History of Science and Technology in the World

a. ANCIENT
1. STONE AGE

Paleolithic Mesolithic Neolithic

Source of Food Hunting and Hunting and Farming and animal
gathering gathering domestication
Settlements Nomadic (caves) Nomad near the Permanent settlers
rivers
Tools Basic stone tools Sharpened stone Advanced tools
(big and rough) tools (makinis,
matulis, maliit)
Discovery Controlled fire Fishing Domestication

2. BRONZE AGE
- use of copper and bronze.
- copper + tin= Bronze
Smelting- extracting metal from heating and melting.
State kingdoms- societies with central government ruled by a powerful ruler.
- Sumer and Babylonia in Mesopotamia
- Athens in Ancient Greece
3. IRON AGE
- Iron + Carbon = Steel (much harder)
- warfare
Persians- first civilization to use armored cavalry covered in steel armor.

ANTIQUITY
- rise of Greek civilization
- natural Philosophers- first scientists

Pre-Socratic Philosophers:
 THALES- replaced myths to natural laws
 ANAXIMANDER- first evolution (origin and evolution of life)
 ANAXIMENES- air is the primary substance
 HERACLITUS- fire (change is the essence of all being and fire plays and important role in
the process)
 LEUCIPPUS- first idea of atom
 DEMOCRITUS- atoms are solid, indestructible particles
 PYTHAGORAS- earth is sphere
 HIPPOCRATES- father of Medicine

Socratic Philosophers:
 SOCRATES- Golden Age of Greek Philosoph; knowledge through discourse; Socratic
method
 PLATO- coined the term ‘element’; established Academy; Idealist; used abstract
geometry models rather than empirical observation
  ARISTOTLE- Realist; established Lyceum, 5th element as Aether; Father of Biology and
Ancient Taxonomy
 ARISTARCHUS- originally proposed sun-centered universe (heliocentrism)
 CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY- calculated the size of Earth and its distance to the moon; earth-
centered universe (geocentrism)
 HEROPHILUS- Father of Anatomy
 ERASISTRATUS- Father of Physiology
 EUCLID- Father of Modern Geometry
 ARCHIMEDES- Father of Mathematics; eureka

b. MIDDLE AGES
- Medieval Period
- Fall of Roman Empire and beginning of Renaissance
- Birth of ideas (scientific discovery)

EARLY/DARK MIDDLE AGES

- slow progress of science in Europe because of the Catholic Church
ISLAMIC EMPIRE- most advanced civilization
CHINA- gun powder; paper; mechanical clock; compass; first printing press
INDIA- recognition of zero in mathematics; introduction of decimal system
ARAB- discovery of borax; science of anatomy did not progress

HIGH MIDDLE AGES

- rebirth of science in Europe
WATER WHEEL- source of mechanical power throughout Europe
BLACK DEATH- 2nd bubonic plague pandemic caused by plague bacterium
(Yersinia pestis) carried by flease living on the black rats.
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS- founder of scholastic schools (science + religion= scholastic)
ROGER BACON- experimentation to gain knowledge

c. MODERN
RENAISSANCE/rebirth
 FRANCIS BACON- scientific method
 JOHANNES GUTENBERG- movable printing press
 PHILIPPUS AUREOLUS PARACELSUS- Discovered Laudanum (tincture of opium as
painkiller)
 BIBLE- most printed book

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
 NICOLAS COPERNICUS- heliocentric
 JOHANNES KEPLER- 3 laws of planetary motion
 GALILEO GALILEI- first scientist of scientific revolution; dialogue of two new sciences
(astronomy and physics); validated Copernican system using his own telescope and
observations (craters and mountains of the moon, moons of Jupiter, phases of Venus,
stars of Milky Way, and sunspots)
 TYCHO BRAHE- geo-heliocentric
 JOHN RAY- first to use species
 CAROLUS LINNAEUS- father of modern taxonomy; binomial system of nomenclature
  ANDREAS VESALIUS- father of modern anatomy; de humani corporis fabrica (structure
of the human body); first illustration of internal human anatomy
 WILLIAM HARVEY- full circulation of the blood
 BLAISE PASCAL- pascaline (mechanical calculator)
 EVANGELISTA TORRICELLI- barometer using mercury; first vacuum known to science

