Sci Reviewer

Science

- Latin word scientia, meaning ‘knowledge’.

- It refers to a systematic and methodical activity of building and organizing knowledge about how
the universe behaves through observation, experimentation or both.
- Organized body of knowledge gained through research.
- The human attempt to understand the natural world, with or without concern for practical uses
of the knowledge.
- Tries to discover facts and relationships and then tries to create theories that makes sense of
these facts and relationships.

Scientific Method
Technology

- From the Greek root word techne, meaning ‘art, skill, or cunning of hand’.
- Application of scientific knowledge, laws and principles to produce services, materials, tools, and
machines aimed at solving real-world problems.
- Came from 2 greek words: “techne”(skill, craftmanship, art) and “logos” (discourse, reason).
- The human attempt to change the world.

Technology involves:

- Tools
- Techniques
- Procedures for putting the findings or science to practical use.

Science
- Is a process of inquiry that searches for
relationships that explain and predict the
physical, living and designed world.
- Followed to determine the relationship
between an independent and dependent
variable described by a hypothesis.
- That results of scientific investigations
can advance science knowledge.
Technology
- Is the application of scientific discoveries
to meet human needs and goals through
the development of products and
processes.
- Followed to design products or processes
to meet specified needs.
- The results of technological designs can
advance the standard of living in
societies.

Relationship of Science to Technology

Contribution of Science to Technology

1) new knowledge which serves as a direct source of ideas for new technological possibilities.

2) source of tools and techniques for more efficient engineering design and a knowledge base for
evaluation of feasibility of designs

3) research instrumentation, laboratory techniques and analytical methods used in research that
eventually find their way into design or industrial practices, often through intermediate disciplines.

4) practice of research as a source for development and assimilation of new human skills and capabilities
eventually useful for technology.

5) creation of a knowledge base that becomes increasingly important in the assessment of technology in
terms of its wider social and environmental impacts.

6) knowledge base that enables more efficient strategies of applied research, development, and
refinement of new technologies.

Impact of Technology on Science

1) through providing a fertile source of novel scientific questions and thereby also helping to justify the
allocation of resources needed to address these questions in an efficient and timely manner, extending
the agenda of science.

2) as a source of otherwise unavailable instrumentation and techniques needed to address novel and
more difficult scientific questions more efficiently.
Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology

Lesson 1 : Ancient Times

Sumerian Civilization

- Sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia between the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers in the area later became Babylonia, Sumerians, are known for their high degree
of cooperation with one another and their desire for great things. They are not contented with
the basic things that life can offer. This desire pushed them to develop many things connected
with science and technology.

Sumerians Contributions

- Invented the first form of writing.

- a number system.
- The first wheeled vehicles.
- Sun-dried bricks
- Irrigation for farming
- All of these things were important for the development of human civilization.

C  Cuneiform

U  Uruk City

T  The Great Ziggurat of UR

I  Irrigation and Dikes

S  Sailboats

W  Wheel

R  Roads

Writing

- Greatest contribution of Mesopotamia to western civilization was the invention of writing.

- Allowed the transmission of knowledge , the codification of laws, records to facilitate
trade/farming.
- Sumerians wrote on wet clay tablets with the point of a reed > then dried in the sun to make a
tablet.
- Scribes were only one who could read and write and served as priests, record keepers and
accountants.
- As society evolved, the first form of writing was developed called CUNEIFORM (meaning “wedge
shaped”), dating to 3500 BCE
 - Cuneiform spread to Persia and Egypt and became the vehicle for the growth and spread of
civilization and the exchange of ideas among cultures.

Uruk City

- It is a great wonder not only because it is considered to be the first true city in the world but also
for the way it was erected. There were no building stones in the location of this city and lumber
was limited, making the construction a big challenge.
- The Sumerians were able to build the city using only mud or clay from the river, which they
mixed with reeds, producing sunbaked bricks-a true engineering feat. They used the bricks to
make houses that protected them from the harsh weather and to build a wall around the city
that prevented wild animals and neighboring raiders from entering.

The Great Ziggurat of UR

- The Ziggurat also called the mountain of God, was built in the same manner that they
constructed the City of Uruk. Without much building materials, the structure was constructed
using sunbaked bricks. The Ziggurat served as the sacred place of their chief god, where only
priest was allowed to enter.

