SCIENCE

- it is from Latin word "scientia" meaning knowledge

- it is a systematic knowledge or a practice that means you
have a procedure to follow.
- a system of acquiring knowledge based on a
scientific method.
1. Identify problem/formulate a question
2. Do a background research WHAT IS SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND
3. Construct a hypothesis (assumption/educated guess SOCIETY?
& should be based on facts) - It is a relatively young field that combines previously
4. Test with an experiment or observation or independent and older disciplines, such as History of
survey or interview Science, Philosophy of Science, and Sociology and Science.
5. If the procedures are working, analyze the data - applies methods drawn from history…
(statistical treatment) - also bridge the gap of humanities and natural sciences
6. If not, check if there’s a troubleshoot because of opposing perspectives (e. g. religion)
7. Conclusions (check if results are aligned with the - the study of how social, political, and cultural values
hypothesis) affect scientific research and technological innovations, and
8. If aligned, communicate the results how these in turn affect society, politics, and culture.
- organized body of knowledge, gained through research
- it is a human attempt to understand the natural world, with
or without concern, for practical uses of that knowledge (ex.
gravity)
- science tries to discover facts and relationship and then
tries to create theories (quantitative testable prediction) that
makes sense of this facts and relationship

TECHNOLOGY
- came from two Greek words
"techne" means skill, craftsmanship, art. "logos"
means discourse or reason
- it is the human attempt to change the world (ex.
online class)
- as a human activity, technology is on the same level as art,
politics, economics, and the like.
ANCIENT TIMES
- technology involves tools techniques and procedures for
In the ancient times, the primary concern are transportation
putting the findings of science to practical uses
and navigation, communication and record-keeping, mass
(ex. rice cooker)
production, security and protection, as well as health,
aesthetics, and architecture.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
- Science explores for the purpose of knowing while
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
Technology explores for the purpose of making something
Sumeria is located in the southernmost tip of
useful from that knowledge (ex. science creates principle
ancient Mesopotamia, now known as Iraq. Sumerians are
laws, and technology implements it)
known for their high degree of cooperation with others and
their desire for great things. They are not contented with the
SOCIETY
basic things that life can offer.
- came from the latin word “societas" means a friendly
1. Cuneiform is considered as the first writing system
association with others
developed by Sumerians. A system that utilizes word
- a large or a small group who live together in an organized
pictures and triangular symbols which are carved on clay
way, making decisions about how to do things, and sharing
using wedge instruments and then left to dry. This allowed
the work that needs to be done
Sumerians to keep records of things with great historical
value of their everyday life.
2. Uruk City is considered to be the first true city in the
world. Built by Sumerians using only mud or clay from the
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE,
river, which they mixed with reeds, producing sun-baked
TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY
bricks. Bricks are used to make houses that
protected them from the harsh weather and to build a wall
around the city that prevented wild animals and neighboring
raiders from entering.
3. The Great Ziggurat of Ur is also called as the
“Mountain of god”. It was built in the same manner that
Sumerians constructed the City of Uruk using sun-
baked bricks. It served as the sacred place of their chief god,
where only their priests were allowed to enter.
4. Irrigation and Dikes are created by Sumerians to bring
water to farmlands and at the same time control the flooding
in the rivers. This was considered as one of the world’s most
beneficial engineering works. This enable Sumerians to
enjoy year-long farming and harvesting, which increased
their food production.
5. Sailboats are primarily used by Sumerians for
transportation through their waterways such as rivers and
seas. Used to carry large quantities of products and were
able to cover large distances.
6. Wheel was invented by Sumerians for farm work and
food processing. Farmers were able to mill with less effort
in less time. 7. Plow was invented by Sumerians to dig the
earth in a faster pace. This enable farmers could cultivate
larger parcels of land faster, enabling them to mass produce
food without taking so much effort and time.
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris
and Euphrates Rivers. Babylonians are great builders,
engineers, and architects
1. Hanging Gardens of Babylon was a structure said to
be made up of layers of gardens that contained several
species of plants, trees, and vines. It was said to be built by
