s“Science, Technology and Society”

Scientific Inquiry
SCIENCE
- is a thoughtful and coordinated attempt to
- is based on the premise that our senses, and search out, describe, explain and predict
extensions of those senses through the use of natural phenomena.
instruments, can give us accurate information - progresses through a continuous process of
about the Universe. questioning, data collection, analysis and
- follows very specific "rules" and its results
are always subject to testing and, if
necessary, revision.
- Even with such constraints, science does not
exclude, and often benefits from, creativity
and imagination.
- It relies on evidence from the natural world
and this evidence is examined and interpreted
through logic

What is the purpose of Science?

- The purpose of science is to learn about our
world, our universe.

SCIENCE AS A PROCESS
- Scientific ideas are developed through
reasoning.
- Scientific claims are based on testing
explanations against observations of the
natural world and rejecting the ones that fail
the test.
- Scientific claims are subject to peer review
and replication.
Scientific Method (The scientific method has five
basic)
1. Make an observation.
2. Ask a question.
3. Form a hypothesis, or testable explanation.
4. Make a prediction based on the hypothesis.
5. Test the prediction.
6. Iterate: use the results to make new
hypotheses or predictions.
Is it a fixed Method?
- Most scientific thinking, whether done while
jogging, in the shower, in a lab, or while
excavating a fossil, involves continuous
observations, questions, multiple hypotheses,
and more observations.
- It seldom "concludes" and never "proves."
interpretation.
- requires the sharing of findings and ideas for
critical review by colleagues and other
scientists.
Division of Sciences
The natural taxonomy of the empirical sciences
would break the sciences down into three basic
groups:
 the physical sciences (physics, astronomy,
chemistry, geology, metallurgy)
 the biological sciences (zoology, botany,
genetics, paleontology, molecular biology,
physiology)
 the psychological sciences (psychology,
sociology, anthropology, maybe economics).
 The scale of the Universe mapped to
branches of science and showing how one
system is built atop the next through the
hierarchy of the Sciences
TECHNOLOGY
- Greek words meaning ‘art or craft’ and
‘subject or interest’
 - Products- of imagination, of thought - The acient samerians, the “black headed
processes, redesigning ones” lived in the southern part of what is
- Purpose- quality of life now Iraq
Sumerian Civilization
Interaction among science, technology, and
society - The Sumerian were characteristically
inventive, and are likely to have been
responsible for the development of the first
writing.
- Before 3000 BCE sumerians were recording
their language using simple pictures. They
wrote on tablets of clay, later evolving the
script that to us is known as cuneiform, or
wedge-shaped
- Book keeping and very detailed records on
clay tablets of offering, rations, taxes, and
How important is Science to society? agricultural work were features of Sumerian
What makes technology essential to humanity? life.
- They were energetic farmers, traders, and
Concerns during the Ancient Times sailors
 Transportation - Their religion recognize many gods, rituals
 Navigation as well as parties were enlivened by skillful
 Communication harpist and singers, and summeria musical
 Record keeping instrument have been excavated by modern
 Mass production Security and archaeologist
 protection
 Health URUK CITY
 Aesthetics - Uruk was the first major city in sumer built
 Architecture in the 5th century BC
At this present time, what is the society’s main - Is considered one of the largest Sumerian
settlements and most important religious
concern which utilizes science as well as centers in Mesopotamia
technology? - It was continuously inhabited from about
5000 BC up to the 5th century ad
THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF Ur
- Ziggurat or mountain of God
- Constructed using the sun-baked bricks
- Sacred place, only their priest were allowed
to enter
ACIENT CIVILIZATION - The temple showcases the elaborate and
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION intricate Sumerian architecture and
remarkable technology used to build it
Sumerian and Mesopotamia
IRRIGATION AND DIKES
- The heartland of Summer lay between the
Euphrates and tigris rivers, in what the greeks - Build to bring water to farm lands
later called mesophotamia - To control flooding of rivers
 - Considered as one of the world’s beneficial
engineer works
- Year-long farming and increased food
production
SAILBOATS
- Main mode of transportation was tru
waterways
- Used to carry lagre quantities of products for
trading
- To cover large distances
WHEEL AND PLOW
- For farm works and food processes
- To dig the earth in a faster pace, so as to
plant and seeds
ROADS
- To travel faster and easier
- Made of sun-baked bricks laid on the ground,
used bitumen, a black sticky substance
similar to asphalt
OTHER INVETION
- Cylinder seal is a small round cylinder with
figurative scenes or written characters or both
etched on them
- Invented around 3500 BC in southern
Mesopotamia, they were used as an
administrative tool, a form of signature,
jewelry and a magical amulets
COOPER FABRICATION
- Sumerians used cooper in making heads of
arrows, razors, harpoons and many other
small object
TIME
- The Sumerian did the astronomical
calculation in the base 60 system. Their work
was appreciated and accepted throughout
Eurasia
LUNAR CALENDAR
- Sumerian was the first to develop lunar
calendar
- Entirely based on the recurrence of lunar
phases which means the phases of the moons
were used to count the 12 months
NUMERAL SYSTEM
- Known as sexagesimal
- They started using a small clay cones to
denote the number one
Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science
and Technology: Babylonian and Egyptian
Civilization
Babylonian Civilization
 Emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates
Rivers
 the ancient city of Babylon served for nearly
two millennia as a center of
Mesopotamian civilization
 The term Babylon is thought to derive from
bav-il or bav-ilim which, in the Akkadian
language of the time, meant ‘Gate of God’
or `Gate of the Gods’ and `Babylon’
coming from Greeks.
Babylon, the jewel of the ancient world
 Babylon’s history truly begins with
Hammurabi, an Amorite prince, who
began his reign over the city in 1792 B.C.
 Through war and diplomacy, Hammurabi
subdued all of Mesopotamia under
Babylonian rule by 1755 B.C.
 His empire stretched from Syria to the
Persian Gulf. Hammurabi called his empire
Babylonia.
 Then, it was restored by Nebuchadnezzar,
then conquered by Cyrus, this city was
both desired and despised, placing it at
the center stage of the dawn of history.
 Babylon intrigued Greek and Roman
writers, who added to the rich store of
legends that have come down to the present
day.
 The Greek historian Herodotus wrote about
Babylon in the fifth century B.C. A number
of inconsistencies in his account have led
many scholars to believe that he never
traveled there and that his text may be closer
to hearsay than historical fact.
  Popular tales of Babylon’s fantastic
structures, like the Tower of Babel and the
Hanging Gardens, may also be products
of legends and confusion.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
 One of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
 From the stories of historians and paintings,
it is a structure made up of layers upon
layers of gardens that contained several
species of plants, trees, and vines
 The Hanging Gardens were the fabled
gardens which adorned the capital of the
NeoBabylonian Empire
 built by its greatest king Nebuchadnezzar
II (r. 605-562 BCE) for his wife, Queen
Amytis.