ENLIGHTENMENT
 ISAAC NEWTON- laws of motion and universal gravitation; introduced Calculus together
with GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ
 JEANE BAPTISE DE LAMARCK- first theory of evolution
 CHARLED DARWIN- father of evolution; living things evolved through the process of
natural selection; origin of species (book)
 SIGMUND FREUD- father of psychoanalysis; psychosexual stages of development
 ALAN TURING- turing machine (1st computer)

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

a. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
METAL AGE- developed tools in everyday life; movement of heavenly bodies; simple tools and
weapons from stone

b. SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD

- beginning of science and technology on the country
- established schools for boys and girls

c. AMERICAN PERIOD
- public education system

d. MARCOS ERA AND MARTIAL LAW

- mandated Department of Education to promote Science and Technology in public high schools
PAG-ASA- Presidential Decree No. 78 s. 1972

e. FIFTH REPUBLIC
PRES. CORAZON AQUINO- Department of Science and Technology (DOST); Science and
Technology Master Plan (STMP 1991-2000)
PRES. FIDEL V. RAMOS- Science and Technology Agenda for Development (STAND)
PRES. JOSEPH ESTRADA- RA 8479 (Clean Air Act of 1999); RA 8792 (Electronic Commerce Act)
PRES. GLORIA M. ARROYO- Filipinnovation; Golden Age of Science and Technology
PRES. BENIGNO AQUINO III- recognized scientific researchers:
 GAVINO TRONO- seaweed species
 ANGEL ALCALA- marine biology research
 RAMON BARBA- flowering of mango
 EDGARDO GOMEZ- national conservation of coral reefs
 ABELARDO AGUILAR- Erythromycin (painkiller)
 GREGORIO ZARA- invented videotape
 FABIAN DAYRIT- herbal medicine
 DIOSDADO BANATAO- single-chip graphical use interface (for internet)
 DANIEL DINGEL- water-powered car
  GREGORY LIGOT TANGONAN- ICT
 FE DEL MUNDO- incubator
 LOURDES CRUZ- sea snail venom.

SCIENCE- systematic process of obtaining knowledge of the physical and natural world through
observation and experiment.
TECHNOLOGY- the application of scientific knowledge for practical use.

Importance of Science and Technology in National Development:

Wealth creation
Improvement in the quality of life
Society Transformation
Economic growth

Impact of Science and Technology:

Better life
Information
Comfort
Education
Save time and money

Impact of Technology on Society:

Communication
Information
Transportation
Education

Role of Science and Technology in Nation-Building:

-one of the driving forces of economic growth (research and development)

EUDAIMONIA- peak of human happiness

FLOURISHING- the highest good of human attempt to achieve his/her goal.
WESTERN CIVILIZATION- focus on the individual
EASTERN CIVILIZATION- community above the individual

SCIENCE AS A METHOD:
- observation/question
- research topic area
- hypothesis
- test with experiment
- analyze data
- report conclusions

SCIENCE AS A SOCIAL ENDEAVOR:

- balance possible biases
- stimulate problem-solving
- facilitate specialization
- inspire and motivate
- divide labor

ARISTOTLE- happiness depends on ourselves

1. Moral approval (Socrates)
2. Pleasures in life (Epicurus)
3. Fulfilled life (Aristotle)
4. Meaningful life

 MATERIALISM- comfort, pleasure, and wealth are the only highest goals
 HEDONISM- see the end goal of life in attaining pleasure; eat, drink, and be merry for tomorrow
we die (EPICURUS)
 STOICISM- asserts virtue is happiness; MARCUS AURELIUS- people do not have any control must
not rely on external events.
 THEISM- God exists within universe; OMNISCIENT (all-knowing), OMNIPRESENT (all-pervasive),
OMNIPOTENT (all-powerful)
 HUMANISM- human beings have right and responsibility to give meaning and shape their own
lives.
 EUDAIMONIA: true happiness is found by leading a virtuous life and doing what is worth doing.

