SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY (STS)  By making life easier, science has given man

- study of the relationships between society, the chance to pursue social concerns such
politics and culture as:
- interdisciplinary program of study that Ethics;
focuses on understanding the relationship Aesthetics;
between scientific developments and the Education;
everyday lives of people Justice;
SCIENCE to create cultures; and
- a way of learning about natural world to improve human conditions.
- includes all the knowledge gained from WHY SCIENCE MATTERS?
exploring the natural world  Impacts our lives
TECHNOLOGY  Impacts our economy
- body of knowledge INTERCONNECTION BETWEEN S&T
- employed to generate tools, create skills  Without science, technology cannot
and choose materials for human use proceed
- includes the use of materials, tools,  Science is a way of knowing
techniques and sources of power to make  Technology is a way of doing
life easier or more pleasant and work more
productive
- application of knowledge to the practical
aims of human life or to changing and
manipulating the human environment
- applied in almost everything we do in our
lives (at work, to extract materials; for
communication; transportation; learning;
manufacturing; creating artifacts; securing
data; etc.
SOCIETY
- community of people living in a particular
I. GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS
region and share customs, laws and
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
organizations
A. Historical Antecedents in the World
HOW DOES SCIENCE AND TECHONOLY WORK
TOGETHER?
THE ADVENT OF SCIENCE (600BC-1400AD)
 TECHNOLOGY uses science to solve
problems
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA
 SCIENCE uses technologies to make new
- place where man’s bewilderment and
discoveries
scientific view of globe started
 Goal of Technology: find solutions to
MESOPOTAMIA
practical problems
- GREEK: between two rivers
 Although they have different goals, science - an ancient region located in the eastern
and technology work hand in hand and Mediterranean bounded in the northeast by
each helps the other advance the Arabian Plateau, corresponding to
HOW DOES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AFFECT today’s IRAQ, mostly, but also parts of
OUR SOCIETY? modern-day Iran, Syria and Turkey
 S&T have a major impact on society:
GROWING