the great Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II for his wife
Queen Amytis. However, no physical evidence has been
found to prove its existence and its exact location. Some
said this is a product of the creative imagination of the great
King. If it really existed it may be considered as one of the
greatest engineering and architectural achievements of the
world that is almost impossible to replicate.
2. Tower of Babel In biblical literature, it is a structure
built in the land of Shinar (Babylonia). The story of its
construction appears to explain the existence of diverse
human languages. According to Genesis, the Babylonians
wanted to make a name for themselves by building a
mighty city and a tower with its top in the heavens. God
disputed the work by so confusing the language of the
workers that they could no longer understand one another.
The city was never completed, and the people were
dispersed over the face of the earth.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
Another early civilization famous for its legacy
located in North Africa. Aside from engineering
technology, the Egyptians have contributed other practical
things that the world now considers as essential.
1. Paper or Papyrus. Invented by Egyptians since clay
tablets were heavy to transport and not convenient for safe-
keeping. Papyrus was a plant that grew abundantly along the
Nile River in Egypt. This invention was a major
accomplishment in Egyptian record-keeping and
communications.
2. Ink. Invented by Egyptians since they ceased to use clay
tablets and invented the papyrus. Made by combining soot
with different chemicals to produce inks with different
colors.
3. Hieroglyphics. Writing system developed by
Egyptians which uses symbols. Egyptians believed that this
writing system was provided to them by the gods.
4. Cosmetics. Invented by Egyptians for health and
aesthetic reasons. Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes to
prevent and even cure eye diseases. Kohl was created by
mixing soot or malachite with mineral galena. Egyptians
believed that a person wearing make-up was protected from
evil and that beauty was a sign of holiness.
5. Wig. Another cosmetic invention of ancient Egyptians.
During the ancient times, wigs were worn for health and
wellness rather than for aesthetic purposes. The wigs were
used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptians
from harmful rays of the sun. It was considered cleaner than
natural hair because it prevented the accumulation of head
lice.
6. Water Clock/Clepsydra. This device utilizes gravity
that affects the flow of water from one vessel to the other.
The amount of water (or its height, depending on the
method used) remaining in the device determines how much
time has elapsed since it is full. It is widely used as a
timekeeping device during the ancient times.
-hieroglyphics
-toothpaste and breath mints
-sinduals(clock)
-papyrus
- bowling
-paper(papyrus) and ink
-make up and wigs
-barbers
-Police
-calendar and time keeping
-medicines
-great pyramid of Giza
-statue of imhotep
-mummification
GREEK CIVILIZATION
Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of
Europe and known as the birthplace of eastern
philosophy. Some of the major achievements of the Greeks
include in-depth works on philosophy and mathematics.
1. Alarm Clock. Alarm clock during ancient times is used
to tell the individual when to stop or when to start. Greek’s
alarm clocks used large complicated mechanisms to time the
alarm. They made use of water (or sometimes small stones
or sand) that dropped into drums which sounded the alarm.
Plato was believed to have utilized an alarm clock to signal
the start of his lecture. Plato’s version of alarm clock used
four vessels lines up vertically. The upper vessel supplied
the water which dropped to the vessel below it, which was
set to be filled in a given time. After it was full, water was
siphoned off at a faster rate into the third vessel which
would cause the expulsion of contained air, creating a
whistling noise. Afterwards, thus vessel would empty
towards the bottom vessel for storage and reuse.
2. Water Mill. It was considered as one of the most
important contributions of the Greek civilization to the
world. Commonly used in agricultural processes like milling
of grains which was necessary form of food processing
during that time. Because of this, the mass production or
rice, cereals, flours, and the like became common. Greeks
only required access to rivers or flowing water where a
mechanism of a large wheel with small “buckets” of water
attached to it could be installed.
3. Paper maps
4. Green architecture
5. 3 pillars of architecture
ROMAN CIVILIZATION
Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest
political and social entity in the west. Considered to be the
cradle of politics and governance during that period and
looked up by other civilizations as their model in terms of
legislation and codified laws.
1. Newspaper. One of the major contributions of the
Romans. Known as “Gazettes”, this contained
announcements of the Roman Empire to the people.
Gazettes were engraved in metal or stone tablets and then
