Prof: Dr. Elmer B.
Cagalitan
Science, Technology, and Society
Science and technology are two basic needs for
the thirst for knowledge and the material
requirements for survival and prosperity.
Ancient Times
At this time, they were concerned with security
and protection, food production, transportation
and communication, health, aesthetics, and
architecture.
Sumerian Civilization
 Considered to be the first builders of
civilization
 First people to mix copper and tin in
producing an alloy known as bronze
 First to use bronze as ornaments and
tools.
Discoveries and inventions
 Cuneiform – 3500-3000 B.C first
writing system using clay tablets
 Plow, Irrigation, and Dikes – 3500-3000
B.C introduced farming technology
 Wheel and Roads – 350 B.C first
develop
 Sailboat- 1300 B.C first mode of
transportation
Egyptians Civilization
 First builders of structures
 First to develop geometry
Discoveries and inventions
 Cosmetics – 3150 B.C for health and
aesthetics
 Hieroglyphics – 3100 B.C form of
writing using symbols
 Papyrus – 3000 B.C first paper
 Embalming - 2600 B.C introduced the
preservation of human corpses
Babylonian Civilization
 Excelled in mathematics
 Great builders, engineers, and architects
 One of the seven wonders of the ancient
world.
Discoveries and Inventions
 Hanging Gardens of Babylon – 6th
century B.C one of the greatest
engineering and architectural
achievements of the world
 Map – 2300 B.C used sketches on clay
as maps
Greek Civilization
 Birthplace of western philosophy
 Contributed especially in the science
and technology field.
Discoveries and Inventions
 Pythagorean Theorem – 800-400 B.C
first to conclude that the earth is a
sphere revolving around the sun
 Atomic Theory – 460-370 B.C
introduced by Democritus states that
matter is made up of indestructible tiny
particles called atoms
 Scientific study of Medicine – 460 B.C
attributed to Hippocrates the “Father of
Medicine”
 Alarm clock – 300-201 B.C tells when
to start and end
Roman Civilization
 Strongest political and social entity
 Contributed to politics
Discoveries and Inventions
 Roamn Numerals – 800 B.C a number
system using letters
 Roman Architecture – 509 B.C most
visual contributions
  Newspaper – 56 B.C invented as
gazettes contained announcements and
engraved in metals
Chinese Civilization
 Contributed to many areas of life like
medicine, astronomy, science,
mathematics, arts, philosophy, and
music
 Famous in the silk trade
 Known for traditional medicines
Discoveries and Inventions
 Tea production – 2737 B.C started after
the Chinese emperor drank the first tea
Tea- beverage extracted from
tea leaves
 Silk – 2696 B.C produced by silkworms
and processed to produce paper and
clothing
Silk trade- opened China to the
outside world
 Gun Powder – 900 B.C used in bullets
and fireworks
 Great wall of China – 771-476 B.C
showcased Chinese engineering and
architecture, a world attraction
 Paper – 100 B.C invented by Cai Lun
using wood fibers, old rags, and fishnets
Medieval/Middle Ages
During the period between the fall of Rome and
the Industrial Revolution from 500 – 1500 A.D
during this period many scientific contributions
Discoveries and inventions
 Windmill – 500 A.D a machine converts
wind into energy
 Spinning Wheel – 1100 a machine used
in the final process of transforming fiber
into yarn or thread
 Printing Press – 1440 invented by
Johann Gutenberg using fruit extractor
and cast metal
 Copernican Model of the Solar System –
1543 introduced by Nicolaus Copernicus
states that the sun is the center of the
solar system, and all other planets
revolve around it
 Compound Microscope – 1590 invented
by Hans and Zacharias Janssen
 Microscope – used to magnify things
like microorganisms important for
preventing and curing various illnesses
 Telescope – 1609 invented by Galileo
Galilei
 Steam Engine – 1782 invented by James
Watt
 Cotton Gin – 1794 invented by Eli
Whitney used to separate cotton from
seeds
Modern Times
In this period demands for basic commodities,
services, and medicine are high. People needed
efficient means of transportation. Faster and
easier means to communicate all over the world
resulted in massive industrialization.
Industrialization brings health and
environmental problems.
Discoveries and inventions
Bicycle – 1817 invented by Karl von Drais
Plastics – 1862 developed by Alexander Parkes
Pasteurization – 1864 developed by Louis
Pasteur to eliminate pathogens and extend shelf
life
Dynamite – 1867 invented by Alfred Nobel used
as explosives in the mining industry and illegally
in fishing
Television – 1884 patented by Paul Gottlieb
Nipkow. Inventor and developed by John Logie
Baired and Philo Farnsworth
Automobile - 1885 invented by Karl Friedrich
Benz
Motorcycle – 1885 invented by Gottlieb Daimler
and Wilhelm Maybach
Radio – 1887 invented by Guglielmo Marconi
Computer – 1888 developed and conceptualized
by Charles Babbage
Diesel Engine – 1890 invented by Rudolf Diesel
Tractor – 1892 invented by John Froelich
Penicillin – 1928 discovered by Alexander
Fleming used to treat certain infections caused
by bacteria
Electron Microscope – 1931 developed by
Ernest Ruska and Max Knoll
Hepatitis B Vaccine – 1980 developed by Dr.
Baruch Blumberg can prevent hepatitis
Internet – 1990 worldwide network of
computers created by Tim Berners-Lee
Tokenization – 2001 chip embedded in a credit
and debit card
Facebook – 2004 social networking service
invented by Mark Zuckerberg
YouTube – 2005 a video-sharing website by
three PayPal employees
Google Driveless Car - 2015 a self-driving car
launched under the leadership of Sebastian
Thrun
Filipino Discoveries and Inventions
Filipino ingenuity has also contributed to the
development of science and technology.
Discoveries and Inventions
 Quick Ink – 1931 an indelible ink
invented by Francisco Quisumbing
 Incubator – 1941 invented by Dr. Fe Del
Mundo
 Jeepney – 1946 a passenger vehicle
 Erythromycin – 1952 alternative for
penicillin introduced by Dr. Abelardo
Aguilar
 Artificial Coral Reefs – 1997
replacement of destroyed natural reefs
by Dr. Angel Alcala
 10-Mbit Ethernet CMOS – 1981
developed by Diosdado Banatao
 Hip Replacement System – 1992
invention by Dr. Ramon Gustilo to ease
the pain of patients with hip joints
problems
 Salt LED Lamp – 2012 lamp runs on
just table salt and water invented by
Aisa Mijeno together with her brother
Ralph
 Ejeepney – 2018 introduced by Robert
Puckett to solve problems on air and
pollution