Irrigation and Dikes

- As population increase, so did the demand for food. The Sumerians were challenged to mass
produce items but the elements in the environment seemed uncooperative. It was difficult to
get water from the rivers, thus they could not maintain farmlands. Some groups had scarce
water supply, while others had problems with flooding caused by the river. As a solution to this
dilemma, the Sumerians created dikes and irrigation canals to bring water to farmlands and at
the same time control the flooding of the rivers. This method was considered as one of the
world’s most beneficial engineering works.

Sailboats

- Another challenge to the Sumerians was transportation. At that time, the wheel was not yet
invented; the main mode of transportation was through waterways such as rivers and seas.
Boats were used to carry large quantities of products and were able to cover large distances.
However, they wanted to discover faraway lands to settle since the population was getting
larger, and boats were not enough to accommodate more people and products. They needed a
mode of transportation that did not require much human resource. Some resources attribute to
the Sumerians the invention of sailboats to address their increasing demands. Sailboats were
essential in transportation and trading as well as in fostering culture, information, and
technology.

The Plow

- The plow was invented to dig the earth in a faster pace. As the plow breaks the ground, the
farmer would just drop the seeds and farm work would already be done.

Roads
 - In order to facilitate faster and easier travel, the Sumerians developed the first roads. With this
work, the flow or traffic became faster and more organize. They made the roads with the same
technology they used in making sunbaked bricks that they laid down on the ground.
- The Sumerians does not have any degree in engineering or in architecture, but they were able to
build buildings, road, infrastructure and many more that are still solid and stable until now.

Major contributions of the Sumerian Civilization:

- Cuneiform
- Roman arch
- Wheel
- Division of a circle into 360 degrees
- Division of hours and minutes into 60 units.

Babylonian Civilization

Contributions:

 Hanging Gardens of Babylon

o One of the seven wonders of the ancient world.
o Made up of layers of plants, trees, and vines.
o Its exact location is unknown. Many said it was just a product of the creative
imagination. If it really existed, it must have been destroyed by war, erosion, or an
earthquake and considered as one of the greatest engineering and architectural
achievement of the world that is almost impossible to replicate.
Egyptian Civilization

Contributions:

P  Paper or Papyrus

W  Wig

W  Water clock/ Clepsydra

H  Hieroglyphics

I  Ink

C  Cosmetics

Paper or Papyrus

- Egypt was not the first to develop a system of writing, they were able to make writing easier for
the world. Clay tablets were used. However, safe-keeping and transporting them were a major
problem.
- Papyrus was a plant that grew abundantly in Egypt. This invention was a major accomplishment
in Egyptian record-keeping and communications. Therefore, it was easier to keep them away
from raiders who often destroyed records of the nations they invaded.

Ink

- When the Egyptians invented the papyrus or the paper, engraving concluded to be used in
writing. As a result, the Egyptians invented ink by combining soot with different chemicals to
produce inks of different colors.

Hieroglyphics

- The Egyptians also developed a system of writing using symbols, known as hieroglyphics.
- They believed that this writing system was provided to them by their gods.
- It was the language that tells the modern world of the history and culture of the ancient
Egyptians.

Wig

- During the ancient Egyptian times, wigs were worn for health and wellness rather than for
aesthetic purposes.
- The wigs were used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptians from the harmful rays
of the sun.
- Prevent accumulation of head lice, and it allows heat to escape rather than scarf.
Water Clock/Clepsydra

- This device utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to the other. The
amount of water remaining in the device determines how much time has elapsed since it is full.
In the process, time is measured.

Ancient Times

- Transportation
- Security and Protection
- Architecture and Engineering
- Aesthetic
- Communication
- Health
- Mass Production
- Record Keeping

Transportation and Navigation

- Transportation is significant during that time because people were trying to go places and
discover new horizons. They travelled to search for food and find better place locations for their
settlements. They also travelled to their surplus goods in exchange for things that they lacked.
- Navigation assisted them in their journeys to unfamiliar and strange areas in the world. It
allowed them to return home after they discovered new places or completed an (putol).

Communication

- Communication was also essential in their endeavors to discover occupy new places. They
needed a way to communicate with the natives of the areas they visited so as to facilitate trade
and prevent possible conflicts.

Record-Keeping

- Record-keeping was also important since they needed to remember the places they had been to
and document the trades they made with each other. It was also vital to keep records of their
history and culture so they could establish their identities as they tried to relate with other
cultures and civilizations.

