Big Picture A: Week 1-3: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO) : at The End of The Unit, You Are

DEPARTMENT OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION
Math and Sciences Discipline

Mabini St., Tagum City
Big Picture A
Week 1-3: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are
expected to:
a. Recall about the general concepts and historical developments from ancient
times in science, technology and society;
b. Identify inventions and discoveries that changed the world from Medieval/
Middle Ages to Modern Times;
c. Differentiate how the Intellectual Revolution changed the human perspective;
and
d. Described how early Filipinos applied scientific learning in different periods on
the development of science and technology affect the nation building.
Big Picture in Focus: ULO a. Recall about the general concepts

and historical developments from ancient times in science,
technology and society.
Metalanguage
In this section, the most essential terms relevant to the study of Science,
Technology ad Society and to demonstrate ULOa will be operationally defined to
establish a common frame of reference .As we learn the succeeding lesson of this
course You will encounter these terms so please refer to these definitions.
1. Science-This refers as the system of knowledge of the natural world
gained through the scientific method.
2. Technology-This refers to applied science.
3. Society -This refers to the aggregate of people living together in a more or
less ordered community.
4. Ancient -This refers to of a long time ago.
5. Civilization-This refers to a relatively high level of cultural and technological
development at which writing and the keeping of written records is
attained.
6. Time-This refers to the passing of years, months, weeks, days, hours.
7. Transportation-This refers to an act, process, or instance of transporting or
being transported.
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8. Communication-This refers to sharing and exchanging news or information.
9. Weapons-This refers to some device such as gun, dagger or sword with
which to fight, to injure, to defeat and to destroy
10. Engineering -the branch of science and technology concerned with the
design, building, and use of engines, machines, and structures.
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
The people in the Ancient times were able to discover and invent things that
would impact the lives of the millennial people. In this lesson we will tackle the
different major technological and scientific advancement during the Ancient times,
which include some of the great achievements of the early civilizations such as the
Sumerians, Babylonians, Egyptians, Greek, Roman, and Chinese.
Please note that you are not limited to exclusively refer to these resources.
Thus, you are expected to utilize other books, research articles and other resources
that are available in the university’s library e.g. ebrary, search.proquest.com etc.
ANCIENT TIMES
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION. Site of the earliest known civilization, located in the
southernmost part of Mesopotamia between Tigris and Euphrates rivers, in the are
that later became Babylonia and is now southern Iraq from around Baghdad to the
Persian Gulf. Sumerians are known for their high degree of cooperation but they are
not contented so with that they desire to develop many things and they left the world
a number of technological and cultural contribution including the following:
a. Cuneiform. Is a system of writing used in the ancient Middle East. The name
a coinage from Latin and Middle French roots meaning “wedge-shaped” has
been the modern designation from the early 18th century onward. It was the
most widespread and historically significant writing system in the Ancient
Middle East.
b. City of Uruk.It is considered as the first true city in the world and the way it
was erected brought a great wonder the fact that there were no building
stones in the location of this city and lumber was limited.The Sumerians
were able to build the city using only mud or clay from the river, which they
mixed with reeds,producing sun-baked bricks.
c. Ziggurat of Ur.it is also called the mountain of god, it was built without much
building materials, the structure was constructed using sun-baked bricks.. it
was considered as the sacred place of their chief god,where only their
priests were allowed to enter.
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d. Irrigation and Dikes. It was created to bring water to farmlands and at the
same time control the flooding of the rivers.the dikes and canals were able
enjoyed by the Sumerians for their year long farming and harvesting.
e. .Wheel. The first wheels were not made for transportation but for farm work
and food processes. Farmers were able to mill grains with less effort in less
time.
f. Plow. It was invented for the purpose of farm technology to easily dig the
earth in a faster pace. It breaks the ground, and the farmer would just drop
the seeds and farm work would easily done.It could also cultivate larger
parcels of land faster enabling them to mass produce food and can save
time and effort..
g. Roads . They made the roads with the same technology they used in making
the sun-baked bricks that they laid down on the ground.Bitumen was added
a black sticky substance similar to asphalt,to smoothen the roads.
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION. Babylon was the great city of the ancient world. It
was the capital of the kingdom of Babylonia and of two Babylonian empires. Babylon
stood on the banks of the Euphrates River near the modern city of Al Hillah in
Iraq.This location helped Babylon become an important trading post.The city also
served as the religious center of Babylonia; the world “Babylon” , means gate of
thegod.
a. Hanging Gardens of Babylon. It was considered as their major contribution
and one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. It was said to be that the
structure was made up of layers of gardens that contained several species of
plants,trees, and vines.It was built in honor of Queen Amytis wife of the great
Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar. If the stories were true it may be considered as
one of the greatest engineering and architectural achievements of the world that is
almost impossible to replicate.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION. Ancient Egypt can be thought of as an oasis in the
desert of northeastern Africa. Aside from pyramids the Egyptians have contributed
other practical things that the world considers as essential which includes the
following:
a. Paper or Papyrus.It is a writing material of ancient times and also the plant
from which it was derived. Cyperus papyrus ( family Cyperaceae) also called
paper plant. The papyrus plant was long cultivated in the Nile delta region in
Egypt and was collected for its stalk or stem, whose central pith was cut into
thin strips pressed together and dried to form a smooth, thin writing surface.
b. Ink. The Egyptians invented ink by combining soot with different chemicals
to produce inks of different colors. The ink must withstand the elements of
nature and must be tamper - proof since it was used to record history, culture
and codified laws .
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c. Hieroglyphics. It is from the Greek word for “sacred carving”a system that