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ON SET OF NEW DISCOVERIES IN AGRICULTURE
AND WRITING
- inhabitants of the earth had ample time to
focus on their studies and the instruments
to hand in the results of those studies to
succeeding generations
EARLY SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
- brought about by man’s fascination with
objects of the night
From the age 4,000 BC, the high priest of Sumeria
scrutinized the stars, and vast records of such
endeavors were inscribed on tablets that were
made of clay
THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICED IN
ANCIENT GREECE
THALES OF MILETUS
- Enamored with the stars
- ( 585 BC) foresaw the occurrence of a rare
solar eclipse which showed the tremendous
knowledge with approaches relating to
science with the aid of early findings from
Babylonians
ANCIENT GREECE
- could not be considered a single state
consisting of many territories but could be
termed as a variety of city-states just build
together by race
ATHENS – center of learning
ARISTOTLE
- Greek philosopher
- keen learner but he did not engage In the
conduct of experiments
GREEK TECHNOLOGISTS:
ARCHIMEDES – an engineer who detected the
characteristics of liquids such as fluids
LEARNING OF ALEXANDRIA, NEAR THE NILE RIVER:
ERATOSTHENES – tinkered with the earth’s breath
and width
CTESIBUS – constructed précised clocks
PRODIGOUS LIBRARIANS OF ALEXANDRIA
- made a collection of the most precious
books to be found at a time
LIBRARY OF ALEXANDRIA
- marvel of the ancient world, a place for
arts, literature, philosophy and science
Books and scrolls filled with knowledge and many
civilians found their way from all across the center
of learning in the heart of all powerful Egypt
THE ONSET OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN ASIA
DIFFERENT PACE OF CHINA – development of
science happened
CHINESE INVENTIONS:
- gunpowder
- fireworks
- rockets
- metals
- guns
- first seismograph
- first compass
CHINESE ASTRONOMERS IN 1054 AD
- observed the passage of supernova
MANY OF THE MOST ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY IN
INDIA IN THE FIRST MILLENIUM AD
- spinning wheel, first used by Indians
INDIAN FARMING TECHNIQUES
- superior even to Chinese
BRILLIANT INDIAN MATHEMATICIANS
- responsible for the development of the
Arabic Number System
USHERING IN THE GOLDEN AGE OF ISLAM
750 AD
- the capital of the Islamic Caliphate was
moved from Damascus to Baghdad – City of
Iraq
CALIPH
- founded the House of Wisdom abiding with
the Islamic saying “The ink of a scholar is
more holy than the blood of a martyr ’’
- MAIN PURPOSE: to be a great library and
formidable center of research
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YEAR 850
- the great library founded in Baghdad
became a fine rival to the Alexandrian
library
GREAT ARAB SCIENTISTS:
ALHAZEM
- wrote the book about optics (comparable
with the work of Newton)
AL-RAZI
- a physician who formulated soap and made
distinctions between smallpox and measles
AL-KHWARIZMI
- introduced Algebra and algorithms
AL-JAZARI
- an engineer who was the first to use rod
systems still found in car today
ARAB CHEMIST
- discovered distillation and formulated
words such as alkali and alcohol
AL-SUFI
- lover of astronomy who was a fan of
Ptolemy
PTOLEMY
- Latin: Claudius Ptolemaeus
- ancient astronomer, geographer and
mathematician who considered the earth
was the center of the universe (Ptolemaic
System)
SCIENCE OF ASTRONOMY
- great use to Arabic nomads who used such
knowledge of the heavenly bodies to
navigate their tireless camels across the
Arabian desert esp. in the middle of he
night
THE GREAT SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION OF 1400-
1700AD
GOLDEN AGE OF THE ISLAMIC PERIOD
- allowed form the blossoming of the
sciences in the 750’s, lasted for more than 5
centuries
- provided the basis for experiments to
flourish and allowed the used of modern
scientific ways
THE DANGERS OF TIME
For many centuries, many intellectuals including
the Catholic church thought that the EARTH was
the epicenter of all heavenly objects
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
- doctor from Poland, had an idea in 1532
that it was the SUN which was the center of
the solar system
COPERNICAN MODEL
- had a great impact on succeeding men of
science
JOHANNES KEPLER
- German astrologer who observed the
elliptical orbits of Mars
In 1610, GALILEO GALILEI, an Italian who identified
around the four moons of the planet Jupiter, which
marked the dawn of a new age in cosmology with
the use of more powerful telescopes
COSMOLOGY
- A branch of astronomy concerned with the
studies of the origin and evolution of the
universe, from the Big Bang to today and on
into the future.
- the scientific study of the origin, evolution,
and eventual fate of the universe
GALILEO GALILEI
- showed the utilization of scientific data by
conducting the experiments
CHRISTIAAN HUYGENS
- Dutchman, took advantage of Galileo’s
ideas with the pendulum and soon built the
first pendulum clock in 1657
FRANCIS BACON
- European, an English Philosopher , made a
pitch for the use of scientific method
- laid a strong foundation for a wooden
science that is grounded on observation and
experiment
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ACCELERATION OF NEW DISCOVERIES:
ROBERT BOYLE – air pump
ISAAC NEWTON
- English physicist
- Theories of light travel
OLE ROMER
- Danish astronomer, calculations on the
approximate speed of light
BISHOP NICOLAS STENO
- made inroads into modern science and
developed his own thinking in the fields of
anatomy and geology
- studied rock layers, which established a
new scientific ground for the emerging
science of geology
THE AGE OF MICRO-BEINGS
MICRO-ORGANISM or MICROBE
- creature that is so too small to be seen with
the naked eye
BACTERIA
- one of the smallest microbes could fit over
one million times of a needle
1600s - saw the growth of new technological
development
DUTCH MAKERS OF EYEGLASSES
- produced the very first microscopes
ROBERT HOOKE
- in late 1600, using his own microscope,
revealed the very first time to the scientific
community
- his findings on the complex structure of all
small insects, such as fleas and bugs
ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK
- Father of Microbiology
- Dutchman, store owner of fabric
- started making his own microscopes and
was able to found small life forms in places
where scientists had not thought of
conducting their research before, such as
water
- soon discovered life forms with single cells,
like bacteria
- tried to make his findings known to the
British Royal Society, they were skeptical
and even sent 3 religious men to affirm that
his findings were true
JAN SWAMMERDAM
- Dutchman
- by using microscope, showed that the
different stages in the development of an
insect were not separate animals
JOHN RAY
- Englishman biologist
- made great collection of plants species
THE DAWN OF MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS
ASTRONOMY, CHEMISTRY, PHYSICS AND BIOLOGY
- new discoveries were quite important as
they laid a stable foundation and basis for
the rise of modern scientific disciplines
PHILOSOPHIAE NATURALIS PRINCIPIA
MATHEMATICAL
- magnificent treatise of Isaac Newton
ISAAC NEWTON
- English physicist
- Law of gravitation
GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ
- German philosopher, mathematician and
logician
- invented the differential and integral
calculus
THE EXPANSION OF SCIENTIFIC HORIZONS (1700-
1800)
MORE DISCOVERIES
STEPHEN HALES
- Englishman
- discover root pressure (rising a sap within
plants)
- invented a trough for collecting gases, later
on was found useful in dissecting air
composition

