STS REVIEWER scholars with different background to gather and

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY - translate information in classical knowledge into

interdisciplinary field that studies the conditions Arabic language. It is the start of the science
under which the production, distribution, and development in the country. Achievements:
utilization of scientific knowledge and astronomy, mathematics, medicine and geography.
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY IN ANCIENT CHINA -
technological systems occur.
challenged by Islamic. They give more emphasis in
SCIENCE – learning new facts, collecting information,
natural science, engineering, medicine, military
and finding answer. Intellectual and practical activity
technology, mathematics, geology and astronomy.
encompassing the systematic study of the structure
Four great inventions: compass, gun powder,
and behavior of the physical and natural world
printing, and paper.
through observation
THE RENAISSANCE (1300 AD – 1600 AD) - focus in
and experiment.
the restoration of the natural knowledge of the
TECHNOLOGY - the innovation, change, or
ancients. Considered by many as the Golden Age
modification of the natural environment in order to
of Science.
satisfy perceived human wants and needs.
REVIVAL OF SCIENCE
EDWARD JENNER – discovered smallpox vaccine.
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS – sun is the center of the
ALEXANDER FLEMING – discovered penicillin, the first
universe.
antibiotic.
GEROLAMO CARDANO – figures the foundation of
DR. WILLIAM THOMAS GREEN – one of the first
probability.
medical practitioners to use anesthesia on surgery.
FRANCIS BACON - emphasize the scientific method
INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS IN COMMUNICATION
and called Father of Empiricism.
HAVE HAD A MAJOR INFLUENCE ON SOCIETY
RENE DESCARTES – made possible algebraic
EGYPT: papyrus and hieroglyphics
geometry.
ANCIENT BABYLONIA: cuneiform
IMPROVEMENTS:
ANCIENT GREECE: public speaking, persuasive
✓ Paper making
rhetoric, drama, and philosophy
✓ Important revival is the PRINTING PRESS
ANCIENT ROME: roman alphabet
WITH MOVABLE METAL
MODERN EUROPE: printing press
✓ Discover the OIL PAINTING which is the
WORLD TODAY: World Wide Web
origin of the NEW PRINTER INK.
PROGRESS – is a series of improvements in human
ENLIGHTENMENT PERIOD (1715 AD – 1789 AD)
life marked by inventions and discoveries.
✓ AGE OF REASON
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS
✓ EMPHASIZE THE REASON OVER THE
FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO 600 BC – medical
SUPERSTITION AND SCIENCE OVER THE
practices are trial and error.
BLIND FAITH.
PAPYRUS – early inventions of Egyptian civilization.
NATURAL PHILOSOPHERS OF THE SCIENTIFIC
Ancient form of paper that is made from papyrus
REVOLUTION
plant.
GALILEO GALILEI
MESOPOTAMIA (IRAQ) – clay tablet
• Known as the inventor of the astronomical
EGYPT – papyrus
telescope
THE ADVENT OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (600-500
• Discovered a number of Natural Laws
AD) – ancient Greeks (first true scientists) that
• Invented the microscope
collected facts and observations.
ISLAMIC GOLDEN AGE – begun during the reign of the • Father of Modern Astronomy

Abbasid Caliph Harum Al-Rashid, mandated the • Father of Modern Physics

• Father of Science
JOHANNES KEPLER Virtual reality (VR) - offers immersive digital
• Astronomer who explained Planetary experiences (using a VR headset) that simulate the
Motion. real world.
• Develop Laws of Planetary Motions. Robotics - refers to the design, manufacture, and
ISAAC NEWTON use of robots for personal and commercial use.
• Genius who explains gravity. 3D printing - allows manufacturing businesses to
JOHN LOCKE print their own parts, with less tooling, at a lower
• Father of Liberalism cost, and faster than via traditional processes.
• Medical Researcher The IoT - describes the idea of everyday items from
• Created an essay concerning in Human medical wearables that monitor users’ physical
Understanding. condition to cars and tracking devices inserted into
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1760-1840) parcels —being connected to the internet and
• Alloy Steel, Aniline Dye, Electricity and identifiable by other devices.
Magnetism, Electric dynamo and Motor Historical Development of Science and Technology

• Governments, in varying degrees and at in the Philippines

different rates, began supporting science even PRE-SPANISH ERA

more directly, by making financial grants to • Inhabitants shifted from wandering from one

scientist, by founding research institutes, and place to another and learned to settle in

by bestowing honors and official posts on great areas near the water source.

scientists. • They also learned how to weave cotton,

TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES: engaged themselves in agriculture and are

1. Use of Iron and Steel knowledgeable on building boats for coastal

2. Use of Electricity trade. Ex. Banaue Rice Terraces.

3. Invention of spinning jenny SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

4. Factory System • Established schools run by Spanish friars

5. Transportation and Communication (highest institution of learning –Pontifical and

6. Increasing Mass Production Royal University of Santo Tomas), hospitals

20th Century Science: Physics and Information Age and started scientific research.