 Their measurements made use of fractions,
squares, and square roots.
 Their models of planetary motions and
other heavenly bodies proved their ability
to compute complicated mathematical
problems. Their detailed observation of the
sky enabled them to make accurate
predictions of solar and lunar eclipses and
other astronomical phenomena (Dauben,
1990).
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
 Egyptians are known of their
infrastructures such as pyramid and other
practical contributions to the world.
 The Great Pyramids of Giza, located on a
plateau on the west bank of the Nile
River, on the outskirts of modern-day
Cairo.
 The oldest and largest of the three
pyramids at Giza, known as the Great
Pyramid, is the only surviving structure
out of the famed seven wonders of the
ancient world.
 they introduced paper or papyrus to make
writing, safe-keeping, and transporting
records easier
 Papyrus, a plant that grew abundantly along
the Nile River in Egypt, was processed
into thin sheet
Ancient Egyptian Papyri
 A variety of documents written on papyrus
remain preserved to this day. The various
documents contain a range of subjects, from
biographies, to maps, religious texts and
scientific or medical documents. A short
list of papyri from ancient Egypt with
subject matter is shown:
Other Uses of Papyrus
 as a food source, to make rope, for
sandals, for boxes and baskets and mats,
as window shades, material for toys such
as dolls, as amulets to ward off throat
diseases, and even to make small fishing
boats.
 It also played a part in religious devotion as
it was often bound together to form the
symbol of the ankh and offered to the gods
as a gift.
 Papyrus also served as a political symbol
through its use in the Sma-Tawy, the
insignia of the unity of Upper and Lower
Egypt. This symbol is a bouquet of
papyrus (associated with the Delta of
Lower Egypt) bound with a lotus (the
symbol of Upper Egypt).
Egyptian black ink
 the ancient Egyptians made ink by grinding
brightly colored minerals into powder,
then mixing the powder with liquid so
that it was easier to apply.
 This must withstand the elements of nature
since it was used to record history, culture,
and codified laws.
 writings on papyrus must be tamper-
proof.
Hieroglyphics
 Said to be adapted from the early writing
system established in Mesopotamia
 The script was developed about four
thousand years before Christ and there
 was also a decimal system of numeration
up to a million.
 Hieroglyphs were called “the words of
God” and were used mainly by the priests.
 are written in rows or columns and can be
read from left to right or from right to
left.
 includes information on the history of
Egyptian writing and mathematics, the
use of the different types of symbols, how
to write name, how to recognize Kings
names and the story of the scribe ‘sacred
carving’
Cosmetics
 Their function in ancient Egypt was for
both health and aesthetic reasons
 Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes to
prevent and even cure eye diseases.
 Kohl was created by mixing soot or
malachite with mineral galena
 Egyptians believed that wearing make-up
was a protection from evil and that beauty
was a sign of holiness
Egyptian Wig
 Worn for health and wellness during the
ancient times
 To protect the shaved heads of the
wealthy Egyptians from the harmful rays
of the sun
 It was considered cleaner for it prevented
the accumulation of head lice and allowed
heat to escape
 Upper-class Egyptian men and women
considered wigs an essential part of their
wardrobe.
 Wearing a wig signaled a person's rank in
Egyptian society.
 Although a shaved head was a sign of
nobility during most of the Egyptian
kingdoms, the majority of Egyptians kept
their heads covered.
 Wigs were worn in place of headdresses or,
for special occasions, with elaborate
headdresses.
 Egyptian law prohibited slaves and
servants from shaving their heads or
wearing wigs.
Water clock/ clepsydra
 It utilizes gravity that affects the flow of
water from one vessel to the other
 The amount of water remaining in the
device determines how much time is
elapsed since it is full.
 Widely used as time keeping device in the
early times
 the oldest known
example is dated to
1500 BC, and is from
the tomb of the
Egyptian pharaoh
Amenhotep I.
Chinese Civilization
 Considered to be the
oldest civilization in
Asia
 Also known as the
middle kingdom, located on the far east Asia
 Not a great amount was written about the
ancient China partly due to its distance from the
other civilizations
Silk
 It is one of the things that connected Far East
China to the world.
 Although silk is naturally produced by
silkworms, the Chinese were the ones who
developed the technology to harvest the silk
and process it to produce paper and clothing.
 Silk production resulted in the creation of a
product for trade, making way for cultural,
economic, and scientific exchange.
Tea Production
 Tea is a beverage produced by pouring hot or
boiling water over crushed or shredded dried
tea leaves
 Tea production was developed when an
unknown Chinese inventor created a
 machine that was able to shred tea leaves into
strips.
 This production may have resulted in making
tea as one of the most popular beverages in
the world today.
 Shennong
(Chinese: 神 农 ),
whose name means
the Divine Farmer
-- and who is
considered as the
ancient Chinese
Father of Agriculture, is honored with the
discovery of tea.
Great wall of China
 Once considered the only man-made
structure that could be seen from outer space
 It is said to be the largest and most extensive
infrastructure that the nation built.
 Constructed to keep out foreign invaders and
control the borders of China.
 Made with stone, brick, wood, earth, and other
materials, it showcased the extent of Chinese
engineering technology at that time.
 originally conceived by Emperor Qin Shi
Huang in the third century B.C. The best-
known and best-preserved section of the
Great Wall was built in the 14th through
17th centuries A.D., during the Ming dynasty
Gunpowder
 Originally, it was developed by Chinese
alchemists who aimed to achieve immortality.
 They mixed charcoal, sulfur, and potassium
nitrate, but instead of creating an elixir of
life, they accidentally invented a black
powder that could actually generate large
amounts of heat and gas in an instant.
 gunpowder is widely used to propel bullets from
guns and cannons which cause countless deaths.
 gunpowder is also used in fireworks during
important celebrations in China
Bronze Production
 The bronze works of ancient China produced
under the Shang Dynasty (1766 – 1122 BCE)
were technically perfect and sophisticated
beauty and style, the result of a long story of
experimental progress in combining varying
proportions of copper, tin, lead and zinc until
the ideal mix was attained (Greaves et al.,
1990).
Medicine
 Chinese medical practices – particularly,
apothecaries and acupuncture – proven
effective cures to most known diseases, have
been handed down almost unchanged to the
present (Dauben, 1990).
 Acupuncture was used to treat illnesses or
pain by pricking the patience body with
needles at point believed to be connected with
the visceral organs causing the physical pain.
 The greatest medical contribution of the Han
culture was the discovery of healing drugs
and herbs
Paper Making
 The invention of paper making in 105 CE is
generally credited to Cai Lun.