Safety and Protection

- Weapons and Armors were important as well in the discovery of new places or the
establishment of new alliances with other tribes. At the time, there was always a risk of conflict
when people met others with different culture and orientations. Conflicts were common
especially if different groups struggled to control vital resources. Stronger nations tended to
invade weaker ones so they could take much need resources. As such, the development of
weapons and armors for security and protection was considered a major necessity.

Health
 - Conservation of Life the early people might have been successful in harnessing rich resources
that the world could provide, but their survival posed a great problem. Different illnesses and
diseases, both natural and man-made, hampered the full potential of a human being. Given
predicament, science and technology played a major role in the discovery of cures.

Architecture

- The development in engineering also ushered in the introduction of Architecture. Other might
see architecture as a mere style, but during the ancient times, elaborate architectural designs
were signs of technological advancement of a particular civilization. In the generations to come,
nations of how advanced their technology is. It may also establish the identity of a nation.

Engineering

- Moreover, in order to integrate their needs- for better transportation, establishment of

structures for protection from human attacks and natural disasters, and construction of bigger
and stronger infrastructures-people offered into what is now known as the field of Engineering.
The development in this field allowed humans to build structures that would address their
specific needs and wants. Some of the structures built during the ancient times still exist today
and continually awe people.

Aesthetic

- The people were not contented on beautifying only the infrastructures and surroundings, being
able to prolong life technology, as well as raise the quality of life by making complicated and
difficult tasks easier, humans later on developed people looked more visually presentable and
appealing by adding some features and (putol).

Ancient Times

Major Technological Advancement

Sumerians  Cooperative, developed many things connected

Babylonians  Great builders, engineers, and architects.

Egyptians  Infrastructures, engineering technology.

History of Science and Technology in the Philippines (sa video to galing ha)

 Pre-colonial History
 Colonial History
 Post-colonial History

Pre-colonial History

 First technologies include:

o Filipinos already had activities linked to science and technology even before colonizers
came.
 o Fire, light and heat
o Herbs and herbal medicines
o Jars (Manunguul, Bulol)
o Alibata (writing system)

Agricultural Revolution

1. Methods in farming
2. Stones for recording purposes
3. Clay pottery and soil minerals for Metallurgy
4. Barter of different goods and resources

Agricultura Abundance

 Filipinos were already engaged in farming.

 Banaue Rice Terraces are among the sophisticated products of engineering by pre-Spanish era
Filipinos.
 Natives based their faith on abundance of harvest, different plants and animals.

Colonial History

 Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese in the service of the Spanish crown, was looking forward to a
westward route to the Spice Islands of Indonesia.
 March 16, 1521, Magellan’s expedition landed on Homonhon island in the Philippines.
 However, when Philip II succeeded the throne in 1556, he instructed Luis de Velasco, the viceroy
of Mexico, to prepare a new expedition – to be headed by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi.
 February 13, 1565, Legazpi’s expedition landed in Cebu island. After a short struggle with the
natives, he proceeded to Leyte, then to Camiguin and to Bohol.

The colonization of the Philippines contributed to growth of science and technology in the
archipelago.

The Spanish introduced formal education and founded scientific institution.

Espanya:

 Education and Religion

o During the early years of Spanish rule in the Philippines, Parish schools were established
where religion, reading, writing, arithmetic, and music was taught.
 Science and Technology
o Sanitation and more advanced methods of agriculture was taught to the natives. The
study of medicine in the Philippines was given priority in the Spanish era. Field of
engineering in the islands by constructing government buildings, churches, roads,
bridges and forts.

Post-Colonial History

 19th Century Science and Technology

 o Presidents and Laws
 During Ferdinand Marcos’ presidency, the importance given to science grew.
 National Science Development Board
 He recognized that technology was the leading factor in economic development
and channeled additional funds to support projects in applied sciences and
science education.
 He added the Philippine Coconut Research Institute to the NSDB to modernize
the coconut industry.
 He established the Philippine Council for Agricultural Research to support the
progressive development of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries for the nation.
 He established the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical
Services Administration (PAGASA) under the Department of National Defense
to provide environmental protection and to utilize scientific knowledge to
ensure the safety of the people.
 (CORY AQUINO)
 The National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by the Department
of Science and Technology, giving science and technology a representation in
the cabinet.
 The Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology which came up with the
first Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP. The goal of STMP was for the
Philippines to achieve newly industrialized country status by the year 2000.