The start of the 20th century was strongly marked by • The church is strict among citizens and its
Einstein’s formulation of the theory of relativity (1905) intervention in meddling to the government
including the unifying concept of energy related to propelled by fear of intellectual awakening
mass and the speed of light: E = mc2 among Filipinos.

• Semiconductor and nanotechnology • Dr. Jose Rizal is the epitome of the

• PHYSICS – enable to understand the basic Renaissance man in the Philippine context.

component of matter. • Exploitation of natural resources of the

• BIOLOGY – discovery of DNA and beginning of country through agriculture, mining of metals

organ transplant. and minerals and establishing various kinds

Science and Technology in the Fourth Industrial of industries were started during the this time
Revolution to further promote economic growth.
Artificial Intelligence describes computer can think AMERICAN PERIOD
like humans • There was a rapid growth in science and
New computational technologies are making technology during the American occupation
computers smarter. and was made possible by the government’s
extensive public education system from
elementary tertiary schools.
 • The government provided more support for the Philippine Council for Agricultural Research -
development of science and created the support the progressive development of agriculture,
Bureau of Science - was composed of a forestry, and fisheries in the country.
biological, chemical, and serum laboratory for Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and
the production of virus vaccine, serums and Astronomical Service Administration (PAGASA) -
prophylactics, and a library. Publicized the provide environmental protection and to utilize
PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE. scientific knowledge to ensure the safety of the
• Served as the primary training ground for people.
Filipino scientists. National Academy of Science and Technology -
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD composed of scientists with “innovative achievement
• The Filipinos were busy in working towards in the basic and applied sciences” who will serve as
economic reliance but acknowledge the the reservoir of scientific and technological expertise
importance and vital role of science and for the country (1976)
technology for the economic development of NSDB was further reorganized into a National Science
the country by declaring that “The State shall and Technology Authority (NSTA)
promote scientific research and invention…” Scientific Career System in the Civil Service designed

• This is also true when World War II ended and to attract more qualified scientists to work in
left Manila, the country’s capital, in ruins. government and encourage young people to pursue

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SINCE INDEPENDENCE science degrees and careers.

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE – replaced the Bureau of Department of Science and Technology - charged
Science and was placed under the office of the with the twin mandate of providing central direction,
President. (Faced lack of financial support from the leadership and coordination of all scientific and
government and experienced planning and technological activities, and of formulating policies,
coordination problems) programs and projects to support national

• During the regime of President Carlos P. development.

Garcia, the Philippine Congress passed the Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel
Science Act of 1958 which established the (Republic Act No. 8439) – published in order to give
National Science Development Board incentives and rewards for people who have been
(NSDB). influential in the field of S&T.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 1960s TO 1990s GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO’S ADMINISTRATION

