LESSON 1 - Science drives technology by making new technology

possible through scientific breakthroughs.

Science, Technology & Society
SOCIETY
Learning Objectives
Came from Latin word “societas” which means “a friendly
1. Define Science, Technology, and Society
association with others”.
2. Explain the relationships between Science,
Technology, and Society A large group of people who live together in an organized
way, making decisions about how to do things and sharing
SCIENCE the work that needs to be done.
Latin Word “scientia”
A grouping of individuals, which is characterized by
Means: KNOWLEDGE
common interest and may have distinctive culture and
institutions.
 Any systematic knowledge or practice.

 A system of acquiring knowledge based on the scientific

method.

 The human attempt to understand the natural world,

with or without concern for practical uses of that
knowledge.

SCIENCE tries to discover facts and relationships and then

tries to create theories that makes sense of these facts
and relationships.

TECHNOLOGY

Greek words:

“techne” - skill, craftmanship, art

“logos” - Discourse, reason

 Human attempt to change the world.

 A human activity involved with the making and using of
material artifacts.
How Science, Technology and Society Interact?
 As a human activity, technology is on the same level as
art, politics, economics and the like.  Engineers focus on using Science to develop products
 Without technology some experiments would not be
Technology involves…
possible
 Tools  Without science, technology could not proceed.
 Techniques Science is a way of Knowing
 Procedures for putting the findings of science to Technology Is a way of Doing
practical use.  The very questions that scientists ask are shaped by the
available technology.
Relationship between Science and Technology

- Science explores for the purpose of knowing.

- Technology explores for the purpose of making
something useful from that knowledge
LESSON 2
What is Science, Technology & Society ?
Science, Technology & Society
- Is a relatively young field that combines previously
independent and older disciplines such as History of
Science, Philosophy of Science, and Sociology of
Science.
- Applies methods drawn from history, philosophy and
sociology to study the nature of science and technology
and ultimately judge their value and place in society.
- Seeks to bridge the gap between two traditionally
exclusive culture- humanities and natural sciences- so
that human will be able to better confront the moral,
ethical, and existential dilemmas brought by the
continued development in science and technology.
- Is the study of how social, political and cultural values
affect scientific research and technological innovation,
and how these in turn affect society, politics and
culture.
What are the historical antecedents that changed the
course of Science & Technology?
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
 It is defined as a precursor to the unfolding or existence
of something.
 Antecedents of science and technology are factors that
paved way for the presence of advanced and
sophisticated scientific and technological innovations
today.
 We can use the historical development of science and
technology to come up with proper decisions and
applications of science and technology to daily life.
ANCIENT PERIOD
- Ancient civilization paved the way for advances in
science and technology.
- These advances during the ancient period allowed
civilizations to flourish by finding better ways of
communication, transportation, self-organization and
ways of living.
- ANCIENT WHEEL
- People from ancient civilization used animals as means
of transportation.
- The invention of ancient wheel is credited by the
SUMERIANS.
PAPER
- Around 3000 B.C., the ancient Egyptians began writing
on a papyrus.
- It is made up from a pith of a plant called Cyperus
papyrus.
- Before the invention pf papyrus, writing and recording
is done on stones and tablet.
SHADOOF
- A tool invented and used by ancient Egyptians to
irrigate land.
- It is a hand-operated device used for lifting water.
- Its invention introduced the idea of lifting things using
counterweights.
ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM
- Discovered in 1902 and retrieved from the waters of
Antikythera, Greece.
- The world’s oldest known Mechanical Computer
created by Greek.
- It is a mechanism similar to a clock for it has a circular
face and rotating hands.
- It is believed that this mechanism is used to predict
astronomical positions and eclipses.
AEOLIPILE
- It is also known as the Heron’s engine.
- It is the world’s first steam engine which spins as the
water container at its center is heated.
- At first, it doesn’t served any practical purpose. It is
believed to be one of the “temple wonders” at that
time.
ANCIENT PERIOD
- The major advances in scientific and technological MODERN AGES
development took place in this period.
Historical period when people realized the importance
- These advancements include increase of new
of the efficiency of transportation, communication and
inventions, innovations in traditional productions and
production.
the emergence of scientific thinking and method.
Industrialization took place but with greater risk on
HEAVY PLOUGH human health, food safety and environment.

“The heavy plough turned European agriculture and TELESCOPE

economy on its head. The fields with heavy, fatty soil
became those that gave the greatest yields.”
- Prof. Thomas Andersen
- Because of the invention of heavy plough, Northern
Europe saw rapid economic prosperity.
- Invented by Galileo Galilei that can magnify 20 times
larger than a regular glasses.
- This is used to discover important astronomical features
like the moon’s craters and stars.
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE

GUNPOWDER - Invented by a Dutch named Zacharias Janssen in 1590’s.

