CHAPTER 1
knowledge, laws, and principles to
INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE
TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
SCIENCE
• Came from Latin word “Scientia”
which means Knowledge
• A system of acquiring knowledge
based on the Scientific Method
• As a process used to solve problems
or develop an understanding of
nature that involves testing possible
answer
• An organized, systematic and
methodical activity of building and
organizing knowledge about how the
universe behaves through
observation, experimentation or
both.
• As a discovery of regularity in
nature, enough for natural phenomena
to be described by principles and
laws
• Tries to discover facts and
relationships and then tries to create
theories that makes sense of these
facts and relationships
TECHNOLOGY
• Comes from Greek root word
“techne”, meaning “art, skill, or
cunning of hand”.
• It is the application of scientific
produce services, materials, tools, and
machines aimed at solving real-world
problems.
• It refers to methods, systems, and
devices which are the result of
scientific knowledge being used of
practical purposes
• The human attempt to change the
world.. by creating products that
make out life easier
• Came from the Latin word “societas”
which means “ a friendly association
with others”.
• A large group of people who live
together in an organized way, making
decisions about how to do things and
sharing the work that needs to be done.
• A grouping of individuals, which is
characterized by common interest
and may have distinctive culture and
institutions
GENERAL CONCEPTS
01 Science - Process of acquiring Scientific
Knowledge
02 Technology - Application of Scientific
Knowledge for people
03 Society - Group of people who uses
technology and who are studying science
INTERACTION BETWEEN SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY
 • Science drives technology by making
new technology possible through
scientific breakthroughs.
• Without technology, some science
experiments would not be possible
• The very questions that scientist ask
are shaped by the available
technology.

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF
SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SOCIETY
"Those Who Do Not Learn History Are
• Is a relatively young field that Doomed To Repeat It." - Sir Winston
combines previously independent and Churchill
older disciplines, such as History of
Science, Philosophy of Science, and ANTECEDENTS
Sociology of Science ➢ It is defined as a precursor to the
• Applies methods drawn from history, unfolding or existence of something.
philosophy and sociology to study the ➢ Antecedents of science and
nature of science and technology and technology are factors that paved way
ultimately judge their value and place for the presence of advanced and
in society. sophisticated scientific and
• Seeks to bridge the gap between two technological innovations today.
traditionally exclusive culture – ➢ We can use the historical
humanities and natural sciences – so developments of science and
that human will able to better confront technology to come up with proper
the moral, ethical, and existential decisions and applications of science
dilemmas brought by the continued and technology to daily life.
developments in science and
technology. HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS
• is the study of how social, political
and cultural values affect scientific
research and technological
innovation, and how these in turn
affect society, politics and culture.

ANCIENT PERIOD
➢ Ancient civilization paved the way for
advances in science and technology.
➢ These advances during the ancient
period allowed civilizations to flourish
by finding better ways of
communication, transportation, self-
organization and ways of living.