publicly displayed. With the advent of the paper minutes of
the proceedings of the Roman senate were done in
shorthand. These
documents were edited and published on the same day that
they were recorded.
2. Bound Books or Codex. Record-keeping was much
easier since paper did not easily break, was lightweight, and
did not occupy much space. This has resulted the
civilizations to become fond of record-keeping,
especially documenting historical events and newly
legislated laws. It was believed that Julius Caesar started the
tradition of stacking up papyrus to form pages of a book.
Later on, they were able to provide covers to protect the
papyrus. The earlier covers were made of wax but were
later on
replaced by animal skin which proved to be stronger and
longer-lasting. With the papyrus pages bound together and
covered by animal skin, the ancient Roman Empire was able
to produce the first books or codex.
3. Roman Architecture. One of the most visual
contribution of the ancient Roman Empire to the world.
Considered as the continuation of Greek architecture, hence,
the resemblance. Roman architecture was regarded as
pioneering since the Romans were able to adapt new
building and engineering technology on architectural
designs. This development in the field of engineering and
architecture was fully supported and funded by the Roman
government so they were able to implement major projects
such as large churches (cathedrals and basilicas), aqueducts,
coliseums, amphitheaters, and even residential houses.
4. Roman Numerals. Devised by Romans to address the
need for a standard counting method that would meet their
increasing communication and trade concerns. Not widely
used at present due to its inherent limitations, however,
quite a number of enthusiasts would still use it over more
popular number systems, like the Hindu-Arabic system
5. Arch
6. Concrete road
7. Aqueduct
8. Calendar (now, the calendar that we use is called
Gregorian calendar)
CHINESE CIVILIZATION
Considered as the oldest civilization in Asia, if not
the world. Famous among other ancient civilizations
because of its silk trade.
1. Silk. Chinese developed technology to harvest the silk,
naturally produced by silkworms, and process it to produce
paper and clothing. Silk production resulted in the creation
of a product for trade. This has opened China to the outside
world, making way for cultural, economic, and scientific
exchanges.
2. Tea Production. Tea is a beverage produced by
pouring hot or boiling water over crushed or shredded dried
tea leaves. It was believed that the first tea was drunk by a
Chinese emperor. Tea production was developed when an
unknown Chinese inventor created a machine that was able
to shred tea leaves into strips. This machine was done using
a wheel-based mechanism with sharp edges attached to a
wooden or ceramic pot. This has made China known for tea
exports aside from silk products.
3. Great Wall of China. Once considered as the only
man-made structure that can be seen from the outer space. It
is said to be the largest and most expensive infrastructures
that the nation built. It was constructed to keep out foreign
invaders and control the borders of China. Made with stone,
brick, wood, earth, and other minerals, it showcased the
extent of Chinese engineering technology at that time.
4. Gun Powder. One of the most interesting inventions in
China. Originally developed by Chinese alchemists who
aimed to achieve “elixir of life” or immortality, but instead
they accidentally invented a black powder that could
generate large amounts of heat and gas in an instant. Made
by mixing charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate. Also used
by Chinese for fireworks during important celebration in
China.
5. Umbrella - for ceremonial purposes, then later
evolved to become a shelter from the sun and rain. First
umbrellas started to be made from silk, paper, mulberry
bark, and bamboo.
6. Paper - Listed as a Chinese national intangible
cultural heritage.
MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES
The start of the middle ages was marred by massive
invasions and migrations and wars were prevalent. Trade
and commerce among nations increased, which resulted in
greater demands for transportation technology. Also known
as the “Age of Exploration”.
1. Printing Press. Johan Gutenberg was able to invent
the printing press, a more reliable way of printing using a
cast type. He utilized wooden machines that extracted juices
from fruits, attached to them a metal impression of the
letters, and pressed firmly the cast metal into a piece of
paper, which then made an exact impression on paper. This
general invention soon evolved to be the mechanical
printing press which was eventually used all over the world.
This invention addressed the need for publishing books that
would spread information to many people at a faster rate.
2. Microscope. Zacharias Janssen was able to develop
the first compound microscope guided by the principles
used for the invention of eyeglasses. With this device,
people were able to observe organisms that were normally
unseen by the naked eye. The microscope was key in
