JUMBO HOTDOG KAYA MO BA TO
Science – body of knowledge; seeks to understand and
explain natural things and phenomena.
Science – is an “intellectual activity” refers to the
process of systematic and objective investigation or
understanding of the natural world.
Science – is a “personal and social activity” makes
science a way for humans to understand themselves
and their world.
Technology – as “artifacts” refers to products,
inventions and outputs.
Technology – as a “technique” refers to practices,
methods, or steps.
Technology – as a “personal and social activity” makes
technology a tool for humans to improve themselves
and their everyday lives.
Science and Technology have a “dual interaction” –
meaning they influence each other.
Science, technology and society have a “dual
interaction” – because they are both social activities.
Ancient World
- Technology started with stone tools
- Early hunters, gatherers and foragers developed
skills and techniques to use tools and make
weapons for their everyday lives.
Agricultural revolution
- Started somewhere in the Middle East.
- Led to the development of towns, new plants
and animals were being grown for
consumption.
Rise of civilizations
- These civilizations paved the way for more
advancements in science and technology.
Classical Antiquity
- Dominated by the Greek and Roman civilization.
- Concept of science began here, started in the
Ionian School of Philosophy.
- Notable Greek Philosophers are: Socrates,
Plato, and Aristotle. They initiated the discipline
of understanding of the universe and the
natural world using the earliest scientific
method (reasoning & observation).
Socrates (470 – 399 BC)
- Known for his method of inquiry called
“ELENCHUS” – a problem must be broken down
into a series of questions that need to be
answered.
Plato (427 – 347 BC)
- Plato is a student of Socrates.
- Believed that all substances are made up of
earth, air, water, and fire.
- Emphasizes the concept of “PROOF” and
insisted on having a “concrete and clear
hypothesis”.
Aristotle (348 – 322 BC)
- Aristotle is a student of Plato.
- Known for his “deductive method of scientific
inquiry”
- He believed that natural principles can be
identified through careful observations.
Alexandria – a city in Egypt; is the center of scientific
knowledge.
Edwin Smith Papyrus – from Africa; it is a medical text
about ancient surgery methods and knowledge on
chemistry.
Middle Ages
- Around 530 AD
- Many advancements regarding utilization of
water and wind as source of energy.
- The development of science and technology
declines as it was affected by wars, famine,
diseases, piracy, and poverty. Why?
Christianity in Europe rise and was considered a factor
of the decline in science as the church started
questioning the teachings and ideas of early
philosophers and scientists.
In the Roman Empire, from 530 AD to 1000 AD, they
were less interested with theoretical science.
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- Deadly plague, ravaged Europe and Christians Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727)
felt the need to further their knowledge in
- “Principia” – established the foundation of
medicine in order to develop a cure.
modern-day physics.
During this time… - He developed theories from observations and
experiments and use them to predict their
China – became the center of science and technology
phenomena.
India – became the center of mathematics, medicine,
James Watt (1736-1819)
and astronomy as they are well-advanced.
- Developed steam engines – part of the
Islamic civilization – was developed in the Middle Ages,
“industrial revolution”.
they developed astronomical tables, new chemicals
such as: borax, and new techniques. Industrial revolution – led to progress, but also marked
as the beginning of the rapid destruction of the
Emperor Charlemagne – the one who revived science in
environment due to many forests getting destroyed for
Europe; he ordered establishments of schools.
materials, minerals and other resources.
Modern Age
Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace
- “Age of Discovery and Exploration”
- Introduced the “theory of evolution” – opposed
- Two most important advancements were: ships
by the church and general public, but
that can withstand long voyages & compass.
considered a milestone in the field of biology.
- Started when Europe revived and became more
conducive for science and technology. James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin (1953)
- Plastics were invented in the 1940s and 1950s
- Discovered the structure of DNA
that developed to new appliances, materials
and products. Digital revolution / Information Age – these
technologies paved the way for e-commerce, cyber
Renaissance – is a cultural movement that is based on
warfare, distance learning, and crowdsourcing.