THE ROLE OF SCIENCE AND ANCIENT WHEEL

TECHNOLOGY
 ➢ People from ancient civilization used
animals as means of transportation.
➢ The invention of ancient wheel is
credited to the Sumerians.
PAPER
➢ Around 3000 B.C., the ancient
Egyptians began writing on a
papyrus.
➢ It is made up from a pith of plant
called cyperus papyrus.
➢ Before the invention of papyrus,
writing and record-keeping is done on
stones and tablets.
SHADOOF
➢ It is a hand-operated device used for
lifting water.
➢ A tool used and invented by ancient
Egyptians to irrigate land.
➢ Its invention introduced the idea of
lifting things using counterweights.
ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM
➢ Discovered in 1902 and retrieved from
the waters of Antikythera, Greece.
➢ It is a mechanism similar to a clock for
it has a circular face and rotating
hands.
➢ It is believed that this mechanism is
used to predict astronomical positions
and eclipses
AEOLIPILE
➢ It is a steam-powered turbine which
spins as the water container at its
center is heated.
➢ It is also known as the Hero’s engine.
➢ At first, it doesn’t served any practical
purpose. It is believed to be one of the
“temple wonders” at that time.
MIDDLE AGES
➢ The major advances in scientific and
technological development took place
in this period.
➢ These advancements include constant
increase if new inventions,
innovations in traditional
production and the emergence of
scientific thinking and method.
HEAVY PLOUGH
“The heavy plough turned European
agriculture and economy on its head. The
fields with heavy, fatty soil became those that
gave the greatest yields.”- Prof. Thomas
Andersen
➢ Because of the invention of heavy
plough, northern Europe saw rapid
economic prosperity.
GUNPOWDER
➢ Around 850 A.D., Chinese alchemists
accidentally invented the gunpowder.
➢ Prior to the invention of gunpowder,
swords and spears were used in battles
and wars.
➢ The invention of gunpowder has
allowed advanced warfare such as
fiery arrows, cannons and grenades.
PAPER MONEY
➢ Paper money was first used by Chinese
in 17th century.
➢ Before the introduction of paper
money, merchants and traders used
precious metals such as gold and
silver.
➢ They realized that using paper money
brought advantages because it is easier
to keep and transport.
MECHANICAL CLOCK
➢ The development of mechanical clock
helped the people in accurately
keeping the track of time.
➢ The sophistication of clockwork
technology drastically changed the
way of spending the day and work
patterns were established.
SPINNING WHEEL
➢ A machine used to transform fiber into
thread or yarn and eventually woven
into cloth.
➢ It is theorized that the Indians are the
one invented the spinning wheel
between 6 th and 11th century.
➢ It sped up the rate of manually
spinning fiber by 10 to 100 times.
MODERN AGES
➢ Historical period when people realized
the importance of the efficiency of
transportation, communication and
production.
➢ Industrialization took place but with
greater risk on human health, food
safety and environment.
TELESCOPE
➢ Invented by Galileo Galilei that can
magnify 20 times larger than a regular
glasses.
➢ This is used to discover important
astronomical discoveries such as
craters and mountains in moon.
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
➢ Prior to this invention, a drawloom is
used which requires two persons to
operate.
ENGINE-POWERED AIRPLANE
➢ Invented by Orville Wright and Wilbur
Wright
➢ They demonstrated that slightlytilted
wings are the key features of a flying
aircraft.
TELEVISION
➢ Invented by Scottish engineer John
Logie Baird in 1920s.
➢ British Broadcasting Corporation used
this for its earliest television
programming in 1929.
➢ This first television is mechanical and
not the same as the television we have
nowadays.
INVENTIONS BY FILIPINO
SCIENTIST
E-JEEPNEY
ERYTHROMYCIN
✓ Invented by Abelardo Aguilar
✓ Created from the strain of bacterium
Streptomyces erthreus
MEDICAL INCUBATOR
✓ Invented by Fe Del Mundo
MOLE REMOVER
✓ Credited for the invention of the mole
remover is Mr. Rolando Dela Cruz
✓ made from cashew nuts extracts