discovering new means in preventing and curing various
illnesses.
3. Telescope. An optical instrument that helps in the
observation of remote objects.This helped navigators during
this time to see far and wide to avoid dangers in the sea.
Together with telescope, the invention of the compass, oars,
and rudders made sea travelling easier and faster.
4. War Weapons. Great development in the weaponry
technology occurred during this time. Weapons were
developed as offensive tools and as defensive tools. For
open-area battles, people developed cross bows and long
bows so that they could attack the enemies at long ranges.
Creation of iron body armors addressed the need to protect
soldiers during close range hand-to-hand combats.
However, body armors are heavy and limited soldiers’
movement. This problem
was eventually addressed by the invention of the
chainmail.
MODERN TIMES
Due to the booming world population, the demand
for goods, transportation, communication, etc. increased.
This has marked by development of industries during this
time. Food processing and medicine posed some of the
bigger challenges since health was of great concern.
1. Pasteurization. Louis Pasteur, a French biologist,
microbiologist, and chemist, found a way to solve the
problem on keeping the manufactured food from
deteriorating, especially dairy products. He invented
Pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill
the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. Other
contributions of Pasteur includes his works on molecular
asymmetry, fermentation, and vaccination.
2. Petroleum Refinery. Modern times demanded better
means of powering homes and transportation. At first,
people used animal oils for generating light to illuminate
their homes. However, the production of animal oils could
not keep up with the demand. Samuel M. Kier was able to
invent kerosene by refining petroleum. Kerosene was later
on referred as the“Illuminating Oil” because it was used at
first to provide lighting to homes and later applied for
heating purposes. The development of kerosene established
the petroleum refinery industry.
3. Telephone. It was considered as one of the most
important invention of that time, Alexander Graham Bell
developed telephone. This addressed the need of
communication system which would allow the government
to administer their states well.
4. Calculator. Modern times required a faster way to
compute more complicated equations. The creation of
modern calculators did not only pave the way for easier
arithmetic calculations, but also resulted in the development
of more complex processing machines like the computer.
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
Despite being considered as a developing country,
the Philippines also contributed to the global advancement
of science and technology. Since the Philippines is known to
be one of the most vulnerable countries in terms of natural
disasters, many of the discoveries and inventions made by
Filipinos were therefore built from indigenous materials or
crafted to adapt to the harsh tropical environment.
LIST OF PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
● Salamander Amphibious Tricycle
● Karaoke
● 16-bit microchips
● Coconut oil-fueled power generator Medical incubator
● Salt lamp
● Erythromycin –Ilosone
● Yoyo
 ● Videophone
● iIduced mango flowering (chemical spraying)
● DeBCC Cream Charles Darwin
● Quink – ink - an English Scientist
● Fermented Fish Sauce - Famous works, Origin of Species and Decent of Man, which discussed his
● Macapuno ideas on the evolution of species and mankind.
● E-Jeepney
Factors of Natural Selection
● Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal (OL) Trap
● Methods of Controlling Leprosy V Variation
● Banana Catsup O Overproduction
● Game of the Generals S Survival of the Fittest
● Coconet H Heritability
● Eco-G3000, a low-cost, low maintenance fuel-emission
reduction device designed to reduce vehicular gas consumption
and toxic emission.
VARIATION
INTELLECTUAL - Those organisms with heritable traits better suited to the environment will
REVOLUTIONS THAT reach maturity and survive
DEFINED SOCIETY
OVERPRODUCTION
What is Intellectual Revolution? - more organisms are produced that can actually survive.
- can be defined as the historical changers in the thoughts, beliefs and social
institutions due to new ideas and principle SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
- according to Darwin. It is not the strongest of the species that
What is Scientific Revolution? survives, nor the most intelligent, but the most responsive to change
- is when science and technology are the center of an intellectual revolution.
- refers to the historical period when science became more important and HERITABILITY
influential during the Middle Ages. - Changes in the organisms brought by the environment will be inherited by
their offspring.
FRE FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
CO COPERNICAN REVOLUTION Charles Darwin
D DARWIN REVOLUTION - He also suggested that humans are not so different versus other organisms-
that humans, crabs, dogs, trees, worms and other organisms are equal. They
are all species.