“humanism”.
IN THE PHILIPPINES:
Humanism – a system of thought that gives more
importance to humans than supernatural powers. 1000 AD – Filipinos have developed good ship building
technology, for fishing, trade, and transportation.
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
16th century – Spaniards observed that some Filipino
- Became the center of controversy due to his
communities know artillery; weapons such as bows,
“heliocentric view” of the universe. – An idea
spears, and swords.
opposed by the church.
1905 – Bureau of Science was established.
Copernican revolution – shift from the geocentric view
of the universe. 1906 – The Philippine Journal of Science was
established to report scientific findings and
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
observations.
- He introduced experimentation using the
1933 – Philippine Legislature passed an act establishing
scientific method.
“National Research Council of the Philippines”.
- Also developed many mathematical
explanations to many natural concepts, his 1947 – The Bureau of Science was replaced by the
work led to modern science. Institute of Science.
Enlightenment period – emphasized logic and 1952 – Science Foundation of the Philippines was
reasoning, shift from renaissance. established.
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1957 – Science and technology study declined for four
reasons:
a. Lack of government support
b. Many excellent scientists have died or went
abroad
c. There is low morale among local scientists
d. The general public has low awareness about
science
Intellectual revolutions – defined as the historical
changes in the thoughts, beliefs, and social institutions.
Scientific revolution – science and technology are the
center of an intellectual revolution; refer to the
historical period when science became more important
and influential during the middle Ages.
Nicholaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
- Heliocentric model – sun is the center of the
universe.
- Earth is equal to the other planets, they all
revolve around the Sun.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
- “Origin of Species” and “Decent of Man” – his
ideas on the evolution of species and mankind.
- Suggested that humans are natural and are
subject to the laws of science.
- “Natural selection” – is the main rational behind
humans’ current existence and attributes.
- He suggested that humans evolved from pre-
existing organisms.
- Suggested that humans are not so different
versus other organisms – that humans, crabs,
dogs, trees, and other organisms are equal.
- Pioneer of the field of evolutionary biology.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
- Austrian neurologist; credited for
psychoanalysis, theory on psychosexual
development, dream interpretation, and the id,
ego and superego.
- Proposed psychoanalysis as a scientific method
to understand the mind.
- “Enlightenment” – humans are rational and can
control his emotions and drives through
reasoning.
- Believed that humans have the tendency to be
unaware of their behaviors and their emotions,
making them irrational.
Interpretation of dreams – dreams are connected to
one’s experiences.
Meso-America – covers most of the present day Central
America.
Maya civilization – known for its early studies in
astronomy, and engineering.
Maya hieroglyphics – Maya’s own writing system.
Inca civilization – known for their paved roads,
irrigation systems, and quipo.
Aztec civilization – known for the mandatory education
of their children.
Chinampas – way of farming in canals.
Indian civilization – known for their steel works.
Ayurveda – traditional medicine of Indian civilization.
The Indonesians – learned to construct Candis in the 8 th
century.
Kampo – Japan developed; traditional medicine with
Chinese origins.
Ibn al-Haytham – father of optics; due to his studies on
light.
Jabir ibn Hayyan – known for his early works in alchemy
and metallurgy.
Ibn Sina – known for his works in medicine especially in
infectious diseases and pharmacology.
Language – associated with the beginning of humanity;
one factor that differentiates human from its
evolutionary ancestors.
Writing – important in the rise of civilizations.
Printing – significant to the rise of modern civilization.
Computers – allowed the processing and calculation of
digital information.
Storage devices – enabled the storing and sharing of
information or data.
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Optical communication – allowed the establishment of
communication networks and internet technology.
Telecommuting – refers to working from home, using
the internet, telephone or email.
Why is Science and Technology important in nation
building?
- In the 1987 Philippine constitution, gave priority
to “foster patriotism and nationalism,
accelerate social progress, and promote total
human liberation and development”.
- In section 10, Article XIV, stated that “science
and technology are essential for national
development and progress”.