employs characters in the form of pictures. This form of writing may be read
either as pictures, as symbols for pictures or as symbols for sounds. It was
also considered as the language that tells the modern world of the history and
culture of the ancient Egyptians.
d. Cosmetics. The earliest cosmetics known to archaeologists were In use in
Egypt in the fourth millennium BC as evidenced by the remains of artifacts
probably used for the application of scented unguents.They invented it for
both health and aesthetic reasons.They wore Kohl around the eyes to prevent
and even cure eye diseases , it was created by mixing soot or malachite with
mineral galena
e. Wig. The wearing of wigs dates from the earliest recorded times that the
ancient Egyptians shaved their heads and wore wigs to protect themselves
from the harmful rays of the sun.
f. Water Clock/Clepsydra. It was an ancient device for measuring time by the
gradual flow of water . The vessel was filled with water that was allowed to
escape through a hole and the time was read from graduated lines on the
interior measuring the level of the remaining water.
GREEK CIVILIZATION. Greece lies at the junction of Europe, Asia and Africa.The
Greek landscape is conspicuous not only for its rugged beauty but also for its
complexity and variety.It is known as the birthplace of western philosophy and
mathematics. They contributed much to the world especially in the fields of science
and technology which includes the following:
a. Alarm Clock. The ancient Greek’s alarm clocks used large complicated
mechanisms to time the alarm. They made use of water or sometimes small
stones or sand that dropped into drums which sounded the alarm. It was
taken from the idea of Plato wherein he used four water vessel lined up vertically.
The upper vessel supplied the water which dropped to the vessel below it,
which was set to be filled in a given time. After it was full, water was siphoned
off at a faster rate into the third vessel which would cause the expulsion of
contained air, creating a whistling noise. Afterwards, this vessel would empty
towards the bottom vessel for storage and reuse.
b. Water Mill. It was considered as one important contribution in which it was
used in agricultural processes like milling of grains which was a necessary
form of food processing during that time.
ROMAN CIVILIZATION. Rome must be considered one of the most successful
imperial powers in history. Romans achieved greatness in their military, political and
social institutions with that they are considered a cradle of politics and governance
during that period. Furthermore there were a lot of discoveries and inventions still
relevant today which includes the following:
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a. Newspaper . Gazettes was the first newspaper which known to be one
of the major contribution in which it contained announcement that
needed the attention of the Roman citizen to know.
b. Bound Books or Codex. The Romans developed the form from wax
tablets. The gradual replacement of the scroll by the codex has been
called the most important advance in book making before the invention
of the printing press. The codex transformed the shape of the book itself,
and offered a form that has lasted to the present day .The earlier covers
were made of wax but were later on replaced by animal skin which
proved to be stronger and longer lasting.
c. Roman Architecture It is one of the greatest visual contributions of the
ancient Roman. Until now ,Roman architecture was still regarded as
pioneering since the Romans were able to adapt new building and
engineering technology on architectural designs established in the
past.In terms of famous architectural design is the Roman Forum, also
known by its Latin name Forum Romanum, is a rectangular forum
surrounded by the ruins of several important ancient government
buildings at the center of the city of Rome.The Roman Forum's size
was 170 meters by 250 meters. Most of the structures built at
the Roman Forum were constructed during Julius Caesar's reign and
during Augustus, his successor's reign.Today, the Roman Forum is a
popular tourist attraction. Visitors can get a first-hand look at the ancient
ruins and architectural fragments that were left behind.
d. Roman Numerals. Roman Empire was expanding , to maintain its
power the Romans devised their own number system and also to
address the need for a standard counting method that would meet their
increasing communication and trade concerns Roman numerals are a
numeral system that originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual
way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle
Ages. Numbers in this system are represented by combinations of letters
from the Latin alphabet. Today Roman numeral is no longer widely used
due to its inherent limitations.
CHNESE CIVILIZATION. Is an East Asian country with a large territory, a huge
population and an ancient history. With written records dating back 4,000 years, it is
recognized as one of the four great ancient civilizations of the world, together with
ancient Egypt, Babylon and India. China has been the source of many innovations,
scientific discoveries and inventions. This includes the following Four Great
Inventions:
a. Silk. It is considered as the one of the things that continuously tied Far
East China to the world. Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of
which can be woven into textiles. The protein fiber of silk is composed
mainly of fibroin and is produced by certain insect larvae to form
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cocoons. The best-known silk is obtained from the cocoons of the larvae
of the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori reared in captivity.
b. Tea Production.Tea has played a central role in several important
historical events.Chinese people took tea because it symbolize loyalty,
love, and the expectation of a happily married life.
c. Great Wall of China. It is often cited as the only human-made structure
visible from space, Over 2,000 years, many imperial dynasties and
kingdoms built, rebuilt, and extended walls many times that
subsequently eroded. The latest imperial construction was performed by
the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), and the length was then over 6,000
kilometers (3,700 miles).The Great Wall easily required the greatest
human effort of any ancient construction! 100 million tonnes of bricks,
stone, and soil were transported and assembled by millions of
soldiers, peasants, prisoners, and animals using basic rope, wood,
and basket systems on remote terrain ranging from parched desert to
steep mountain ridges.
d. Gunpowder. It was invented by Chinese alchemists in the 9th century
who aimed to achieve immortality Originally, it was made by mixing
elemental sulfur, charcoal, and saltpeter (potassium nitrate) with the
purpose of creating an elixir of life , but unfortunately they accidentally
invented a black powder a deflagrating explosive. It is very sensitive to
flame and spark and can also be ignited by friction and impact.
The following images will help you visualize the different contribution during
Ancient civilization to middle ages.
ANCIENT TIMES
Sumerian Civilization
Cuneiform
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City of Uruk
Ziggurat of Ur
Sumerian irrigation ad dikes