PRIORITY AREAS FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN NSTP (2002-2020)

1. Agriculture, Forestry, and Natural Resources
2. Health and Medical Sciences
3. Biotechnology
4. ICT
5. Microelectronics
6. Materials, Science and Engineering
7. Earth and Marine Services

ROBOTICS AND HUMANITY

ROBOT- programmable, has a degree of autonomy (service and personal robots)

Roles Played:
1. Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs)- makes decisions in near real-time
2. Automated Guided Vehicles- tracks a predictable paths
3. Articulated Robots- emulate the functions of a human arm
4. Humanoids- perform human-centric function
5. Cobots- functions alongside or directly with humans
6. Hybrids- capable of more complex tasks

Ethical Dilemma/s faced by Robotics:

1. Privacy and Surveillance
2. Manipulation of Behavior
3. Opacity of AI System
4. Bias in decision systems
5. Human- Robot Interaction
6. Automation and Employment
7. Machine Ethics
8. Artificial Moral Agents
 9. Autonomous System
10. Singularity
INFORMATION AGE
a. Historical Development
21st Century- Computer Age
PRE-MECHANICAL
MECHANICAL
ELECTRO-MECHANICAL
ELECTROBIC INFORMATION

Advantages of Information Technology:

1. Globalization
2. Communication
3. Cost- effectiveness
4. Creation of new jobs

GENE THERAPY- treat, prevent, cure a disease or medical disorder; adding or replacing copies
EX VIVO- outside
IN VIVO- inside directly to the cells

GENETIC ENGINEERING- alter DNA make-up

Diseased People Cured by Fixing their Genes:
1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interpaced Short Palindromic Repeats)- treat SICKLE CELL
ANEMIA
2. CAR- T- Cell Theraphy to treat acute acute lymphocytic leukemia
3. LUKTURNA- to treat retinal dystrophy
4. SPINRAZA- to treat spinal muscular atrophy

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS:
1. Justice and Equity
2. Informed consent
3. Genome- editing research involving embryos
4. Safety
GENE- basic unit of inheritance.
GMO (Genetically Modified Organisms )

NANOTECHNOLOGY- manipulation of matter on a near atomic scale to produce new structures,

materials, and devices;
RICHARD FEYMAN- Father of Nanotechnology

SOURCES OF GREENHOUSE GASES:

1. Carbon Dioxide
2. Water Vapor
3. Nitrous Oxide
4. Methane

How Climate Change Affecting the Philippines:

 1.More intense El Nino
2. Tropical Cyclones
3. Sea Surface Temperature to rise
4. Ocean acidification
5. Sea levels rise by 4-6 meters
6. Rainfall and flooding

Effects of Climate Change in the Philippines:

1. Altering agricultural production
2. Reduction in crop yields
3. Food security declines
4. Malnutrition increases

ENERGY CRISIS- foreseeable end of the cycle of oils, gas, and coal that takes hundreds of thousands of
years to replenish.

Causes:

 Overconsumption
 Overpopulation
 Poor infrastructure
 Wars and attacks
 Miscellaneous factors
 Major accidents and natural calamities
 Poor distribution system
 Wastage of energy
 Delay in commission of power plants
 Unexplored renewable energy options

Possible Solutions to Energy Crisis:

 More towards renewable resources

 Buy energy efficient products
 Lighting control
 Easier grind access
 Perform energy audit
 Common stand on climate change

Promotion of Environmental Awareness:

ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
 Awareness and sensitivity
 Knowledge and understanding of the environment
 Attitude of concern and motivation to improve or maintain environmental quality
 Skill to identify and help resolve
 Participation in activities that lead to resolution
ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP
 Help in forging community linkages for nature preservation
 Educate people on proper waste segregation
 Practice 7 R
 Save energy
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
- energy sources other than fossil fuels including all renewable resources and nuclear power
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY:
 Nuclear power
 Wind power
 Solar power
 Hydraulic power
 Geothermal power
 Tidal power
 Biofuel
 Hydrogen or hydro sulfuric power