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DANIEL BERNOULLI
- Swiss mathematician
- - responsible for the:
Bernoulli Principle
- "the pressure of a fluid falls when it is
moving"
- allowed the Swiss wizard to keep tabs on
blood pressure
- utilized in the principles governing the flying
of an aircraft (air pressure)
JOSEPH BLACK (1754)
- Scottish chemist
- able to produce an amazing doctoral thesis
about calcium carbonate degeneration and
extraction of carbon dioxide
- precipitated a scientific explosion of
chemical research and inquiry
HENRY CAVENDISH
- England
- made an important contribution to the field
by illustrating that water was made of two
parts of Hydrogen to one of Oxygen
JAN INGENHOUSZ
- Dutchman
- demonstrated how green plants emitted
oxygen under the sun and carbon dioxide in
the dark
ANTOINE LAVOISIER
- France
- explained that many elements, including
carbon and phosphorus, could burn by
combining with oxygen to form what us
now termed as oxides
JOSEPH PROUST
- French
- made another important discovery by
figuring out that chemical elements, most
of the time, merged in exact shares
THE FIELD OF EARTH SCIENCES
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
- American
- - able to show how big-scale ocean currents
flowed at the bottom of the sea with his
inquiries of the Gulf Stream
GEORGE HADLEY
- English amateur meteorologist
- expounded in a paper the impact of the
trade winds in relation to the rotation of the
globe
NEVIL MASKELYNE
- took advantage of Newton's idea, by taking
measurements of the gravitational pull of a
mountain in Scotland and in process, was
able to find out the density of the earth
JAMES HUTTON
- became engrossed in geology and soon
made the conclusion that the earth was a
little bit older than anyone had previously
believed
THE BASIS OF LIFE
EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF LIFE ON EARTH
- traces the processes by which living and
fossil organisms evolved, from the earliest
emergence of life to the present.
The similarities among all known present-day
species indicate that they have diverged through
the process of evolution from a common ancestor.
THEORY OF EVOLUTION ON EARTH
- Today life diversity on earth is the result of
evolution.
- On Earth life began at least 4 billion years
ago and it has been evolving every year.
- In the beginning all living things on earth
were single celled organism, after several
years multicellular organism evolved after
that diversity in life on earth increased day
by day.
GOERGES-LOUIS LECLERC
- French naturalist and mathematician
- one of those who pioneered the creation of
a theory of evolution
CHRISTIAN SPRENGEL
- German Theologian
- spent most of his time delving into the
complex relationships between plants and
insects , and later made the conclusion that
bisexual flowers did not have the ability to
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 fertilize themselves because they produced
male and female flowers at the different
periods
THOMAS MALTHUS
- Englishman
- focused on specifics about demography and
predicted the end of the world if population
growth was left unchecked
- emphasized this predicament with his
essay, “The Principle of Population”
CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN
- (February 12, 1809 to April 19, 1882)
- was a naturalist and biologist known for his
theory of evolution and the process
of natural selection
Darwinism is a theory of
biological evolution developed by the English
naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and others,
stating that all species of organisms arise and
develop through the natural selection of small,
inherited variations that increase the individual's
ability to compete, survive, and reproduce
ALESSANDRO VOLTA
- Italian Physicist
- made big strides with the iconic invention
of the electric battery
WILLIAM WHEWELL
- English philosopher
- introduced the creation of a new profession
separate from that of philosophy known as
the scientist
JAMES CLERK MAXWELL
- Scottish
- made some calculations and in the process,
solved the complex mathematics and
electromagnetism
INVISIBILITY MATTERS
Discovery of invisible figures of electromagnetic
waves came before they were figured out , or the
specific laws that characterized their movement
were understood.
WILLIAM HERSCHEL
- German astronomer
- realized that his thermometer showed a
higher temperature over the red end of
invisible spectrum
WILHELM RONTGEN
- discovered the soon-to-be famous x-rays in
his experiments in Germany
THOMAS YOUNG
- put to rest the argument of whether light
was a wave or a particle by discovering
wavelike interference in his studies
CHRISTIAN DOPPLER
- Austrian physicist
- made the famous Doppler effect by
expounding on the color of binary stars
HIPPOLYTE FIZEAU & LEON FOUCAULT
- measure the speed of light and concluded
that light traveled faster in air than in water