- In the Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022,
mandates “increased use of scientific and
technological breakthroughs”.
- DOST (Department of Science and Technology)
– was created to provide central direction,
leadership and coordination of scientific and
technological efforts.
DOST is composed of:
- 3 sectoral planning councils
- 7 research and development institutes
- 2 collegial bodies
- 6 service institutes
- Several regional and provincial offices
Some agencies under DOST:
1. Advance science and technology institute
2. Science education institute and national
research council of the Philippines
All programs, projects and activities of DOST shall
target to achieve the following outcomes:
1. Stimulating of innovation
2. Promotion and acceleration of technology
adoption
3. Development of a critical mass of globally
competitive human resources on science and
technology
4. Increased productivity and efficiency of micro,
small, and medium entrepreneurs (MSMEs)
5. Ensured resiliency to disaster risks and climate
change
6. Reduced inequality in science and technology
capacities and opportunities
7. Achieve effective science and technology
governance
Balik Scientist Program
- Aims to encourage Filipino Scientists or
Scientists of Filipino descent to return to the
Philippines and conduct research or scientific
undertakings.
- Maintains a critical number of Filipino experts,
scientists, investors, etc.
- Republic Act No. 11035 was signed into law in
2018 – provides incentives and assistance to
returning Filipino experts, scientists, investors,
and engineers.
According to UNESCO, a country should have 380
scientists/researchers per million population.
In the Philippines, there are only 189
researchers/scientists per million.
Dr. Josefino C. Comisco
- Senior scientist in USA’s National Aeronautics
and Space Administration or NASA
- His goal: improve ability of the country to utilize
advance technology in addressing problems on
natural resource management, especially as
related to climate and environmental changes
Order of National Scientists
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- The Presidential Decree (PD) No. 1003-A, s.
1976 – established the National Academy of
Science and Technology to become the highest
recognition and advisory body on science and
technology.
- Is the highest honor that is being bestowed by
the President of the Republic of the Philippines
to a Filipino man or woman of science in the PH.
As of 2018 – there are 41 national scientists; two of
them are engineer agriculturist Ramon Barba &
biologist Angel Alcala.
(SETUP) Small & Medium Enterprise Technology
Upgrading Program
- Part of the nationwide strategy to encourage
MSMEs to adopt technological innovations to
improve existing products, services, and
operations.
Grants-In-Aid Programs
- The government funds scientific and
technological undertakings to promote
development in the country.
- Promotes technology transfer, innovation,
human resources development, and
productivity improvement.
Forest products research and development institute
- This institute conducts researches on wood
products, rubber, paper, pulp, and other forest
products.
Philippine nuclear research institute
- Conducts researches on the safe use of nuclear
energy for medical, agricultural, environmental
and industrial purposes.
Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment of
Hazards)
PCARI Project (Philippine-California Advanced research
institutes)
- Aims to develop our science and technology
manpower through scholarships, trainings, and
research collaborations with top universities
and institutions in California, USA.
Philippine Space Program
- The government is funding the National Space
Development Program which aims to set the
foundation for the establishment of a Philippine
Space Agency
DOST scholarship programs – mandated under Republic
Act 7687, or the Science and Technology Act of 1994.
Philippine Science High school PSHS – provides free
secondary education to young Filipinos who gave high
aptitude for science and technology.
Regional Science High School Union – the department
of education manages regional science high schools that
have curriculum focused on science and mathematics.
Project HOTS – project hands-on teaching and learning
of science through inquiry develops the capacity of
schools and teachers to teach science.
VISSER – versatile instrumentation system for science
education and research project aims to modernize
school laborites through the development and
integration of new instruments and technologies.
STARBOOKS – is a digital library containing science
materials which can be accessed by educational
institutions off-line.
INNOBOX PROJECT – aims to research for outstanding
and most innovative teaching methods and learning
materials for science.

- Government-funded project that is currently

administered by the University of the
Philippines.
- Aims to cultivate a culture of preparedness to
decrease risks of casualties during natural
disasters.