- Around 850 A.D., Chinese alchemist accidentally
invented the gunpowder.
- Prior to the invention of gunpowder, swords and spears
were used in battles and wars.
- The invention of gunpowder has allowed advance
warfare such as fiery arrows, cannons and grenades.
PAPER MONEY
- Nowadays, microscope is used in many scientific studies
in the area of medicine, forensics and genetics.
JACQUARD LOOM
- Built by French weaver Joseph Marie Jacquard which
simplifies textile manufacturing.
- Prior to this invention, a drawloom is used which
requires two person to operate.

- Paper money was first used by Chinese in 17th century. ENGINE-POWERED AIRPLANE
- Before the introduction of paper money, merchants and
- Invented by Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright.
traders used precious metals such as gold and silver.
- They demonstrated that slightly-tilted wings are the key
- They realized that using paper money brought
features of a flying aircraft.
advantages because it is easier to keep and transport.
FIRST AUTOMOBILE
MECHANICAL CLOCK
- The first stationary gasoline engine developed by Carl
- The development of mechanical clock helped the
Benz was a one-cylinder two-stroked unit which run for
people in accurately keeping the track of time.
the first time on New Year’s Eve 1879.
- The sophistication of clockwork technology drastically
- A lightweight car powered by a gasoline engine, in
changed the way of spending the day and work patterns
which the chassis and engine formed a single unit.
were established.
TELEVISION
SPINNING WHEEL
- Invented by Scottish engineer John Baird in 1920’s.
- A machine used to transform fiber into thread or yarn
- British Broadcasting Corporation used this for its
and eventually woven into cloth.
earliest television programming in 1929.
- It is theorized that the Indians are the one invented the
- The first television is mechanical and not the same as
spinning wheel between 6th and 11th century.
the television we have nowadays.
- It speed up the rate of manually spinning fiber by 10 to
100 times. 20th Century Inventions by Filipino Scientists

VIDEOPHONE

- Invented by Gregorio y. Zara

- Two-way television telephone (videophone) in 1955.
MEDICAL INCUBATOR

- Invented by Fe Del Mundo

- First Asian to have entered Harvard University.

MOLE REMOVER

✓Mr. Rolando Dela Cruz is credited for the invention of

the mole remover which is made from cashew nuts
extracts.

SUPERKALAN: NARCISO MOSUELA

ARTIFICIAL CORAL REEFS: ANGEL ALCALA

WATER-POWERED CAR: DANIEL DINGEL

FLUORESCENT LAMP: AGAPITO FLORES

GUI (GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE): DIOSDADO BANATAO

LESSON 3
HISTORY OF SCIENCE
BRIEF HISTORY OF SCIENCE
Antiquity Period to 20th CE
- For most of human history, questions about the world
were answered by religious authorities.
- Mathematics was born in Egypt. The Babylonians
were the first to apply it to Astronomy.
- The pre-Socratic philosophers in Ancient Greece were
the first to develop a systematic Science.
Thales of Melitus (624-546 BC)
- In the 7th Century he was dubbed “The Father of
Science.”
- He was the first to posit non-supernatural
explanations for earthquakes, lightnings, etc.
- He predicted solar eclipses, droughts and made a
fortune doing so.
Anaximander (610-546 BC)
- Believed that life came from water and mud.
- He proposed that humans evolved from lower life
forms. (This speculation was later vindicated by
Charles Darwin, 2400 years later).
Empidocles (490-430 BC)
- Discovered air using a straw and a glass of water.
- “Empedocles discovered the invisible” – Carl Sagan
Democritus (460-370 BC)
- First to theorize that matter is made up of “atoms”
(literally means ‘uncuttable’ in Greek)
Eratosthenes (276-194 BC)
- Accurately measured the size/circumference of the
Earth using 2 sticks
- He created the first map of the world.
Pythagoras (570-495 BC)
- Started a school dedicated to Mathematics and its
application to nature.
Heraclitus & Parmenides
- “Nature loves to hide”
- Started major debates on
 What justifies reason, knowledge or experience?
 Is nature fundamentally permanent or damaging?
- You must learn all things, both the unshaken heart of
persuasive truth, and the opinions of mortals in which
there is no true warranty (Parminides)
CHEMISTRY
- Consisted of 5 basic elements
- Earth, Air, Fire, Water , Aether
Hippocrates & Galen
- Developed the first scientific approach to anatomy
and medicine.
- They used experiments and records to heal the sick
“Make a habit of two things: to help; or at least to do no
harm” – Hippocrates
“The physician is only nature’s assistant” – Galen
- Illnesses do not come upon us out of the blue. They
are developed from small daily sins against Nature.
When enough sins have accumulated, illnesses will
suddenly appear. Hippocrates
Middle Ages (5th – 14th CE)
- Science continued through the Roman Empire.
- When the Empire fell and the Dark Ages ensued,
Science in the west ceased to progress.
- While there was some European scientist in the
middle ages, they were generally isolated and
marginalized.
 o Empirical observation and
Experimentation.
o Rational analysis, mathematical
modelling and deductive reasoning.