A HUNDRED YEARS OF DEVELOPMENT (1800- CHEMICAL REACTIONS

1900)
JOHN DALTON
ELECTRIC BATTERY - British meteorologist
- invention created a whole new field of - focusing on potential use of atomic weights
scientific ideas in 1799 for veteran scientists
HANS CHRISTIAN ORSTED JONS JAKOB BERZELIUS
- Danish - Swedish
- established a connection between - also contributed to the growing knowledge
electricity and magnetism on this field by making a full list of atomic
MICHAEL FARADAY weights
- London’s Royal Institution
- Invented the world’s first electric motor

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LOUIS PASTEUR THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY
- France - Darwin follower
- Illustrated in Paris that the spontaneous - Illustrated that birds could have evolved
generation of life could not be done from now extinct dinosaurs
AUGUST KEKULE GREGOR MENDEL
- German chemist - German-speaking from Selesia
- Discovered the structure of the benzene - made inroads into the ultimate function of
molecule genetics by seriously studying thousands of
DMITRI MENDELEEV pea plants
- Russian chemist LORD KEVIN
- able to solve the problem of the periodic - British physicist
table of the elements - boldly declared in the early 1900s that:
MARIE CURIE ”There is nothing new to be discovered in
- twice Noble-Prize winner physics now. All that remains is more and
- able to separate polonium from radium in more precise measurement”
her laboratory

RELICS FROM THE PAST

The century was soon filled with a blossoming

knowledge on the appreciation of life.

MARY ANNING
- England
- Presented a substantial collection of fossils
of extinct animals
RICHARD OWEN
- English biologist
- pioneered the use of word DISONAURS to
describe the terrible lizards that once were
kings of the earth
LOUIS AGASSIZ
- Switzerland, biologist
- forwarded the view that big parts of the
planet were once covered with impregnable
ice
ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT
- able to uncover the connections inherent in
nature and thus, founded the study of
ecology
ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE & CHARLES DARWIN
- both British naturalist
- came up with the idea on the process of
evolution by means of natural selection