 By using vegetable fibers made from hemp
rope ends, cloth rags, and old fishing nets,
Cai Lun created an easy and affordable way of
making paper (Selin, 1993b).
Middle Times (500–1500 CE)
 The start of Middle Ages was tainted by
massive invasions and migrations.
 Wars were prevalent this time. As such, great
technology was needed in the fields of
weaponry, navigation, mass food and farm
production, and health.
 The wars have resulted in population decline,
but during the latter part of the period, there
were significant rise in population.
 Trade and commerce among nations
increased, which resulted in greater demands
for transportation technology.
 Some of the most innovative minds came from
this period
Printing Press was able to develop the first compound
 After the Chinese developed woodblock microscope.
printing, Johann Gutenberg was able to invent  With this device, people were able to observe
printing press, a more reliable way of printing organism that were normally unseen by
using a cast type. naked eye.
 He utilized wooden machines that extracted  The microscope
juices from fruits, attached to them a metal was the key in
impression of the letters, and pressed firmly preventing and
the cast metal into a piece of paper, which curing various
then made an exact impression of paper. illnesses
 The printing press (Davidson,
was invented to 2015).
address the need for  Three Dutch spectacle makers—Hans Jansen,
publishing books his son Zacharias Jansen, and Hans
that would spread Lippershey—have received credit for inventing
information to the compound microscope about 1590.
many people at a faster rate.
 This invention is also made accessible to
individuals who could not even write Telescope
(Streissguth, 1997).
 Since Middle Ages is also known as the Age of
 Book printing had existed in China since the
Exploration, the need for nautical inventions
11th century, but Gutenberg was the first to
was high.
produce serial
standardized  Considering the vast and empty oceans that
individual parts, separated lands, ship captains needed to see far
which made the and wide for them to navigate or to avoid
printing process dangers at sea.
faster and less  The invention of telescope, an optical
expensive. instrument that helps in observation of
remote objects, was greater help for
Microscope navigators during this time.
 One of Galileo's first telescopes. He did not
 There is a growing population caused by
invent the telescope, but he did make several
massive migration and urbanization during the
improvements and was the first to aim one at
period
the stars.
 More people transferred to polluted and
 Its invention is attributed to the lensmaker
populated areas which resulted in people
Hans Lippershey.
getting sick and needing medical attention.
 In 1608, Lippershey laid claim to a device that
 To develop the proper medicines for illness,
could magnify objects three times. His
experts must understand the sickness through
telescope had a concave eyepiece aligned with a
an investigation.
convex objective lens. Together with the
 Thus, they needed a device that could magnify
telescope, the invention of the compass, oars,
things invisible to the eye.
and rudders made sea travelling easier and safer
 He is associated with the invention of the first
(Helden, 1989).
optical telescope and/or the first truly
compound microscope War Weapons
 Guided by the principles used for inventions of
eyeglasses in earlier years, Zacharias Janssen
 Since wars were widespread during Middle
Ages, great development in the weaponry
technology occurred.
 All sides must develop weaponries not as only
as offensive tool but also defensive
instrument.
 For open-area battles, people developed cross
bows and long bows so that they could attack
the enemies long ranges, keeping themselves
safe with the protection of walls and fortresses.
 in close range hand to hand combat, soldiers
should wear something to protect themselves,
a need addressed by the creation of iron body
armors. However, body armors were heavy
and limited their movements. The problem
was eventually solved by the inventions of
chainmail.
Modern Times
 The booming world population during 19th
century onwards demanded that more goods
be produced at faster rate.
 People needed efficient means of transportation
to trade more goods and cover larger distance.
 Machines that required animals to operate
must thus, upgraded.
 Industrial Revolution started in 18th-century
Great Britain, where the pace of change
appeared to speed up. This acceleration in the
processes of technical innovation brought about
an array of new tools and machines
 Faster and easier means to communicate and
compute should be developed to establish
connections between and among all nations.
 However, due to massive industrialization, the
modern times again faced more complicated
problems. Food processing and medicine
posed some bigger challenges since health
was great concern.
 The Industrial Revolution was the transition to
new manufacturing processes in Europe and
the United States, in the period from about
1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.
Pasteurization
 As people were able to develop better means of
production to meet needs of the population,
food preservation and food safety became an
issue.
 The challenge to keep manufactured food from
deteriorating was greater than the dairy
products, especially milk, since they usually
spoiled faster.
 These goods needed to be consumed almost
immediately after production or they would
cause illness like diphtheria, food poisoning and
typhoid fever.
 Louis Pasteur, a French biologist
microbiologist, and chemist, found a way to
solve the problem.
 He invented pasteurization, the process of
heating dairy products to kill the harmful
bacteria that allow them to spoil faster.
 Through this process, milk could be stored and
consumed for a longer period.
 It also prevented illnesses caused by harmful
bacteria (Macalester College, 2010).
Petroleum Refinery
 The modern times demanded better means of
powering homes and transportation.
 At first, people used animal oils for generating
light to illuminate their homes.
 However, the production of animal oils could
not keep up with the demand.
 Faced with this concern, Samuel M. Kier was
able to invent kerosene by refining
petroleum.
 Samuel Martin Kier was an American inventor
and businessman who is credited with
founding the American petroleum refining
industry
 Kerosene was later on referred to as the
“illuminating oil” because it was used at first to
provide lighting to homes.
 After some time, it was applied for heating
purposes.
 The development of kerosene established the
petroleum refinery industry (Skrabec, 2010).
 At present, petroleum is widely used in
powering automobiles, factories, and power
plants, among others.
Telephone
 The more people get connected by trade and
exploration, the more they needed a way to
easily maintain these connections and
communicate with each other in real time.
 Government likewise
needed some kind of
communication
system which would
allow them to
administer their states
well.
 the development of the telephone by Alexander
Graham Bell was one of the most important
inventions at that time
 Alexander Graham Bell revolutionized
communication. He secured exclusive rights
to the technology and launched the Bell
Telephone Company in 1877.
Calculator
 In 1642, the Renaissance saw the invention of
the mechanical calculator (by Wilhelm
Schickard and several decades later Blaise
Pascal), a device that was at times somewhat
over-promoted as being able to perform all four
arithmetic operations with minimal human
intervention.
 Although an earlier version of the calculator had
already been developed, circumstances in the
modern times required a faster way to compute
more complicated equations.
 Computing devices must also be easy to carry
since they would be utilized on a day-to-day
basis.
 The creation of modern calculators did not
only pave the way for easier arithmetic
calculations, but also resulted in the
development of more complex processing
machines like computer.
What brought about these inventions?
Middle times- war, massive, invasions and
migration
- Weaponry, navigation, mass food and farm,
production and health
- Trade and commerce, transportation
What brought about these inventions?