New Theories & Technologies

- Boyle’s Theory of Gases, Laws of Electricity, Harvey’s
Theory of the Circulation of the Blood.
- The telescope, the microscope, thermometer, the
printing press, gun powder, the compass

New Scientific Revolution

- Most scientific advancements from 500-1300 CE were
- There is a shift back to the idea that human reason,
made in the Islamic world.
not faith, has the power to discover ultimate truth.
o Medicine, Astronomy, Chemistry developed
- The best minds flocked to Astronomy.
considerably in these regions.
o Nicholaus Copernicus proposed the heliocentric
o Avicenna (circa 1000 CE) pioneered the
(sun-centered) view of the universe.
techniques that lead to the modern hospital.
o The “Copernican Revolution” challenged the
- In the 12th Century Europe, Scholasticism tried to
Ptolemaic/geocentric view that dominated for
reconcile ancient Greek thought with biblical dogma
1400 years (and was a church doctrine).
(start of the end of The Dark Ages).

The Renaissance (AD 1400-1700)

- St. Thomas Aquinas endorsed “Natural Theology”-

knowing God by studying His creation.
- This lead to a social revolution – people started to
think!
- Free discussion was demanded, weakening the
Church’s sovereignty
- Thinkers turning away from the church and going back
to antiquity for inspiration.
- Thus there was a renaissance –a birth (in Greek
humanism) The Copernican Revolution
- The universe is once again a rational, comprehensible
place. - We have to rethink our place in the universe.
- If we’re not the center, does that mean we’re not
The Scientific Method special?
- The Scholastic world-view deferred to Aristotle as the
authority on Science. Copernicanism
- All motion and change are explained in terms of a - Copernicus System could explain things that the
thing’s “telos” or purpose. Ptolomeic system could not.
- He is the smartest man who ever lived, he must have - Example the “retrograde motion” of the planets.
gotten it right. Problems with Copernicanism
- In the 16th century, Francis Bacon challenged this.
- The math didn’t work out. (Copernicus thought
Francis Bacon the Earth’s orbit is circular).
- “Being a genius is like being able to run fast. You travel - Why do dropped objects fall in a straight line?
far, but unless you have a map, you’ll be lost.” - Copernicus died before he was able to publish his
- He provided a “map” – the first Scientific Method book attempted to answer these questions.
 - Andreas Osiander wrote the (posthumous) intro
to Copernicus book, claiming his system was “just
a predictive tool” and not a “true description of
nature”
- This position is called “Instrumentalism”.
Copernican Revolution
- Copernicans were deemed heretics and burned at
the stake.
- Giordano Bruno, the first person to speculate life
on other planets
Galileo Galilei
- 100 years later, Galileo improved the telescope and
published his findings in support of Copernicus.
- Then it became undeniable and the revolution took
off.
- Galileo was sentenced to house arrest for life.
The Age of Enlightenment
- The Golden Age for “natural philosophers.” (i.e.
scientists)
- They turned away from the Aristotelian model of
trying to find the ‘purpose’ of motion.
- Scientists started looking for laws and mechanisms in
nature.
Isaac Newton (1643-1727)
 Epitomized the Age of Enlightenment
 His book Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy (considered to be one of the most
important books ever written) changed everything.
 Invented Calculus.
 Lifelong Celibacy - Isaac Newton’s greatest
accomplishment according to Newton himself.
 If I have seen further than the others, it is by standing
upon the shoulders of giants.” - Sir Isaac Newton
 Historical Revolutions that Defined Society
 What is Intellectual Revolution?
 What is Scientific Revolution?
 Intellectual revolution can be defined as the
historical changes in the thoughts, beliefs and social
institutions due to new ideas and principles.
 When science and technology are the center of an
intellectual revolution, it can be called a scientific
revolution.
 (Note: ‘Scientific revolution’ may also refer to the
historical period when science became more
important and influential during the Middle Ages.)
 In human history, there were three intellectuals who
significantly changed the views about the world and
humanity. They were Nicolaus Copernicus, Charles
Darwin and Sigmund Freud.
Nicholaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
 Copernicus was a Polish astronomer and
mathematician.
 His heliocentric model of the universe proposed that
the sun is the center of the universe.
 It opposed the geocentric model, which said that the
Earth is the center of the universe, as proposed by
Ptolemy and Aristotle and supported by the church.
 The heliocentric model states that the Sun is the
center of the universe and the Earth is just one of the
planets revolving around it.
 Although Copernicus’ work lacked mathematical and
physical explanations and evidences, it was still
considered significant for two reasons.
 First, before and during the time of Copernicus,
astrology is more important than astronomy. We
know today that astrology is not a real science.
 In astrology, the Earth was considered a powerful,
extraordinary celestial body that is the center of the
universe. This was supported by the geocentric model
