.

Trace the stages of development of Science and Technology

Modern science did not emerge in one day. When experimental science began, most facts were still
very uncertain, and speculation had a great day, so it took time to influence the thinking of people and
institutions. In addition, some of the most innovative thinkers (such as Kep1er and Newton) belonged to the
old order in many respects. In the modern era, half due to its fundamental contribution to astronomy, and in the
past half due to its connection to hermeticism, mysticism and astrology. In a system of thinking that was not
freed from alchemy, or the tradition of books inherited from Aristotle, strong resistance from a combination of
prejudice, doctrine and customs prevented the spread of new ideas. The 17th century scientific revolution
produced a vast amount of literature that was constantly being reinterpreted and re-evaluated.

The institutionalization of science

Institutionalization commenced withinside the scholarly groups of the Academies, the primary ones
acting in Italy: they distanced themselves from each Aristotelian technology (grammar, rhetoric, and logic) and
from different institutions (political, religious, philosophical), which did now no longer proportion their special
problem with "perfecting the expertise of herbal matters and of all beneficial arts. . . with the aid of using
experiment," to cite the constitution of the Royal Society (1662). Herein lies the starting place of each the
secularization of the cutting-edge world - the differentiation of the sector of medical proofs and data from that
of religion and conviction and the reductionist, positivist, or even "scientistic" leanings of a few scientists. One
also can see withinside the stance of the Academies the beginnings of the conflicts that technology has had
ever given that Galileo with government who idea they might impose their beliefs, opposite to medical theories
and scientifically hooked up data. Indeed, little has modified given that Galileo wrote to Christina of Lorraine
that to intervene with the paintings of researchers "could be to reserve them to peer what they do now no
longer see, now no longer to apprehend what they apprehend and once they seek, to discover the alternative of
what they discover."

The professionalization of science

The process of specialization means membership in the community with its own set of rules and rites
of passage, as well as exams for admission and continued acceptance. In fact, the scientific world has two
roles: communication and regulation. It is responsible for disseminating the results of ongoing work and
communicating and facilitating science both internally and externally to decision makers and the general
public. He is also responsible for scientific exchange, sanctions qualifications, research projects, promotion of
scientists, and awards and scholarships. Institutionally, these functions are performed by academies, expert
associations, expert committees, review committees, and juries. The basic qualification of a researcher is a
PhD. The PhD was born in Germany in the mid-19th century and is now a normal admission requirement for
this profession.

The industrialization of science

The industrialization of science should not be confused with industrial research. The latter dates to the
mid-19th century and is nothing more than a combination of laboratories and factories. Industrialization means
the development of large-scale equipment and the application of industrial management methods to the
scientific activities themselves. This "big science" stage occurred only during World War II and has increased
rapidly since 1945.
 The turning point came again thanks to Liebig, who brought about the
creation of "applied science" in Germany with the exploitation of advances in organic
chemistry in the dyeing industry between 1858 and 1862.
Industrial research quickly spawned a new type of entrepreneur, an entrepreneur with a science degree
from a university or engineering school. They were hired by an industrial company or started a new industry
on their own. It is important to recognize that these developments depend on special conditions. Due to the
lack of conditions in developing countries, it is often difficult to properly integrate scientists and laboratories
into the production process. For industrial research to flourish, a relatively mature and diverse industry layer
must already exist, and the businessman himself must have the appropriate scientific background to apply to
both management and production. there is. We also need a pool of scientists who are willing to carry out
“focused” research on the problems companies are facing with the goal of producing commercially viable
results in a reasonably short time.

Trace the stages of development

of Science and Technology
Ancient Period
Historical Antecedents of S&T  The advances in S&T during the
ancient period allowed civilizations
✓ One of the key interests of Science, to flourish through advancement in:
Technology, and Society as an academic
transportation
field
 people were trying to go places
✓ Focuses on how S&T changed across time
 discover new horizons
and the impacts of scientific and
 traveled to search for food, better
technological innovation on prevailing
settlements, trade surplus goods
social, cultural, political, and economic
contexts across time

✓pays attention to the contextual

circumstances that shaped S&T

✓interests lie in historical antecedents of

scientific and technological innovation navigation
  assisted in journeys to unfamiliar and
strange areas and return home.
Middle Ages: Age of
Exploration
communication
 Major advances in scientific and
 need to communicate
technological development,
 to facilitate trade and prevent
 including a steady increase of new
possible conflicts.
inventions,
 Record-keeping was important to:
 introduction of innovations in
remember places they have been,
traditional production,
trades made, records of their history
 emergence of scientific thinking and
and culture.
method, had taken place
weapons and armors
Printing Press
 important in the discovery of new
 Johann Gutenberg – invented the
places
printing press.
 establishment of new alliances.
 Addressed the need for publishing
 risk of conflict esp. if stronger
books.
nations tended to invade weaker
ones. Microscope

finding better ways of living –conservation  Zacharias Janssen developed the

of life first compound microscope.
 people were able to observe
 different illnesses and diseases may
organisms.
hamper the potential of a human
 Key in discovering new means in
being.
preventing and curing various
 S & T played a major role in the
illnesses (Davidson, 2015)
discovery of cures if not the
prevention of illness Telescope

establishments of structures  The need for nautical inventions

leads to the creation of the telescope.
 for protection from human attacks
 This helped Ship captains to see far
and natural disaster –engineering
and wide to navigate or avoid
started, introduction of architecture.
dangers at sea.
 improvement of looks via adding
 With this the invention of the
some features and decorations in the
compass, oars, and rudders made sea
body -cosmetics
travelling easier and safer (Helden,
1989)
  Samuel M. Kier invented kerosene
by refining petroleum. Kerosene was

Modern Age referred to as “illuminating oil”

 Industrialization took place, but
greater risks in human health, food
safety, and environment rose, which
had to be simultaneously addressed
as scientific and technological
progress unfolded at an
unimaginable speed.
Pasteurization
 Louis Pasteur, a French biologist
invented pasteurization, the process
of heating dairy products to kill the
harmful bacteria that allow them to
spoil faster.
Petroleum Refinery
because it was used at first to provide
lighting to homes.
Telephone
 Invented by Alexander Graham Bell
First Mechanical Calculator
 invented by Wilhelm Shickard
(1623) a professor at university of
Tubingen, Germany, it can work
with six digits and can carries digits
across columns
Television
 Baird’s television
 John Logie Baird

Inventions of Filipino Scientist

 Dominic N. Chung, Lamberto Armada and Chief designer Victor “Atoy” Llave invented
the Salamander
 Aisa Mijeno invented the SALt Lamp (Sustainable Alternative Lighting)
 Mosquito Ovicidal /Larvicidal Trap System
 Philippine Inventions: E-Jeepney
 Erythromycin by Abelardo Aguilar
 Medical Bamboo Incubator by Dr. Fe Del Mundo
 Mole Remover by Rolando dela Cruz, a mole remover formula made of cashew nut
extracts
 Banana Ketsup by orosa