History of Science and Technology in the Philippines (lesson na ni ms. To)

 Science and Technology in the Philippines had experienced periods of intense growth as well as
long periods of stagnation.
 The main managing agency responsible for science and technology is the Department of Science
and Technology.
 Numerous national scientists have contributed in different fields of science including Fe del
Mundo in the field of Pediatrics, Eduardo Quisumbing in the field of Plant taxonomy, Gavino
Trono in the field of tropical marine Phycology, Maria Orosa in the field of Food technology and
many more.

Pre-Spanish Era

 Even before the colonization by the Spaniards in the Philippine Islands, the natives of the
archipelago already had practices linked to science and technology.
 Filipinos were already aware of the medicinal and therapeutic properties of plants and the
methods of extracting medicine from herbs.
 They already had an alphabet, number system, a weighing and measuring system and a
calendar. Filipinos were already engaged in farming, shipbuilding, mining and weaving.
 The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the sophisticated products of engineering by pre-Spanish
era Filipinos.

Spanish Colonial Era

  The colonization of the Philippines contributed to growth of science and technology in the
archipelago.
 The Spanish introduced formal education and founded scientific institution.
 During the early years of Spanish rule in the Philippines, Parish schools were established where
religion, reading, writing, arithmetic and music was taught.
 Sanitation and more advanced methods of agriculture was taught to the natives.
 Later the Spanish established colleges and universities in the archipelago including the oldest
existing university in Asia, the University of Santo Tomas.
 The Galleon Trade have accounted in the Philippine colonial economy.
 Trade was given more focus by the Spaniard colonial authorities due to the prospects of big
profits.
 Agriculture and industrial development on the other hand were relatively neglected.
 The opening of the Suez Canal saw the influx of European visitors to the Spanish colony and
some.
 Filipinos were able to study in Europe who were probably influenced by the rapid development
of scientific ideals brought by the Age of Enlightenment.

American Period

 The progress of science and technology in the Philippines continued under American rule of the
islands.
 On July 1, 1901 The Philippine Commission established the Bureau of Government Laboratories
which was placed under the Department of Interior. The Bureau replaced the Laboratorio
Municipal, which was established under the Spanish colonial era. The Bureau dealt with the
study of tropical diseases and laboratory projects.
 On October 26, 1905, the Bureau of Government Laboratories was replaced by the Bureau of
Science and on December 8, 1933, the National Research Council of the Philippines was(putol sa
ppt).
 Science during the American Period was inclined towards agriculture, food processing, forestry,
medicine and pharmacy. Not much focus was given on the development of industrial
technology due to free trade policy with the United agriculture and trade.
 In 1946, the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science. In a report by the US
Economic Survey to the Philippines in 1950, there is a lack of basic information which were
necessities to the country’s industries, lack of support of experimental work and minimal budget
for scientific research and low salaries of scientists employed by the government. In 1958,
during the regime of President Carlos P. Garcia, the Philippine Congress passed the Science Act
of 1958 which established the National Science Development (putol sa ppt)

Post Commonwealth-Era

 During the 1970’s, which was under the time of Ferdinand Marcos’ presidency, the importance
given to science grew.
 Under the 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Section 1, the government role in supporting
scientific research and invention was acknowledged.
  In 1974, a science development program was included in the government’s Four-Year
Development Plan which covers the years 1974-1978.
 Funding for science was also increased. The National Science Development Board was replaced
by the National Science and Technology Authority under Executive Order No. 784.
 In 1986, during the Corazon Aquino’s presidency, the National Science and Technology Authority
was replaced by the Department of Science and Technology, giving science and technology a
representation in the cabinet.
 Under the Medium Term Philippine Development Plan for the years 1987-1992, science and
technology’s role in the economic recovery and sustained economic growth was highlighted.
 During the Corazon Aquino’s State of the Nation Address in 1990, she said that science and
technology development shall be one of the top three priorities of the government towards an
economic recovery.
 In August 8, 1988, Corazon Aquino created the Presidential Task Force for Science and
Technology which came up with the first Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP. The goal
of STMP was for the Philippines to achieve newly industrialized country status by the year 2000.
 The Congress did not put much priority in handling bills related to science and technology. The
Senate Committee on Science and Technology was one of the committees that handles the least
amount of bills for deliberation.
 Former Science and Technology secretary Ceferin Follosco reported that the budget allocation
for science and technology was increased to 1.054 billion pesos in 1989 from the previous year’s
464 million pesos.
 However, due to the Asian financial crisis, budget allocation for the years 1990 and 1991 were
trimmed down to 920 and 854 million pesos respectively. Budget allocation were increased to
1.7 billion pesos in 1992.