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Mesopotamian wheel
Mesopotamian sailboat
Sumerian plow
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Construction of Sumerian Road
Babylonian Civilization
Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Egyptian Civilization
Paper or Papyrus Papyrus leaves

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Ink ( soot of
leaves )
Hieroglyphics
Egyptian cosmetics and Kohl
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Egyptian Wig
Water Clock/ Clepsydra
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Greek Civilization
Plato’s alarm clock and illustration
Watermill
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Roman Civilization
Roman Newspaper or Roman Gazette
Bound Books or Codex
Roman Forum in Italy
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Roman Clock with Roman Numerals
Chinese Civilization
Silk Weaving and Silk Production
Tea Production
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The Great Wall of China
China Gunpowder
Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson:
*Daniel Joseph Mc Namara,SJ et al (2018) Science, Technology and Society C&E

Publishing Inc.
*Chancellor Press (2002 reprinted 2004)ISBN0-75370-446-3 “Tell Me Where”
produced by Omnipress.Eastbourne Printed in China
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DEPARTMENT OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION

Math and Sciences Discipline

Big Picture in Focus: ULO a. Recall about the general concepts

Sumerian irrigation ad dikes

Construction of Sumerian Road

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Paper or Papyrus Papyrus leaves

Egyptian cosmetics and Kohl

Water Clock/ Clepsydra

Plato’s alarm clock and illustration

Roman Newspaper or Roman Gazette

Bound Books or Codex

Roman Forum in Italy

Roman Clock with Roman Numerals

Silk Weaving and Silk Production

The Great Wall of China

*Daniel Joseph Mc Namara,SJ et al (2018) Science, Technology and Society C&E

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