➢ Invented by a Dutch Zacharias Janssen BANANA KETCHUP

in 1590’s. ✓ Invented by the Maria Y. Orosa
➢ Nowadays, microscope is used in
many scientific studies in the area of Chapter 2:
medicine, forensics and genetics. Intellectual Revolutions that Defined
Society
JACQUARD LOOM
Intellectual Revolution
➢ Built by French weaver Joseph Marie
Jacquard which simplifies textile • Pertains to the period of paradigm
manufacturing. shifts or changes in the scientific
beliefs that have been widely
embraced and accepted by the people
CHAPTER 4 The Human Person
Flourishing in terms of Science and
Technology
The Human Condition Before Common
Era (BCE) and Common Era (CE)
• Homo Erectus
• Homo Sapiens
A. Technology as a Way of Revealing
TECHNOLOGY
➢ Technology is the application of
science and creation of systems,
processes, and objects designed to help
humans in their daily activities.
➢ Technology is the human attempt to
change the world.
➢ Technology nowadays is just natural
to us!
➢ Technology is a means to an end as
well as a human activity.
But what exactly is TECHNOLOGY?
What do all technological things have in
common?
MARTIN HEIDEGGER
Martin Heidegger was a German philosopher
who is best known for contributions to
phenomenology, hermeneutics, and
existentialism. He was among the most
important and influential philosophers of the
20th century.
He wrote an essay entitled “The Question
Concerning Technology”.
THE QUESTION CONCERNING
TECHNOLOGY
Technology is a means to an end as well as a
human activity. instrumental anthropological
▰ Modern technology is conceived as means
to achieve ends.
▰ Modern technology and its essence as an
instrumental way of revealing the world.
TECHNOLOGY’S ESSENCE OR
PURPOSE
▰ Heidegger’s understanding of technology
was based on its essence.
▰ Essence of technology as a way in which
humans encounter entities such as nature,
self, and, indeed, everything.
▰ Technology is a means to achieve man’s
goals.
▰ Technology gives a clear idea what to
expect out of technology.
▰ The essence of technology is not
something we make; it is a mode of being, or
of revealing. Being – the material or
immaterial existence of a thing (in
philosophy); state of existing; something that
is existing; totality of existing things.
▰ Technology reveals a characteristic
design.
▰ Technology allows the human beings to
confront the unknown and see how they
would react.
TECHNOLOGICAL REVELATION
ARISTOTLE’S METAPHYSICS
(CAUSALITY or THE FOUR CAUSES)
Causality – relationship between cause and
effect
1) Causa materialis (material
cause)–physical properties that
make up a being
2) Causa formalis (formal cause) –
structure or design of a being
3) Causa efficiens (efficient cause)
– the process how a being is
made
4) Causa finalis (final cause) - end
purpose of a being
HOW IS TECHNOLOGY REVEALING?
▰ “Poiesis” – bringing forth or introducing;
this is what the artist/inventor brings about or
makes visible.
▰ “Aletheia” – means truth; a process of
revealing.
▰ “Techne” – skill or technique; arts of the
mind and fine arts The essence of technology
is to reveal the truth.
MODERN TECHNOLOGY
▰ Modern technology goes beyond the
causality (four causes).
▰ Modern technology is too revealing.
▰ The mode of revealing or unconcealment
of modern technology is challenging.
MODERN TECHNOLOGY AS A
REVEALING PROCESS
▰ The revelation has its own autonomy, and,
at best, man can only witness. This is a
natural way of revealing. ▰ The mode of
revealing in modern technology brought
about new world ordering. This kind of
ordering is best described as “artificial”.
When we challenge natural resources, we
always want the maximum yield with a
minimum expense. Revealing never comes to
an end!
“Bestand” – standing reserve; how man
perceives resources
MODERN TECHNOLOGY AS A intellectual, affective, moral and spiritual
REVEALING PROCESS
▰ “Gestell” or Enframing is the “essence” of
modern technology.
▰ Enframing simply means putting into the
frame of modern technology everything in
nature.
▰ This “frame” of modern technology is the
network or interlocking things standing in
reserve. It is the world centered on man’s
caprices and demands.
▰ Truth is for the most part untruth. We are
constantly enframing everything around us.
When we enframe, we unconceal the
standing reserve. We are very narcissistic!
MODERN TECHNOLOGY AS A
REVEALING PROCESS Technology
consists of three main ‘claims’:
(1) technology is “not an instrument”, it is a
way of understanding the world;
(2) technology is “not a human activity”, but
develops beyond human control; and
(3) technology is “the highest danger”,
risking us to only see the world through
technological thinking.
B. Human Flourishing
HUMAN FLOURISHING
▰ Human flourishing is said to be the best
translation for the Greek word Eudaimonia,
which for both Plato and Aristotle, means not
only good fortune and material prosperity but
a situation achieved through virtue,
knowledge and excellence.
▰ Learning to be human is central to
Confucian humanism and its “creative
transformation” of the self through an “ever-
expanding network of relationships
encompassing the family, community,
nation, world and beyond.
Having a good spirit; happiness.
▰ The affirmation that human flourishing
implies development of the individual in his
dimensions obviously needs elaboration.
▰ Plato in the Republic, contends that the
soul, or mind, has three motivating parts:
rational, spirited or emotional and appetitive.
▰ Each of these have their own desired ends,
and Eudomenia or human flourishing
requires an ordering of this tripartite structure
of the soul: the rational and spirited parts
▰ Aristotle, in the Nicomachean Ethics,
states that Eudaimonia is constituted not by
honor, or wealth power, but by rational
activity in accordance with excellence in the
virtues of character including courage,
honesty, pride, friendliness and wittiness, the
intellectual virtues notably rationality and
judgment, as well as mutually beneficial
friendships and scientific knowledge,
particularly of things that are fundamental
and unchanging.
▰ According to Aristotle, all humans seek to
flourish. It’s the proper and desired end of all
our actions.
▰ Flourishing, however, is a functional
definition. To understand something’s
function, you must understand its nature.
▰ In Aristotle’s schema, there are four
aspects of human nature: physical,
emotional, social and rational.
▰ As physical beings, we require
nourishment, exercise, rest and all the other
things that it takes to keep our bodies
functioning properly.
▰ As emotional beings, we have wants,
desires, urges and reactions.
▰ As social beings, we must live and
function in particular societies.
▰ As rational beings, we are creative,
expressive, knowledge-- seeking and able to
obey reason.
▰ Human flourishing becomes an actuality
when one uses his practical reason to
consider his unique needs, circumstances and
capabilities, and so on, to determine which
concrete instantiations of human values and
virtues will comprise his wellbeing
▰ The principle of living consciously is not
affected by the degree of one’s intelligence
not the extent of one’s knowledge; rather, it
is the acceptance of use of one’s reason in the
recognition and perception of reality and in
his choice of values and actions to the best of
his ability, whatever that ability may be.
▰ Human flourishing is positively related to
a rational man’s attempts to externalize his
values and actualize his internal views of how
things ought to be in the outside world.
“ We should never allow our fears or the
expectations of others to set the frontiers of
our destiny.
Martin Heidegger

HUMAN FLOURISHING
▰ Human flourishing also known as personal
flourishing involves the rational use of one’s
individual potentialities, including talents,
abilities and virtues in the pursuit of his freely
and rationally chosen values and goals.
▰ An action is proper if it leads to the
flourishing of the person performing the
action. Human flourishing is, at the same
time, a moral accomplishment and a
fulfillment of human capacities, and it is one
through being the other.
▰ Human flourishing is real and highly
personal by nature, consists in the fulfillment
of both a man’s human nature and unique
potentialities, and is concerned with choices
and actions that necessarily deal with the
particular and the contingent.