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STS (Science, Technology, Society)

TOPIC 1: Introduction to STS

Science – from the Latin word scientia (knowledge)

- The framework of knowledge of the natural word learned through the scientific method.

Natural World – made of God and existing things before human.

Physical World – things made by human.

Technology – from the Greek word techne (art, skill or cunning hand and logos (discourse)

Technology involves….

- Tools
- Techniques
- Procedures for putting the findings of science to practical use.

Science vs Technology

Science – explores for the purpose of knowing.

Technology – explores for the purpose of making something useful from that knowledge.

Society – derived from the Latin word societas (refers to individuals belonging to a particular group.

- A community of people engaging with each other through persistent relationships, or a broad
social grouping occupying the same geographical or social territory, normally subject to the
same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.

Scientific Method

1. Ask Question
2. Backgroud Research
3. Hypothesis
4. Experiment
5. Draw conclusion
6. Report Results
UNIT 1: Science & Technology in the World 2. Scientific Revolution (1440 – 1690)

HISTORY OF STS:
1. Heliocentric Model (Nicolas Copernicus
1. Ancient Age: Three-Age Systems (2.6 1500)
million years ago – 1,200 B.C) - Sun as the center of the solar system.
a. Paleolithic – old stone age Geocentric Model (Ancient Greece)
- Oldest era - Earth is the center of the solar system.
- Nomads (no permanent home)
- Colony tribes
- Hunting 2. The Compound Microscope (Zacharias
Janssen 1595)
b. Mesolithic – middle stone age - Allows people to see microorganisms
- Nomads (no permanent home) and cells.
- Equality
- Hunting 3. The Telescope (Galileo Galilei 1600)
- Bow and arrows - Allowed man kind to see the small
portion of the universe with a naked
c. Neolithic eye.
- Nomads (no permanent home)
- Agriculture 4. Statistics (Blaise Pascal 1654)
- Pottery - The mathematical foundation for
- Fishing Statistics and Probability.

Bronze Age – copper and bronze tools
(3,000 B.C. to 1,300 B.C.)
- Tribes and Chiefdoms (leader)
- Farm
Iron / Metal Age – permanency (1,300
B.C. to 900 B.C.)
- Formation of cities
- Formation of states
5. Calculus (Isaac Newton 1665)
- Calculus is the mathematics of continual
change.
6. Gravity (Isaac Newton 1687)
- Also called gravitation, in mechanics,
the universal force of attraction acting
between all matter.
- He invented gravity because an apple
from tree fell in to his head.
3. Industrial Revolution (1700)
1. The First Automobile (Nicolas Joseph
Cugnot 1769)
- Designed by a French military engineer.
A huge, heavy, steam-powered tricycle.
How does steam engine works?
- The steam engine uses the force
produced by steam pressure to push a
piston back and forth inside a cylinder.
2. The First Steam-Powered Engine Train
(Richard Trevithick 1803)
- Designed by British Mechanical
Engineer who successfully harnessed
high-pressure steam and constructed
the world’s first steam railway
locomotive.
3. The First Computer (Charles Babbage
1822)
The Babbage Difference Engine
- Designed to calculate and tabulate
polynomial functions.
- The design describes a machine to
calculate a series of values and print
results automatically in a table.
4. The First Light Bulb (Thomas Edison
1879)
- The first practical electric incandescent
lamp.
19th early and 20th Century
 PHYSICS: magnetism, atom, x-ray, etc.
 CHEMISTRY: thermometer, combustion,
etc.
 BIOLOGY: cell, virus, Theory of
Evolution, DNA,
 Genetics, etc.
 ASTRONOMY: Big bang theory, walk on
the moon,
 expansion of the universe, etc.
 EARTH SCIENCE: layers of the
atmosphere,
 layers of the earth, continental drift
theory, etc.
 BIOTECHNOLOGY: Biogas, DNA
fingerprinting,
 cloning, etc.
 COMMUNICATION: Cellular phone,
 communication satellites, etc.
 ENERGY: Solar power, etc.
 ENTERTAINMENT: Animated cartoon
film, colored
 TV, video games, etc.
 ICT: Calculator, internet, printer,
minicomputer, etc.
 MEDICINE: blood bank, electron
microscope,
 test tube baby, ultrasound.
 TRANSPORTATION: modern airplane,
 helicopter, jet, spacecraft, etc.
Xray – Wilhelm Röntgen
Cell – Robert Hooke
Continental Drift Theory - Alfred Wegener
(Pangaea)
First Astronaut in the Moon – Neil Armstrong Galleon Trade (1565 - 1815)

Theory of Human Evolution – Charles Darwin - trading of goods

IVF (Invitro Fertilization) / Test Tube Baby - the - lasted 250 years
joining of a woman's egg and a man's sperm in a
- Manila, became one of the world’s great ports
laboratory dish.
Acapulco, Mexico - Manila
Information Age
Manila - Acapulco, Mexico
- in this age of information, ignorance is a
choice (Brad Turnbull) Kalesa (1800)

- 1st mode of transportation in the Philippines

UNIT 1: The Foundation of S & T in the
Philippines / Philippine Indigenous Technologies
and Inventions Manila School of Agriculture (1887 - 1889)

1. The Pre-Spanish Period (1521) - provide practical education to farmers

- agriculture, mining, weaving - due to lack of funds, it didn’t last long
- Ifugao’s Rice Terraces (2,000 years ago)

- plants and herbs as medicine 3. American Period (1898 - 1935)

- Public System of Education

Abugida - by vowel/consonant PNU (1901), UP (1908), FEU (1928)
Alibata - Philippine Alphabet, by syllable - English Only Policy (EOP)
Barter System - trading Thomasites/American Soldiers
Gasera - primitive light bulb - first teachers of Filipino

2. Spanish Period (1521 - 1898) 4. Commonwealth Period (1935 - 1945)

- propagate Christianity Manuel L. Quezon (President)
- 333 years He established:
- science, agriculture, pharmacy, medicine - Bureau of Mines
University of Santo Tomas (UST) - Bureau of Plant and Animal Industry
- oldest school in the Philippines - focuses on research and science
- Illustrados PH Jeepney (1935 - 1986)
- established by Miguel de Benavides - PH Jeepneys began making their rounds in
Manila.
5. Marcos Era (1963 - 1986)
Ferdinand Marcos (President)
- agriculture & research
He established:
- Philippines Atmospheric Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)
- Philippine Council for Agricultural Research
Brain Drain
- migration of professionals to work overseas
Bataan Nuclear Powerplant
- best invention of President Ferdinand Marcos
6. Fifth Republic (1986 - Present)
1. Corazon Aquino (President)
She established:
- Department of Science & Technology (DOST)
- Presidential Task Force for Science &
Technology (1988)
- Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988
- free tuition
2. Fidel V. Ramos (President)
He established:
- Science & Technology Agenda for National
Development (STAND)
Magna Carta (R.A. No. 8439)
- funds for engineers, labs, researches
- "Doctors to the Barrio Program"
3. Joseph Estrada (President)
He established:
- Clean Air Act (R.A. 8749) Philippine Clear Air
Act of 1999
- Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 (outlaws
computer hacking)
4. Gloria Macapagal – Arroyo (President)
- Agriculture and Fisheries
- Science, Technology, & Innovations (STI)
- Philippine Science High School (PSHS), which
focuses in science, technology and mathematics
in their curriculum.
BIOFUELS ACT (R.A. 9367)
- develop and use indigenous renewable energy
to reduce dependence on imported oil.