of Ptolemy and Aristotle.
 Astrologers at that time needed to cast horoscopes
and do other astrological activities in order to gain
acceptance and support from the society and the
Church.
 The society was dependent on horoscopes and
astrological outputs.
 When Copernicus heliocentric theory gained
acceptance, society started to change.
 Copernicus questioned the ideas of Ptolemy and
Aristotle. His model suggested that the Earth is equal
to the other planets and they all revolve around the
sun.
 This debunked the astrological view. People at that Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
time begun to question astrology and started to
 Austrian neurologist whose works in psychology are
embrace more the science and astronomy.
considered revolutionary.
 The second significance of Copernicus’ work is that it
 He was credited for psychoanalysis, theory on
laid the foundation for succeeding scientists to do
psychosexual development, dream interpretation and
revolutionary things. His successors were Tycho
ego and superego.
Brahe, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei.
 Freud proposed psychoanalysis as a scientific method
 These scientists made it possible to understand and
to understand the mind.
explain many phenomena in the universe in a
 Although today, many scientists consider Freud’s
mathematical way.
works as pseudoscience because of insufficient
 The findings of Copernicus, along with his successors,
evidence and failure to be proven accurately.
changed the society’s view about astronomy. It
 However, he is still considered revolutionary because
became more acceptable.
he changed how society viewed the human self.
 Galileo’s work made the telescope popular even for
 Freud rejected the idea from ‘Enlightenment” that
non-astronomers. This marked the beginnings of
humans are rational and can control his emotions and
popular science and science fiction.
drives through reasoning.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)  Freud suggested otherwise, saying that humans have
a subconscious mind which may control emotions,
 English scientist whose works, Origin of Species and
drives and behavior.
Decent of Man, discussed his ideas on the evolution
 He believed that humans have tendency to be
of species and mankind.
unaware of their behaviors and their emotions,
 Darwin’s works were controversial especially to
making them irrational.
creationist and to the religious.
 Another field of work of Freud is the interpretation of
 Darwin’s works were revolutionary for three (3)
dreams.
reasons.
 For Freud, dreams are connected to one’s
 First, Darwin’s works suggested that humans are
experiences. They are somehow products of the
natural and are subject to the laws of science.
unconscious mind that are based on unfulfilled
 During Darwin’s time, humans were treated as very
wishes.
special beings as compared to other organisms. It was
as if humans were supernatural creations. Other Revolutions
 Second, Darwin’s works also proposed that natural
Intellectual Revolutions in Meso-America
selection is the main rational behind human’s current
existence and attributes. - Meso-America covers most of the present-day
 He suggested that humans evolved from pre-existing Central America. There were important scientific and
organisms as opposed to the creationist view that technological developments in Meso-America
God created humans. primarily done by the Maya, Inca and Aztec
 Third, Darwin’s work suggested that humans are not civilizations.
so different versus other organisms – that humans,
crabs, dogs, trees, worms, and other organisms are - The Maya Civilization is known for its studies in
equal. They are all species. astronomy, and engineering. They have know-how on
 From this new thinking, Charles Darwin changed how paper making and have their own writing system, the
society viewed humanity. Maya Hieroglyphics.
 Even though Darwin’s works were controversial, his
supporters increased across the world, even among - The Inca Civilization is known for their paved roads,
religious personalities. irrigation system, and quipo, a record system using
 Later, studies by other scientists supported or revised knotted ropes.
Darwin’s theory of evolution. Today, Charles Darwin
is recognized as the pioneer of the fields of
revolutionary biology.
- The Aztec Civilization is known for the mandatory
education of their children. They are also known for
their chinampas, a way of farming in canals.

- The Indian Civilization is known for steel works. They

are also known for their system of traditional
medicine known as Ayurveda.

- The Indonesians learned to construct candis in the 8th

century. Candis are religious structures with both
Buddhist and Hindu heritage, mostly built from the 8th
to 15th centuries.

- Ibn al-Haytham is considered the “Father of Optics’

due to his studies on light.

- Jabir ibn Hayyan is known for his early works in

alchemy and metallurgy.

- Ibn Sina is Medicine especially in the known for his

works in area of infectious diseases and
pharmacology.

- In Africa, Egyptian civilization was the most advanced.

The city of Alexandria was an intellectual and
scientific center during the Middle Ages. In the rest of
Africa, metallurgy was well developed. This is mainly
due to the region’s rich in deposits of minerals like
gold, copper and iron.