Modern times
- Booming population (19th century)
- Food, goods, medicine
- Efficient transportation, trade, health
- Faster and clear communication and
connection with nations
- Industrialization
the achievements and discoveries of the Scientific
Revolution
- It began in the mid-sixteenth century (in
Europe toward the end of the Renaissance
period) and continued into the eighteenth
century influencing the intellectual social
movement known as the Enlightenment.
- Even though it took a relatively long time to
unfold, it was revolutionary in the sense that
it transformed human thought
The Scientific Revolution
- was the emergence of modern science during
the early modern period, when developments
in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology
(including human anatomy), and chemistry
transformed societal views about nature
- While its dates are disputed, the publication
in 1543 of Nicolaus Copernicus’s ’On the
Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres’ is
often cited as marking the beginning of the
scientific revolution
- The change to the medieval idea of science
occurred for four reasons:
- Seventeenth century scientists and
philosophers were able to collaborate with
members of the mathematical and
astronomical communities to effect advances
in all fields.
- Scientists realized the inadequacy of
medieval experimental methods for their
work and so felt the need to devise new
methods (some of which we use today).
 - The change to the medieval idea of science
occurred for four reasons:
- Academics had access to a legacy of
European, Greek, and Middle Eastern
scientific philosophy that they could use as a
starting point (either by disproving or
building on the theorems).
- Institutions (for example, the British Royal
Society) helped validate science as a field by
providing an outlet for the publication of
scientists’ work
Astronomy: A New Model of the Universe
- Until the mid-17th century, most natural
philosophers/ scientists accepted the views of
the ancient Greek astronomer Claudius
Ptolemy (100–170 c.e. ).
- According to Ptolemy and Aristotle, the
center of the universe was a stationary Earth,
around which the moon, the sun, and the
other planets revolved in circular orbits.
- Beyond the planets a large sphere carried the
stars around the Earth from east to west once
every 24 hours, thus accounting for the rising
and setting of the star
- Nevertheless, the Earth-centered model of the
universe failed to explain many patterns that
astronomers observed in the sky, most
notably the paths followed by planets.
- Whenever ancient or medieval astronomers
confronted a new problem as a result of their
observations, they tried to accommodate the
results to the Ptolemaic model.
- By the 16th century this model had been
modified so many times that it had gradually
become a confused collection of planets and
stars following different motions
- Polish Astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus
(1473–1543), wrote On the Revolutions of
the Heavenly Spheres (published shortly after
his death), that the center of the universe was
not the Earth but the sun.
- In the late sixteenth century the great Danish
astronomer Tycho Brahe (1546–1601)
accepted the argument of Copernicus that the
planets revolved around the sun but still
insisted that the sun revolved around the
Earth.
- Significant support for the Copernican model
of the universe among scientists began to
materialize only in the 17th century.
- In 1609 a German astronomer, Johannes
Kepler (1571–1630), confirmed the central
position of the sun in the universe.
- In New Astronomy (1609) Kepler also
demonstrated that the planets, including the
Earth, followed elliptical rather than circular
orbits and that physical laws governed their
movements.
- An Italian astronomer, physicist and
engineer, Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) was
far more successful in gaining support for the
sun-centered model of the universe.
- Using the evidence acquired from his
observations with the telescope and
presenting his views in the form of a dialogue
between the advocates of the two competing
worldviews, Galileo demonstrated the
plausibility and superiority of Copernicus’s
theory
- The publication of Galileo’s Dialogue
Concerning the Two Chief World Systems in
1632 won many converts to the sun-centered
theory of the universe, but it lost him the
support of Pope Urban VIII
- In 1633 Galileo was tried before the Roman
Inquisition, an ecclesiastical court whose
purpose was to maintain theological
orthodoxy.
- the charge against him was that he had
challenged the authority of Scripture and was
therefore guilty of heresy, the denial of the
theological truths of the Roman Catholic
Church
- In the 17th century the main branches of
physics were mechanics (the study of motion
and its causes) and optics (the study of light).
- Galileo formulated a set of laws governing
the motion of material objects that challenged
the accepted theories of Aristotle regarding
motion and laid the foundation of modern
physics.
- According to Aristotle the motion of every
object required another object to move it.
- According to Galileo, an object continues to
move or lie at rest until something external to
it intervenes to change its motion.
- Galileo’s most significant contribution to
mechanics was his formulation of a
mathematical law of motion that explained
how the speed and acceleration of a falling
object are determined by the distance it
travels during equal intervals of time.
- The greatest achievements of the Scientific
Revolution in physics belong to English
scientist Sir Isaac Newton (1642– 1727).
- As a boy Newton felt out of place in his
small village, where he worked on his
mother’s farm and attended school.
- Fascinated by mechanical devices, he spent
much of his time building wooden models of
windmills and other machines.
- In 1661 he entered Cambridge University,
where, at age 27, he became a chaired
professor of mathematics.
- In 1687 he published his theories in
Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy.
- The centerpiece of this monumental work
was the universal law of gravitation , which
demonstrated that the same force holding an
object to the Earth also holds the planets in
their orbits.
- Newton paid tribute to the work of other
scientists when he said, “If I have seen
farther, it is by standing on the shoulders of
giants.”
- But he went further than any of them by
establishing the existence of a single
gravitational force and by giving it precise
mathematical expression.
- The heliocentric model that involved the
radical displacement of the earth to an orbit
around the sun.
- The discoveries of Johannes Kepler and
Galileo gave the theory credibility and the
work culminated in Isaac Newton’s Principia,
which formulated the laws of motion and
universal gravitation that dominated
scientists’ view of the physical universe for
the next three centurie
the achievements and discoveries of
the Scientific Revolution
 It began in the mid-sixteenth century (in
Europe toward the end of the Renaissance
period) and continued into the eighteenth
century influencing the intellectual social
movement known as the Enlightenment.
The Scientific Revolution
 was the emergence of modern science during
the early modern period, when developments
in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology
(including human anatomy), and chemistry
transformed societal views about nature
 While its dates are disputed, the publication in
1543 of Nicolaus Copernicus’s ’On the
Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres’ is often
cited as marking the beginning of the scientific
revolution.
The change to the medieval idea of science occurred
for four reasons:
1. Seventeenth century scientists and
philosophers were able to collaborate with
members of the mathematical and
astronomical communities to effect
advances in all fields.
2. Scientists realized the inadequacy of
medieval experimental methods for their
work and so felt the need to devise new
methods (some of which we use today).
3. Academics had access to a legacy of
European, Greek, and Middle Eastern
scientific philosophy that they could use as a
starting point (either by disproving or
building on the theorems).
4. Institutions (for example, the British Royal
Society) helped validate science as a field
by providing an outlet for the publication
of scientists’ work.