Intellectual Revolution that shaped the Society

 Pertains to the period of paradigm shifts or changes in the scientific beliefs that have been
widely embraced and accepted by the people.

Charles Darwin (February 12, 1809 – April 19, 1882)

 A naturalist and biologist known for his theory of evolution and process of natural selection.
 Author of the book On the Origin of Species (published 1858).
 “It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent that survives. It is
the one that is most adaptable to change”. 1809

Darwinian Revolution

 It introduces Charles Darwin’s ideas of natural selection that shows how the process wherein
organisms better adapted to the environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

 On 1831, he went on a voyage aboard the ship, HMS Beagle. It visited the coast and islands of
South America and Australia. Here, Darwin observed and collected a wide range of plants and
animals and observed and analyzed it.
  Darwin suggests that humans share a common ancestor which modern apes.
 The selection for traits depends on the most successful in the current environment.
 Natural Selection is a constant process. Environments change and therefore so do factors that
determine success of a population.

Social Effects of Darwinian Revolution

 Darwinian Revolution, particularly the theory of evolution has been influential in regards to
Social Darwinism, Nazism, Communism, and Racism.
 “The Germans were the higher race, destined for a glorius evolutionary future. For this reason,
the Jews should be segregated, otherwise mixed marriages would take place”. Richard Hickman
in his book Biocreation.
 Scientific Impact – The Darwinian Revolution (Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection) has
been widely accepted as our best scientific explanation of how life on earth works.

Nicolas Copernicus and The Heliocentric Model

1. The Celestial Spheres do not have one common center. The Earth is not at the center of everything.

2. Earth is not the center of the universe, only the center of gravity and the Lunar orbit. Only the Moon
orbits the Earth.

3. All the Spheres orbit the sun. “Spheres” means the planets.

4. Compared to the distance of the stars, the Earth to Sun distance is almost nonexistent. The stars are
very much farther away than the sun.

5. The motion of the stars is due to the Earth rotating on its axis.

6. The motion of the sun is the result of the Earth’s motions. (Rotation and Revolution).

7. The Retrograde and forward motions of planets is caused by the Earth’s motion. It is caused by the
fact that Earth’s orbit is a different length than the other planets.

The Copernican Model was not well accepted by scholars or the public. It violated the religious
teaching of the time.

Copernicus’ Book De Revolutionibus was published in 1543( The Year Copernicus Died).

It included an anonymous preface that stated that the new model was merely an aid to
calculation and suggested that Copernicus really did not believe it.

Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642)

 Italian Mathematician and Philospher.

 He performed experiments to test his ideas.
 He is regarded as the Father of Experimental Science.
  The telescope was invented in Holland (Hans Lippershey) early in the 17 th Century. Galileo heard
about it and although never having seen one made his own in 1609.
 With it he saw the mountains, valleys and craters of the moon; spots on the sun (which
eventually blinded Galileo); the phases of venus; and perhaps most significant: he saw 4 moons
orbiting Jupiter (known as the Galilean Moons).
 All these observations suggested that the Ptolemaic Model was wrong and the Copernican
Model was correct.
 Galileo published his findings in Siderius Nuncius (The Starry Messenger in 1610).
 This was a very risky action for Galileo. In 1600, Giordano Bruno was burned at the stake in
Rome for teaching that the Earth Orbited the Sun.
 In 1616, Copernicus’ works were banned by the Roman Church and Galileo was told to stop
researching and stating such nonsense.
 Galileo published a new book in 1632: Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems.
 Three people debating the Ptolemaic and Copernican Models. The Aristotelian wins, but his
arguments are obviously inferior. His name? Simplicio.
 Also, the book was written in Italian, not latin, so the common man could read this book. The
church was not amused.
 The inquisition forced Galileo, under threat of torture, to recant his claim that the Earth orbited
the Sun.
 He was placed under house arrest in 1633 and remained imprisoned until his death in 1642.

The fact that the Earth moves at all was proven by Parallax in the 19 th century.

From Aristarchus belief until actual proof took over 2000 years.

Copernican Principle – Earth is not special in a cosmological sense.

10/21/22

(Di raw kasama sa exam)