The government declared in Section 9(1) of the 1973 Filipinnovation - coined term used in helping the
Philippine Constitution that the “advancement of Philippines to be an innovation hub in Asia.
HOPES IN PHILIPPINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
science and technology shall have priority in the
DIWATA-1 – first micro-satellite launched in space by
national development.”
the Philippines developed and assembled by Filipino
APRIL 6, 1968 – President Marcos proclaimed the 35
researchers and guidance of Japanese experts.
hectare land in Bicutan, Taguig as the site of
Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards
Philippine Science Community.
(NOAH) - to help manage risks associated with
National Grains Authority was created and it was
natural hazards and disasters.
tasked to improve the rice and corn industry and
Current Initiatives in Science and Technology in
thereby help in the economic development of the
the Country
country.
ADVANCED DEVICE AND MATERIALS TESTING
LABORATORIES - houses advanced equipment for
failure analysis and materials characterization to
address advanced analytical needs for quality
control, materials identification and R&D.
PRODUCTS DEVELOPMENT CENTER - used to design,
develop and test hardware and software for electronic
products.
PHILIPPINE GENOME CENTER - a core facility that
combines basic and applied research for the SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION was the golden age for
development of health diagnostics, therapeutics, DNA people committed to scholarly line in science yet it
forensics and preventive products, and improved crop was also a deeply trying moment to some individuals
Varieties.
DIE AND MOLD SOLUTIONS CENTER - enhances the ARISTOTLE
competitiveness of the local tool and die sector
through the localization of currently imported dies and
molds.
PARADIGM SHIFT
A scientific paradigm is a framework containing all the
commonly accepted views about a subject,
conventions about what direction research should
take and how it should be performed.
According to a philosopher (Thomas Kuhn), it includes
“the practices that define a scientific discipline at a
certain point in time."
A paradigm dictates:
what is observed and measured
the questions we ask about those observations
how the questions are formulated
how the results are interpreted
how research is carried out
what equipment is appropriate
During “normal science,” when the current paradigm
is in place, these anomalies are discounted as
acceptable levels of error.
During “revolutionary science” or a paradigm shift,
these anomalies become the center of attention as
scientists attempt to construct a new world view that
incorporates and explains them.
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION – period where
paradigm shifts occurred.
WESTERN SCIENCE
• Greeks were the first to explain the world in
terms of natural laws rather than myths about
gods and heroes.
• They passed the idea of the value of math
and experiment in science.
that led to their painful death or condemnation.
• Most influential figure in western science until
the 1600’s
• His theories made sense when taken in logical
order.
• Problem: his theories relied very little on
experiment
• “the natural motion of the earth as a whole,
like that of its parts, is towards the center of
the Universe: that is the reason why it is now
lying at the center.”
REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY:
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY (ASTRONOMER AND
GEOGRAPHER IN ALEXANDRIA, 2ND CENTURY AD)
• Stated that the planets, as well as the sun and
the moon, moved in a circular motion around
the Earth ~ “Geocentrism”
• The sun and the moon’s revolution explained
the existence of days and nights.
• His geocentric model was widely accepted by
the people and was one of the greatest
discoveries of that time.
• The Christian church adopted many of its
assumptions like the idea that the Earth was
the center of all and that man was the most
important of God’s creation, with domineering
power over the Earth.
ARISTARCHUS OF SAMOS
• Used eccentric trigonometric measurements
to calculate the relative distances of the sun
and moon in the 3rd century BC.
• find out that the sun was very large, and this
inspired him to suggest that the sun was a
more likely the pivot point for a movement of the planet sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of
universe. time.
NICOLE ORESME (FRENCH PHILOSPHER) 3. Law of Harmonies - ratio of the squares of the
• In his work, Book of the Heavens and the periods of any two planets is equal to the ratio
Earth (1377), he demonstrated the lack of real of the cubes of their average distances from
proof that the Earth was static and vehemently the sun.
argued that there was no reason to think that GALILEO GALILEI (ITALIAN SCIENTIST)
it was not in motion. • Using telescope, he saw the sun’s perfection
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (POLISH MATHEMATICIAN marred by sunspots and the moon’s
AND ASTRONOMER, SCHOLAR) perfection marred by craters.
• Copernicus solution to Geocentrism: By • In his book, The Starry Messenger (1611), he
placing the sun at the center of the universe reported these disturbing findings and spread
and having the earth orbit it, he reduced the the news across Europe.
unwieldy number of epicycles from 80 to 34. • Church tried to preserve the Aristotelian and
• Concerning the Revolutions of the Celestial Ptolemaic view of the universe by clamping