Astronomy: A New Model of the Universe
 Until the mid-17th century, most natural
philosophers/ scientists accepted the views of
the ancient Greek astronomer Claudius
Ptolemy (100–170 c.e. ).
 According to Ptolemy and Aristotle, the center
of the universe was a stationary Earth,
around which the moon, the sun, and the
other planets revolved in circular orbits.
 Beyond the planets a large sphere carried the
stars around the Earth from east to west once
every 24 hours, thus accounting for the rising
and setting of the stars.
 Nevertheless, the Earth-centered model of the
universe failed to explain many patterns that
astronomers observed in the sky, most notably
the paths followed by planets.
 Whenever ancient or medieval astronomers
confronted a new problem as a result of their
observations, they tried to accommodate the
results to the Ptolemaic model.
 By the 16th century this model had been
modified so many times that it had gradually
become a confused collection of planets and
stars following different motions.
 Polish Astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus
(1473–1543), wrote On the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Spheres (published shortly after his
death), that the center of the universe was not
the Earth but the sun.
 Significant support for the Copernican model
of the universe among scientists began to
materialize only in the 17th century.
 In 1609 a German astronomer, Johannes
Kepler (1571–1630), confirmed the central
position of the sun in the universe.
 In New Astronomy (1609) Kepler also
demonstrated that the planets, including the
Earth, followed elliptical rather than circular
orbits and that physical laws governed their
movements.
 An Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer,
Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) was far more
successful in gaining support for the sun-
centered model of the universe.
 Using the evidence acquired from his
observations with the telescope and presenting
his views in the form of a dialogue between the
advocates of the two competing worldviews,
Galileo demonstrated the plausibility and
superiority of Copernicus’s theory.
 The publication of Galileo’s Dialogue
Concerning the Two Chief World Systems in
1632 won many converts to the sun-centered
theory of the universe, but it lost him the
support of Pope Urban VIII
 In 1633 Galileo was tried before the Roman
Inquisition, an ecclesiastical court whose
purpose was to maintain theological
orthodoxy.
 The charge against him was that he had
challenged the authority of Scripture and was
therefore guilty of heresy, the denial of the
theological truths of the Roman Catholic
Church.
Physics: The Laws of Motion and
Gravitation
 In the 17th century the main branches of
physics were mechanics (the study of motion
and its causes) and optics (the study of light)
 Galileo formulated a set of laws governing the
motion of material objects that challenged the
 accepted theories of Aristotle regarding motion
and laid the foundation of modern physics.
 According to Aristotle the motion of every
object required another object to move it
 According to Galileo, an object continues to
move or lie at rest until something external to
it intervenes to change its motion.
 Galileo’s most significant contribution to
mechanics was his formulation of a
mathematical law of motion that explained
how the speed and acceleration of a falling
object are determined by the distance it travels
during equal intervals of time.
 The heliocentric model that involved the radical
displacement of the earth to an orbit around the
sun.
New Method
 The discoveries of Johannes Kepler and
Galileo gave the theory credibility and the
work culminated in Isaac Newton’s Principia,
which formulated the laws of motion and
universal gravitation that dominated
scientists’ view of the physical universe for
the next three centuries.

 The greatest achievements of the Scientific

Revolution in physics belong to English
scientist Sir Isaac Newton (1642– 1727).

 In 1661 he entered Cambridge University,

where, at age 27, he became a chaired
professor of mathematics.

 In 1687 he published his theories in

Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy

 The centerpiece of this monumental work was

the universal law of gravitation, which
demonstrated that the same force holding an
object to the Earth also holds the planets in their
orbits.
 Newton paid tribute to the work of other
scientists when he said, “If I have seen farther,
it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.”
 But he went further than any of them by
establishing the existence of a single
gravitational force and by giving it precise
mathematical expression.
New Ideas
Chemistry: Discovering the Elements of
Nature
 Alchemy - the art of attempting to turn base
metals into gold or silver and to identify
natural substances that could be used in the
practice of medicine
 The Swiss physician and alchemist Paracelsus
(1493–1541), who rejected the traditional
method of curing patients by altering the
balance of fluids (such as blood and bile) in the
body, occupies a significant place in the early
history of chemistry.
 During the seventeenth century chemistry
gained further recognition as a legitimate
field of scientific research, largely as the result
of the work of Robert Boyle (1627–1691).
 BOYLE, who also had an interest in alchemy,
destroyed the prevailing idea that all basic
constituents of matter share the same
structure.
 He contended that the arrangement of
components of matter, identified as
corpuscles or atoms, determined their
characteristics.
 Boyle conducted experiments on the volume,
pressure, and density of gas and the elasticity of
air.
 His most famous experiments, undertaken with
an air pump, proved the existence of a
vacuum.
 Largely as a result of Boyle’s discoveries,
chemists won acceptance as members of the
company of scientists.
Biology: The Circulation of the Blood
 Traditional science had maintained that blood
originated in the liver and then flowed outward
through the veins.
 A certain amount of blood flowed from the
liver into the heart, where it passed from one
ventricle to the other and then traveled
through the arteries to different parts of the
body.
 During its journey this arterial blood was
enriched by a special pneuma or “vital spirit”
that was necessary to sustain life.
 When this enriched blood reached the brain,
it became the body’s “psychic spirits,” which
influenced human behavior
 The English physician WILLIAM HARVEY
(1578– 1657) made one of the great medical
discoveries of the 17th century by
demonstrating in 1628 that blood circulates
throughout the human body.
 Through experiments on human cadavers
and live animals in which he weighed the
blood that the heart pumped every hour,
Harvey demonstrated that the heart pumped it
through the arteries by means of contraction
and constriction.
 The natural philosophers who made these
scientific discoveries worked in different
disciplines, and each followed his own
procedures for discovering scientific truth.
 In the 16th and 17th centuries there was no
“scientific method.”
 Many natural philosophers, however, shared
similar views about how nature operated and
the means by which humans could acquire
knowledge of it.
 In searching for scientific knowledge, these
scientists observed and experimented, used
deductive reasoning, expressed their theories in
mathematical terms, and argued that nature
operated like a machine
 These features of scientific research ultimately
defined a distinctly Western approach to solving
scientific problems.
Observation and Experimentation
 The most prominent feature of scientific
research 16th- and 17th century Europe was the
observation of nature, combined with the
testing of hypotheses by rigorous
experimentation, a process of induction.
 It assumed a willingness to abandon
preconceived ideas and base scientific
conclusions on experience and observation.
 This approach is also described as empirical:
EMPIRICISM demands that all scientific
theories be tested by experiments based on
observation of the natural world.
 In New Organon (1620), the English
philosopher FRANCIS BACON (1561–1626)
promoted this empirical approach to
scientific research.