Sigmund Freud
- Austrian neurologist
- He was credited for psychoanalysis, theory on psychosexual development,
dream interpretation and the id, ego and superego.

ID
THE UNCONSCIOUS PART OF THE MIND.
MEETS BASIC NEEDS AND SEEKS TO BRING
US PLEASURE.

Claudius Ptolemy EGO

- stated that planets, as well as the sun and the moon move IS A CONSCIOUS PART OF THE MIND.
in a circular motion around the Earth. IS AWARE OF REALITY
HOW DO WE GET DONE WHAT THE ID
COPERNICAN WANTS?
REVOLUTION
SUPEREGO
Nicholaus Copernicus THE UNCONSCIOS PART OF THE MIND
- an astronomer and mathematician THAT ACTS AS OUR CONSCIENCE.
CONCERNED WITH MORALITY.
- His heliocentric model of the universe proposed that the sun is the center of
the universe.
Sigmund Freud
- Opposed the geocentric model of Ptolemy and Aristotle and supported by
- He proposed psychoanalysis as a scientific method to understand the mind.
the Church
He is considered revolutionary because he changed how society viewed the
human self.
First, before and during the time of Copernicus, astrology is more
important than astronomy. - Rejected the idea from Enlightenment that humans are rational and can
In Astrology, the Earth was considered a powerful, extraordinary celestial control his emotions and drives through reasoning.
body that is the center of the universe - Interpretation of dreams, Dreams are connected to one's experiences. They
are somehow products of the unconscious mind that are based on
Second, it laid the foundation for succeeding scientists to do revolutionary unfulfilled wishes.
things. His successors were Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler and Galileo
Galilei.

Tycho Brahe
• created detailed mathematical tables that astronomers used for centuries
• stablished the positions of 1,000 fixed stars HUMAN FLOURISHING:

Johannes Kepler BASED ON ANCIENT GREEK

• Kepler's First Law states that planets move in PHILOSOPHERS'S PERSPECTIVE
elliptical paths around the Sun
• He said that planets move proportionally faster in their orbits when they are WHAT IS HUMAN FLOURISHING?
closer to the Sun
- The Greek Philosophers called a flourishing life eudaimonia.
Galileo Galilei - Eudaimonia is usually equated with happiness.
• He was the first to report telescopic observations of the mountains on the
moon, the moons of Jupiter, the phases of Venus, and the rings of Saturn.
WHAT MAKES YOU HAPPY?
 THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE
HAPPINESS - the knowledge about the nature of principles.
In Psychology, happiness is a mental or emotional state of well-being PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE
which can be defined by, among others, positive or pleasant emotions
- the knowledge of applying these principles.
ranging from contentment to intense joy.