Worlds, published in 1543, laid the down on Galileo and his book and made him
foundations for a revolution in how Europeans promise not to preach his views.
would view the world and its place in the ISAAC NEWTON
universe but this book was banned on 1616. • realized that the same force pulling the apples
• His intention was not to create a radically new to earth was keeping the moon in its orbit.
theory, but to get back to even older ideas by • to prove this mathematically, Newton had to
such Greeks as Plato and Pythagoras who invent calculus for figuring out rates of motion
believed in a heliocentric (sun centered) and change.
universe. • Printing of Newton’s book, Principia
TYCHO BRAHE (DANISH ASTRONOMER) Mathematica often seen as the start of the
• Planets revolved around the sun, but the sun Enlightenment and significant turning point in
and the moon remained revolving around the history.
globe, “Geo-heliocentric System”. REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY: DARWINIAN
• Tracked the entire orbits of various stars and REVOLUTION
planets using only the naked eye. CHARLES DARWIN
• Kept extensive records, but did not really • he accumulated evidence demonstrating that
know what to do with them. organisms evolve and discovered the process,
JOHANNES KEPLER (GERMAN ASTRONOMER) natural selection, by which they evolve.
• First to successfully used math to define the • He completed the Copernican revolution by
working of the cosmos. drawing out for biology the notion of nature as
• Realized that Brahe’s data showed the a lawful system of matter in motion.
planetary orbits were not circular but With this, scientific explanations, derived from
elliptical. natural laws, dominated the world of nonliving
• His analysis of the observations of Brahe (HIS matter, on the earth as well as in the heavens.
MENTOR) enabled him to introduce the Laws THE SUPERNATURAL
of Planetary Motion. Supernatural explanations, depending on the
1. Law of Ellipses – path of the planets about the unfathomable deeds of the Creator, accounted for
sun is elliptical in shape. the origin and configuration of living creatures—the
2. Law of Equal Areas - imaginary line drawn most diversified, complex, and interesting realities of
from the center of the sun to the center of the
the world. It was Darwin's genius to resolve this
conceptual schizophrenia.
WILLIAM PALEY IN HIS NATURAL THEOLOGY (1802)
• Elaborated the argument-from-design as PSYCHOANALYSIS
forceful demonstration of the existence of the
Creator.
• The functional design of the human eye,
argued Paley, provided conclusive evidence of
an all--wise Creator:
1. It is consisted of a series of transparent lenses
2. There is a black cloth or canvas spread out
behind these lenses so as to receive the
image formed by pencils of light transmitted
through them, and placed at the precise
geometrical distance at which, and at which
alone, a distinct image could be formed.
3. a large nerve communicating between this
membrane and the brain.
THE BRIDGEWATER TREATIES
• set forth "the Power, Wisdom, and Goodness
of God as manifested in the Creation."
REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY: FREUDIAN
REVOLUTION
PRE-FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
• Mental illness was almost universally
considered 'organic‘ – it was thought to come
from some kind of deterioration or disease of IMPACT OF FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
the brain.
• Research on treating mental illness was
primarily concerned with discovering exactly
which kinds of changes in the brain led to
insanity.
• Physical diseases of the brain cause mental
illness, psychological causes are ignored.
SIGMUND FREUD
• Freud's most obvious impact was to change
the way society thought about and dealt with
mental illness.
• He had the idea that people’s hidden thoughts
and feelings influence their behavior
especially with respect to the causes and
treatment of dreams, etc.
JEAN-MARTIN CHARCOT
• The famous French psychiatrist
influenced Freud.
• claimed that hysteria had primarily
organic causes, and that it had a regular,
comprehensible pattern of symptoms.
• is based on the concept that individuals
are unaware of the many factors that
cause their behavior and emotions.
• Psychoanalysis in its many varieties
appears to have little or no efficacy in
treating mental illness.
WHY IS FREUD’S CONTRIBUTION STILL
IMPORTANT?
1. Psychoanalysis has enormous historical
significance: Mental illness affects a large
proportion of the population, either directly
or indirectly, so any curative scheme is
widely accepted.
2. Freud gave people a new way of thinking
about why they acted the way they did. He
created a whole new way of interpreting
behaviors: one could now claim that a
person had motives, desires, and beliefs–
all buried in the unconscious–which they
knew nothing about but which nonetheless
directly controlled and motivated their
conscious thought and behavior.
• Psychology and psychiatry turned away
from the search for organic causes and
toward the search for inner psychic
conflicts and early childhood traumas.
• The line between sane and insane was
blurred: everyone, according to Freud,
had an Oedipal crisis, and everyone could
potentially become mentally ill.
REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY:
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
IN MESO-AMERICA
• Meso--America is the region from Mexico to
Guatemala, Belize and parts of Honduras
and El Salvador.