 Bacon complained that all previous scientific
endeavors, especially those of ancient Greek
philosophers, relied too little on
experimentation.
 For Bacon, scientific experimentation was
“putting nature to the question,” a phrase that
referred to questioning a prisoner under torture
to determine the facts of a case.
Deductive Reasoning
 The second feature of 16th- and 17nth-
century scientific research was the use of
deductive reasoning to establish basic
scientific truths or principles.
 From these principles other ideas or laws
could be deduced logically,
 deduction is connected to RATIONALISM
which insists that the mind contains
rational categories independent of sensory
observation.
 The French philosopher and mathematician
RENE DESCARTES (1596–1650) became
the foremost champion of this
methodology.
 In his Discourse on the Method (1637),
Descartes recommended that to solve any
intellectual problem, a person should first
establish fundamental principles or truths
and then proceed from those ideas to
specific conclusions
 Mathematics, in which one also moves
logically from certain premises to
conclusions by means of equations, provided
the model for deductive reasoning.
 Although rational deduction proved to be an
essential feature of scientific methodology,
the limitations of an exclusively deductive
approach became apparent when
Descartes and his followers deduced a
theory of gravitation which lacked an
empirical foundation and eventually had
to be abandoned
Mathematics and Nature
 The third feature of scientific research in the
16th and 17th centuries was the application of
mathematics to the study of the physical
world.
 DESCARTES shared with GALILEO the
conviction that nature had a geometrical
structure and could therefore be understood in
mathematical terms.
 The physical dimensions of matter could of
course be expressed mathematically.
 Galileo claimed that mathematics was the
language in which philosophy was written in
“the book of the universe
 NEWTON used observation and
experimentation to confirm his theory of
 universal gravitation, but he wrote his
Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy in the language of mathematics.
 His approach to scientific problems, which
became a model for future research, used
examples derived from experiments and
deductive, mathematical reasoning to discover
the laws of nature.
Science, technology and nation building
Pre- Colonial Period
- Before the Spaniards came to the
Philippines, Filipinos early settlers were
already using certain plants and herbs as
medicines
- Systems of farming and animal-raising were
also implemented
- Modes of land or water transportation were
already developed
- Natives of the Cordilleras built rice terraces
by hand
- Built irrigation system that uses water from
the forests and mountain tops
Colonial Period
- Colonization by the Spaniards provided the
Philippines with modern means of
constructions
- Walls, roads, bridges, and other large
infrastructures were built using some of the
engineering skills and tools brought by the
Spaniards
- The Spanish government developed health
and education systems that were enjoyed by
the principalia or noble class.
- American occupation modernized almost all
aspects of life in the Philippines.
- They established a government agency, the
Bureau of Science, for the sole purpose of
nurturing development in the field of science
and technology
Post-Colonial Period
- During Marcos time, Philippine Atmospheric
Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA) replaced Weather
Bureau
- National Academy of Science and
Technology (NAST)
- Reconstituted National Science and
Technology Authority, originally established
in 1958 as the National Science and
Development Board, and now as the
Department of Science and Technology
MANDATE
Executive order NO 123 mandates the department
to provide central direction leadership and
coordination of scientific and technological efforts
and ensure that the result therefrom and geared and
utilized in areas of maximum economic and social
benefits for people
MISSION
To direct, lead and coordinate the country’s
scientific and technological efforts geared towards
maximum economic and social benefits for the
people
LONG TERM VSION
The DOST is the provider of world-class scientific,
technological and innovative solutions that will lead
to higher productivity and better quality of life
INTERMEDIATE VISION
The DOST as a leading ASEAN science,
technology and innovation HUB by 2002
AGENCY LINKS
DOST_ PCAARRD
- The Philippine Council for Agriculture,
Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and
Development (PCAARRD) is one of the
sectoral councils under the Department of
Science and Technology (DOST).
- It was formed through the consolidation of
the Philippine Council for Agriculture,
Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development (PCARRD) and the Philippine
Council for Aquatic and Marine Research
and Development (PCAMRD) on June 22,
2011 pursuant to Executive Order No. 366.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR HEALTH
RESEARCH AND DEVEPMENT
- PCHRD was created on March 17, 1982
through Executive order No. 784. In 1987,
Executive Order No. 128 reaffirmed its
existence and relevance.
- The primordial source of health research
leadership and direction in the country,
PCHRD resolves to foster healthier and more
 productive lives among the Filipinos through
health research and development (R&D)
PH COUNCIL FOR INDUSTRY ENERGY AND
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT
- is mandated to serve as the central agency in
the formulation of policies, plans, and
programs as well as in the implementation of
strategies in the industry, energy, and
emerging technology sectors through the
S&T programs.
- is the consolidation of the Philippine Council
for Industry and Energy Research and
Development (PCIERD) and the Philippine
Council for Advanced Science and
Technology Research and Development
(PCASTRD) following DBM's approval of
its Rationalization Plan last 29 June 2010, in
accordance with the provisions of Executive
Order No. 366
R AND D INSRITUTE
ADVANCED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
INSTITUTE
- DOST-ASTI is mandated to undertake
research and development activities aimed at
strengthening and modernizing Information
and Communications Technology and
microelectronics. focuses its resources in the
following programs:
- 1. Information and Communications
Technology R&D;
- 2. Microelectronics R&D;
- 3. Technology Transfer; and 4. Space
Technology.
FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
- Under Executive Order No. 128 signed on
January 30, 1987, is mandated to:
- Undertake researches that define the
citizenry’s nutritional status, with reference
to the malnutrition problem, its causes and
effects
- Develop and recommend policy options,
strategies, programs and projects for
implementation by appropriate agencies.
- Diffuse knowledge and technologies in food
and nutrition and provide S&T services to
relevant stakeholders (as per E.O. 366,
November 13, 2009)
METALS INDUSTRY AND RESEARCH AND
DEVEPMENT
- MIRDC, an agency of the Department of
Science and Technology, is the sole
government entity directly supporting the
metals and engineering industry with services
designed to enhance its competitive
advantage.
- It aims to provide both government and
private sectors in the metals, engineering, and
allied industries with professional
management and technical expertise on the
training of engineers & technicians;
information exchange; quality control &
testing; research & development; technology
transfer; and business economics advisory
services.
IDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT
- its mandate under Executive Order No. 366
dated August 26, 2009 to undertake applied
research and development to generate new
knowledge, technologies, and innovations in
the field of industrial manufacturing, mineral
processing, and energy; conduct knowledge
translation or technology transfer and
commercialization; Provide technical
services, tests and analyses, and metrology to
ensure international traceability of the
national units of measure.