To behaviorists, happiness is a cocktail of emotions we experience when we

The Human Person Flourishing in Terms of Science and Technology
do something good or positive.
WHAT DO YOU THINK IS THE ROLE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN HUMAN FLOURISHING?
To neurologists, happiness is the experience of a blood of hormones
released in the brain as a reward for behavior that prolongs survival.
SCIENCE
IS HAPPINESS A DESTINATION OR A JOURNEY? - comparable to theoretical knowledge
- explains the nature or principles behind an object, event or phenomenon
The Hedonistic view of well-being is that happiness is the polar positive of
suffering; the presence of happiness indicates the absence of pain. TECHNOLOGY
Because of this, hedonists believe that the purpose of life is to maximize - comparable to practical knowledge
happiness which minimizes misery.
- applies the theoretical knowledge i order to have an output.
Eudaimonia defines happiness as the pursuit of becoming a better person.
Through Science, the antibiotic nature of Penicillium notatum was
Eudaimonists do this by challenging themselves intellectually or by
discovered.
engaging in activities that make them spiritually richer people.
Through Technology, the penicillin medicine was developed and provided
cure to many diseases.
WHAT IS HUMAN FLOURISHING?
For Plato, all human beings naturally desire eudaimonia. He believed that
Progress in Science and Technology had many positive impacts on human
in order to flourish, one must have moral thought and virtuous action. In
life such as the following:
this case, virtue is referred to as excellence.
- made work easier, efficient or practical
- made us happy or entertained
IF HAVING A VIRTUE IS NEEDED IN ORDER TO FLOURISH,
- kept us healthy and safe
HOW DOES ONE DEVELOP VIRTUE?
- helped to address social issues and concerns
- helped in the development of human talent and abilities
1. By examining things and thinking more
- a human being who does not examine his/her life and surroundings will not Technological development also caused pollution. Pollution in turn caused
flourish. diseases that caused lives.
2. By masterly using reason Technologies such as nuclear weapons also caused the extermination of
- a human if he or she uses his or her reason over his desires. humans.

3. By living the four cardinal virtues

- Wisdom
- Courage
THE ROLES OF S&T IN PHILIPPINE NATION BUILDING
- Temperance 1. S&T discoveries, inventions and innovations brought about the
- Justice growth of industries and enterprises that eventually led to the rise of
the cities.
For the virtue of wisdom, one must pursue learning that is based on
curiosity. This would lead to more efficacy and self-mastery which are 2. Outputs in the study of S&T include more, new improved and rapidly
needed to have a fulfilling life. produced products to meet the demand of the people.

3. Provide driving force to the computer, information and

Courage is important in a just society because justice needs courageous
individuals to stand for what is right and to correct what is wrong.
4.
Temperance or self-restraint is important in society because it prevents
corruption and chaos. 5.
communication Technology (ICT)
Discovery, development and promotion of various kind of medicines
Science discoveries and technology innovations have made life easier.

EXAMPLE ON HOW S&T HELPED IN NATION BUILDING

WHAT IS HUMAN FLOURISHING?
• Development of Agricultural Systems
Aristotle argued that eudaimonia or human flourishing is the highest • Improvement of Educational System
good of human beings. • Improvement of Transportation
• Improvement of Communication
Human nature has four aspects: physical, emotional social and rational

1. HUMANS ARE PHYSICAL BEINGS Small & Medium Enterprise Technology Upgrading Program
- As physical beings, humans need air, water, food, rest and exercise to keep (SETUP)
the body functioning
a nationwide strategy to encourage and assist SMEs to adopt technological
2. HUMANS ARE EMOTIONAL BEING innovations to improve their operations and thus boost their productivity
- Like other animals, humans have urges, wants, desires and reactions. and competitiveness.
Humans have emotional needs too.
A total of 20, 635 technology interventions and 773 projects were funded.
3. HUMANS ARE SOCIAL BEING It also produced 42, 853 jobs, 8.344 billion gross sales and 41%
- As social beings, it is inherent that humans needs friendships, cooperation, productivity increase.
and a sense of belongingness in society

4. HUMANS ARE RATIONAL BEING Forest Products Research and Development

- Rationality is what differentiates humans from other animals. It allows conducts research on wood products, rubber, paper, pulp, and other forest
human to express, be creative or obey reason products

TWO TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE Project Noah

a government-funded project that is currently administered by the
 University of the Philippines.

Philippine Space Program

The program is mandated under Republic Act 7687 or the Science and
Technology act of 1994

DOST Scholarship Program

The program is mandated under Republic Act 7687 or the Science and
Technology act of 1994

Philippine Science High School (PSHS)

provides free secondary education to young filipino who have high aptitude
for S & T through PSHS.

Starbooks

a digital library containing science materials which can be accessed by

educational institutions offline.

Conclusion

• S&T is important in Philippine nation building.

• It helps the nation address problems such as those related to natural
disasters, food security, climate change etc.
• It also helps the country achieve its development goals.
• It is important that the government continues to support S&T through
policies and program the benefit the different sectors of the society.