◦ it is a virus that caused a worldwide epidemic.
◦ It can be called pandemic because it continues
to spread to all countries around the globe.
◦ The disease can spread through direct
transfer of body fluids containing the virus
into the blood stream of another person.
 CONTROL OF BIRTHS
◦ Technology developments can also be used to
control the birth rate.
◦ A variety of contraceptives methods are
available to help people regulate their fertility.
◦ Research is continuing to develop more
acceptable and less expensive methods of
controlling conception.
◦ Because of cultural and religious differences,
some forms of contraception may be more
acceptable to one segment of the world’s
population than another.
 These are the most common methods of
contraception:
 Oral contraceptive pills
 Diaphragms jelly
 Spermicidal jelly
 Intrauterine contraceptive devices
 Condoms
 Vasectomy
 Tubal ligation
 GOVERNMENTAL POLICY AND
POPULATION CONTROL
 Global population is increasing by about 1.5 %
per year, a growth rate (should it persist) that in
less than half a century will double the number
of people who live on earth. On the other hand,
modern medical techniques are producing life
extension but not healthy life extension, and we
are seeing numbers of old and chronically sick
or disabled elderly people in increasingly longer
economically unproductive retirements, who
need consequentially increasing numbers of
younger people to support them.
 THOMAS MALTHUS AND HIS
ESSAY ON POPULATION
Thomas Robert Malthus 1798
 an Englishman , published an essay on human
population. It represented an idea that was
contrary to popular opinion.
 His basic thesis was that human
population increased in a geometric or
exponential manner (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64,
etc.), while the ability to produce food
increased only in an arithmetic manner (1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc.).
 He concluded that wars, famines, plagues,
and natural disasters would be means of
controlling the size of human population.
 His assumptions and conclusions were
attacked as erroneous and against the
best
 C. Political Factors that Affect
Population Growth
◦ There are two other factors that influence
population growth is political pressures and
immigration.
◦ Governments can either encourage or
discourage population growth.
◦ They can have stated policies that describe
population goals and pass laws that penalize
those who fail to meet the goals, or reward
those who meet them.
 The developed countries are under tremendous
pressure to accept immigrants. Their standard
of living is a tremendous magnet for refugees or
people who seek a better life than is possible
why they currently live.
5. The Demographic Transition Concept
 The "Demographic Transition" is a model
that describes population change over time.
It is based on an interpretation begun in
1929 by the American demographer
Warren Thompson, of the observed
changes, or transitions, in birth and death
rates in industrialized societies over the
past two hundred years or so.
6.The U.S Population Picture
6.1 The Urbanization of the World’s
Population
 Urbanization is a trend unique to the past
few centuries. By 2050 it's projected that
more than two-thirds of the world
population will live in urban areas. It's
projected that close to 7 billion people will
live in urban areas in 2050. People tend to
migrate from rural to urban areas as they
become richer.
 7. Hunger, Food Production, and
Environmental Degradation
 As the human population increases, there is
an increased demand for food. People must
either grow food for themselves or purchase
it. Most people in the developed world
purchase what they need and have more
than enough food to eat. Most people in
less-developed world must grow their own
food and have very little money to purchase
additional food. Typically, farmers have very
little surplus. If crops fail, people starve.
 We have enough food for the roughly 7
billion people alive today, but nearly a
billion are hungry or malnourished, mostly
due to poverty and unequal distribution.
To feed those who are currently hungry,
and the additional 2 billion-plus
people who will live on the planet by
2050, our best projections are that crop
production will need to increase between
60 and 100 percent.
 8. Anticipated Changes With
Continued Population Growth
 As the world human population continues
to increase, pressure for the necessities of
life will become greater. Population will
increase most in less-developed countries.
The supply of fuel and other resources is
dwindling. Pressure for these resources
will intensify as industrialized countries
seek to maintain their current standard of
living.
 People in less-developed countries will
seek more lands to raise crops and fed
themselves unless major increases in food
production per hectare occur. Since most
of these people lived in tropical areas,
tropical forest will be cleared for
farmland. The resulting erosion or
alteration of the soil will make it no
longer suitable for forest or crops.This
conversion of natural ecosystem to
agricultural ecosystem could cause
profound changes in the world
ecosystem.
8.1 Canadian Population Overview
 In 2020, Canada has an estimated
population of 37.74 million, which ranks 39th
in the world. Canada is the world's second
largest country by total area (behind Russia)
and the largest North American country.
Canada's most recent census was conducted
in 2016. At the time the population was
counted at 35,121,728, which represents a
4.9% increase from 2011. The average age of
Canadians also increased to 41 years, up
from 40.1 in 2011.