PHILIPPINE NUCLEAR RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
- Mandated undertake research and
development activities in the peaceful uses of
nuclear energy, to institute regulations on the
said uses and to carry out the enforcement of
said regulations to protect the health and
 safety of radiation workers and the general
public.
- Under Executive Order 128, PNRI is
mandated to conduct research and
development on the application of radiation
and nuclear techniques, materials and
processes; undertake the transfer of research
results to end-users; operate and maintain
nuclear research reactors and other radiation
facilities; and License and regulate activities
relative to production, transfer and utilization
of nuclear radioactive substances.
PHILIPPINE TEXTILE RESEARCH INSTITUTE
- It is mandated by Executive Order No. 128
dated January 30, 1987 to
- Conduct applied research and development
for the textile industry sector;
- Undertake the transfer of completed
researches to end-users or via linkage units of
other government agencies; and
- Undertake technical services and provide
training programs
PAGASA
- It is mandated to “provide protection against
natural calamities and utilize scientific
knowledge as an effective instrument to
ensure the safety, wellbeing and economic
security of all the people, and for the
promotion of national progress.” (Section 2,
Statement of Policy, Presidential Decree No.
78; December 1972 as amended by
Presidential Decree No. 1149; August 1977)
- provide adequate, up-to-date data, and timely
information on atmospheric, astronomical
and other weather-related phenomena using
the advances achieved in the realm of science
to help government and the people prepare
for calamities caused by typhoons, floods,
landslides, storm surges, extreme climatic
events, and climate change, among others, to
afford greater protection to the people;
PHILVOCS
- is principally mandated to mitigate disasters
that may arise from volcanic eruptions,
earthquakes, tsunami and other related
geotectonic phenomena.
- Mandated to predict the occurrence of
volcanic eruptions and earthquakes and their
related geotectonic phenomena; Determine
how eruptions and earthquakes shall occur
and also areas likely to be affected; Generate
sufficient data for forecasting volcanic
eruptions and earthquakes; Mitigate hazards
of volcanic activities through appropriate
detection, forecast and warning system;
Formulate appropriate disaster preparedness
plans
STI
Mandates (per EO 128)
- Undertake science education and training;
- Administer scholarships, awards and grants;
- Undertake science and technology manpower
development; and
- Formulate plans and establish programs and
projects for the promotion and development
of science and technology education and
training in coordination with DepEd, CHED
and other institutions of learning.
Department of science and technology
STII is mandated to
- m: 1. establish a science and technology
databank and library.
- 2. disseminate science and technology
information.
- 3. undertake training on science and
technology information. These mandates are
being processed and implemented by the
STII’s technical divisions such as, the
Information Resources and Analysis Division
(IRAD), and the Communication Resources
and Production Division (CRPD) with the
support of the Finance and Administrative
Division (FAD).
S AND T INSTITUTES
- The Technology Application and Promotion
Institute (TAPI) is the implementing arm of
DOST in promoting the commercialization of
 technologies and in marketing the services of
the other operating units of the Department.
- It undertakes contract research, particularly
at pilot plant and semi-commercial stage;
provides technical consultancy, including
engineering design services, patenting and
licensing services; and provides grants and/or
venture financing for new and emerging
projects.
PHILIPPINES SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
SYSTEM
- the leading science high school in the Asia
Pacific Region preparing the scholars to
become globally competitive Filipino
scientists equipped with 21st century skills
and imbued with the core values of truth,
excellence, and service to nation.
- PSHS System prepares its students for
careers in Science and Technology and
contributes to nation building by helping the
country attain a critical mass of professionals
and leaders in Science and Technology.
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
- To recognize outstanding achievements in
Science and Technology as well as provide
meaningful incentives to those engaged in
Scientific and Technological Researches
(Presidential Decree 1003-A).
- To advise the President and the Cabinet on
matters related to Science and Technology
(Executive Order No. 818).
- To engage in projects and programs
designed to recognize outstanding
achievements in science and to promote
scientific productivity (Executive Order No.
818).
- To embark on programs traditionally and
internationally expected of an academy of
science (Executive Order No. 818). •
- To manage, operate and maintain the
Philippine Science Heritage Center (Republic
Act 9107).
DOST ADVISORY BOARD
- The NRCP is a collegial body of highly-
trained and productive scientists and
researchers addressing the demand for
knowledge, skills and innovations in the
sciences and humanities, in order to
effectively and efficiently contribute to
nation-building and improvement of the
quality of life of the Filipino people
- Mandated to promote and support
fundamental or basic research for the
continuing improvement of the research
capability of individual or group scientists;
Foster linkages with local and international
scientific organizations for enhanced
cooperation in the development and sharing
of scientific information; Provide advice on
problems and issues of national interest;
Promote scientific and technological culture
to all sectors of society.
While it is true that “Necessity is the mother of
invention;” but without an enabling environment
shaped by various factors such as the laws enacted,
policies, and/or rules established that nurture,
support and sustain Science and Technology (S&T)
endeavors, we may find life much challenging as we
have enjoyed it today.
- Reference: Compendium of Philippine
Science and Technology Laws. ISBN 978-
621-95742-0-4 (pdf version), 2017
GOVERNMENT POLICIES
ACT NO. 156 AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE
ESTABLISHMENT OF GOVERNMENT
LABORATORIES FOR THE PHILIPPINE
ISLANDS
- Section 1 A biological laboratory, a chemical
laboratory and laboratories for the production
of vaccine virus and serums and
prophylactics shall be established and
maintained by the Government of the
Philippine Islands.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1606 AN ACT TO
PROMOTE SCIENTIFIC, ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH, INVENTION
AND DEVELOPMENT
 - SECTION 1. IN ORDER TO PROMOTE PROVINCIAL OR MUNICIPAL ORDINANCES
SCIENTIFIC, ENGINEERING AND
OTOP
TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH,
INVENTION, AND DEVELOPMENT, THE - ENVIRONMENTAL ORDINANCES LIKE
GOVERNMENT SHALL, IN WASTE MANAGEMENT WHAT
ACCORDANCE WITH THE PROVISIONS POLICIES SHOULD BE IMPLEMENTED
OF THIS ACT: EFFICIENTLY BY A NATION TO
- (A) GRANT SCHOLARSHIPS IN SUSTAIN LIFE ON EARTH?
SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND - REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8749, OTHERWISE
TECHNOLOGY FOR ESPECIALLY KNOWN AS THE PHILIPPINE CLEAN
GIFTED CITIZENS; AIR ACT, IS A COMPREHENSIVE AIR
- (B) GRANT BONUS AND OTHER QUALITY MANAGEMENT POLICY AND
FINANCIAL AID TO BRILLIANT AND PROGRAM WHICH AIMS TO ACHIEVE
DESERVING SCIENTIFIC, AND MAINTAIN HEALTHY AIR FOR
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGICAL ALL FILIPINOS. LIFTED FROM:
RESEARCHERS; DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND
- (C) GIVE ADDITIONAL NATURAL RESOURCES. (2003,
COMPENSATION TO SCIENTIFIC, AUGUST).