• Mesoamerican civilization were isolated
from the scientific knowledge of Africa,
who Asia and Europe. It developed on its own
and became much more self-reliant.
 • Maya civilization was the most advanced 7 Best Japanese Electronic Gadgets
Mesoamerican civilization. • Camera
MAYA CIVILIZATION • Rice Cooker
• They used pictorial script called Maya • Electronic Toilet Seat
Hieroglyphs. • Audio Devices
• They knew how to make paper and they • Beauty Products
created books on long strips of paper folded • Electronic cigarettes
in harmonica--style. • Watch
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eclipses for centuries and a table of predicted • Medical Bracelet
positions of Venus. The maya made • Virtual Reality
predictions by aligning stars with two objects. • Cellphone
• They developed the most accurate calendar Best South Korea Electronic Gadgets
ever designed. • LG’s CLOi UV-C
• In architecture the Maya were the first to use • Samsung’s JetBot 90 AI+
pitched ceilings in their buildings. • Lululab’s Lumini PM
THE AZTEC
• Luple’s Olly
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but they assimilated all they could learn from • Huawei WiFi AX3
Maya society.
• ZGN Universal Power Strip T11
• Their manuscripts describe how the Maya
• Xiaomi Yunmai Massage Gun Pro
performed their astronomical observations.
• Basic
• They manufactured of rubber and used a
• Iqunix L80 Mechanical Keyboard
rubber ball in the ball game tlachtli.
MIDDLE EAST
• Public latrines were found along all highways, In Mesopotamia, greater progress was made in
and to prevent pollution of Lake Texcoco astronomy and mathematics.
canoes transported the sewage from EGYPT BABYLONIANS
Tenochtitlán to the mainland every morning. • More advance • Astronomy
OTHER MESO-AMERICAN CONTRIBUTIONS in medicine • Irrigation
• Cultivated crop plants such as corn, papaya, • Early lead on
avocado and cocoa. engineering
• Meso-American is the one who discovered and
cocoa (chocolates) architecture
• Historians also suggests that the early Meso- • The greatest accomplishment of the
American knew magnetism. ancient Middle East might be the invention
ASIA’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF of the alphabet.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY • In the early Hyksos period (17th century
• The general conception is that many of the BC) the Northwestern Semites living in
cutting-edge technological developments Egypt adapted hieroglyphic characters—in
emanate from Asia. at least two slightly differing forms of
• Japan is the most notable country in Asian in letters—to their own purposes.
terms of scientific and technological • The alphabet contributed vastly to the
achievement in terms of its electronics and Greek cultural and literary revolution in the
automobile products. immediately following period.
REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY: SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTION IN AFRICA
AFRICAN CONTRIBUTIONS
• “Black Rice”, Judith Carnoy demonstrates the kingdom of Monomotapa (Munhumutapa) in
legacy of enslaved Africans to the Americas in Southern Africa were the major producers of
the sphere of rice cultivation.
• a variety of African plants were adopted in AFRICAN ARCHITECTURE
Asia, including coffee, the oil palm, fonio or
acha (digitaria exilis), African rice (oryza
glabberima), and sorghum (sorghum bicolor)
• Africans also used plants for anesthetics or
pain killers, analgesics for the control of
fever, antidotes to counter poisons, and
anthelmints aimed at deworming.
• Laird Scranton, making use of the extensive
collections of Marcel Griaule, has deepened
our understanding of Malian has cosmological
myths and their perceptions of the structure of
matter and the physical world.
• Dogon knowledge systems have also been
explored in terms of their perceptions on
astronomy. The solar calendar that we use IMPACTS OF INFORMATION REVOLUTION
today evolved from the Egyptian calendar of
twelve months, calibrated according to the day
on which the star Sirius rose on the horizon
with the Sun.
• Nubians of Meroe constructed more pyramids
than the Egyptians, built steep, flat--topped
pyramids.
AFRICAN MEDICINE
• Among the common principles and
procedures were hydrotherapy, heat therapy,
spinal manipulation, quarantine, bone--setting
and surgery.
• The knowledge of specific medicinal plants
was quite extensive in some kingdoms,
empires, and city states.
• Borgu (in Hausaland) is also well known for
orthopedics (bone--setting), as is the case of
Funtua in Northern Nigeria.
AFRICAN METALLURGY
The Sudanic empires of West Africa, Ethiopia
and Sudan in the North and East, and the
gold.
• underground vaults and passages, as well
as the rock--hewn churches, of Axum are
matched in Nubia and Egypt with pyramids
of various dimensions.
REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY:
INFORMATION REVOLUTION
INFORMATION REVOLUTION
• is a period of change that describes
current economic, social and technological
trends beyond the Industrial Revolution.
• has led us to the age of the internet, where
optical communication networks play a
key role in delivering massive amounts of
data.
• the explosive emergence of the Internet as
a major worldwide distribution channel for
goods, for services, and, surprisingly, for
managerial and professional jobs has
changed economies, markets, and
industry structures.
• It also has an impact on societies and
politics and, on the way we see the world
and ourselves in it.