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGICAL - (FROM: DEPARTMENT OF
RESEARCHERS ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL
RESOURCES. (2003, AUGUST). PRIMER
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 2067 (AS AMENDED BY
ON THE CLEAN AIR ACT. DILIMAN:
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 3589; Science Act of 1958)
DENR-PUBLIC AFFAIRS OFFICE.)
- AN ACT TO INTEGRATE, - THE PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT
COORDINATE, AND INTENSIFY OF 2004 (REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9275)
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL AIMS TO PROTECT THE COUNTRY'S
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AND WATER BODIES FROM POLLUTION
TO FOSTER INVENTION; TO PROVIDE FROM LAND-BASED SOURCES
FUNDS THEREFOR; AND FOR OTHER (INDUSTRIES AND COMMERCIAL
PURPOSES. ESTABLISHMENTS, AGRICULTURE
AND COMMUNITY/HOUSEHOLD
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6959 AN ACT
ACTIVITIES)
ESTABLISHING PROVINCIAL CENTERS FOR
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN ALL HUMAN FLOURISHINNG IN SCIENCE &
PROVINCES OF THE PHILIPPINES AND TECHNOLOGY
APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFORE
Law/ Policy/ Rules?
- SECTION 1. IT IS THE POLICY OF THE
While it is true that “Necessity is the mother of
STATE TO ACCELERATE THE
invention;” but without an enabling environment
APPLICATION AND TRANSFER OF THE
shaped by various factors such as the laws enacted,
BENEFITS OF MODERN SCIENCE AND
policies, and/or rules established that nurture,
TECHNOLOGY, PARTICULARLY TO
support and sustain Science and Technology (S&T)
THE RURAL AREAS SO THAT THE
endeavors, we may find life much challenging as we
GREAT MAJORITY OR OUR PEOPLE,
have enjoyed it today.
THROUGH HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY
AND INCREASED EARNING POWER, CAPABILITY AND PROGRESS
IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF THEIR
LIVES.
 - The progress of human civilizations MODERN TECHNOLOGY
throughout history mirrors the development
- May also be a mode of revealing
of science and technology.
- Challenges nature
- As both bearer and beneficiary of S & T,
- Demands of its resources that are forcibly
humans thrive and find meaning in the world
extracted for human consumption and storage
that they build.
- Like mining, the process extracts minerals
- In the pursuit of good life, humans may
from the earth… forcefully assigns the land
consciously and unconsciously acquire,
as a means to fulfill the never-ending
consume, or destroy what the world has to
demands of people
offer.
- Capacity of human person through the
- S & T must be taken as part of human life
information at our fingertips, food harvested
that merits reflective and ‘meditative
even out of season, gravity defied to fly off to
thinking’ (German Philosopher, Martin
space
Heidegger)
- Heidegger described it as the age of
APPRECIATION OF S&T switches, standing reserve, and stockpiling
for its own sake.
- • To be able to appreciate the fruits of S & T,
these must be examined not only for their FLOURISHING WITH PROGRESS AND
function and instrumentality but also their DEVELOPMENT
greater impact on humanity as a whole.
- Development equals growth and greater
- The various gadgets, machines, appliances,
consumption?
and vehicles are all tools that make human
- UN Sustainable development goals
lives easier, providing certain good,
- eradicate poverty by 2030 • How to meet
convenience, or knowledge
this goal?
- Medical researches employ the best scientific
- More growth an option?
and technological principles for appropriate
- Mindset? Consciousness?
treatment and prevention of diseases
Concern, Capability and Priority
TECHNOLOGY AS A MODE OF
REVEALING - Health Vaccine supply, health security
- PH could have vaccine supply security with
Martin Heidegger wrote “The Question of
own vaccine-making facility (report by
Technology” According to ancient doctrine, the
UNTV News Rescue)
essence of a thing is considered to be what the thing
- https://youtu.be/oPBLe_KYF4E
is. We ask the question concerning technology
when we ask what it is.… Technology is a means to - Food Security • Communication •
an end… technology is a human activity. The two Transportation
definitions of technology belong together. For to RETHINKING HUMAN CONDITION
posit ends and procure and utilize the means to them
is a human activity…(Heidegger, 1997, p. 5). - People who lived in the past and people who
are living in the present all have different
Technology is a means that reveals the truth views of what it means to flourish, primarily
Heidegger put forward the ancient Greek concepts due to the kind of environment and the period
of Aletheia (unhiddenness or disclosure) one is in.
- People’s way of life and how the society
Poiesis (bringing forth) works also affect how one construes the
concept of human flourishing.
Techne (root word for technology; means skills, art,
or craft)
 - The environment needs to be assessed in
order to know the possibility of human
flourishing and to what extent it is possible.
- Since there have been drastic changes in
people’s way of life, it can be inferred that
there have been radical changes not only in
the conception of human flourishing but to
people’s actual human condition.
- These changes were brought about by the
interplay of different factors but essentially,
it was brought about by science and
technology
- Jason Hickel…it’s time to ‘de-develop’ rich
countries
- More often than not, development is equated
with growth and greater consumption (maybe
of resources).
- The more that a population is able to
consume, the wealthier it is.
- Growth has been the main objective of
development for the past 70 years…
- Since 1980, the global economy has grown
by 380%, but the number of people living in
poverty… a day has increased by more than
1.1 billion.
- At current levels of average global
consumption, people have gone beyond the
planet’s bio-capacity by more than 50% each
year.
Economist Peter Edward argues that instead of
pushing poorer countries to ‘catch up’…think of
ways to get rich countries to ‘catch down’ to more
appropriate levels of development.
Consider societies where people live long and
happy lives at relatively low levels of income and
consumption
Look at measures of overall happiness and well-
being in addition to life expectancy, a number of
low- and middle-income countries rank highly
Costa Rica manages to sustain one of the highest
happiness indicators and life expectancies in the
world with a low per capita income… an
appropriately developed country.
According to consumer research, 70% of people in
middle and high-income countries believe that
- overconsumption is putting the planet and
society at risk
- people should strive to buy and own less…
so as not to compromise their happiness
Reorient… rethink the true form of progress, the
theory of progress which is not only an ecological
imperative, but also a development
Act…slow down…take into account the laws of
nature… before food system collapse or mass
famine re-emerges, or poverty to increase even
more...
PURSUIT OF THE GOOD LIFE
- definition of the good life may vary and
differ in the particulars,
- In general, universal truths that cut across
difference are recognized
- In Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle stated
- All human activities aim at some good. Every
art and human inquiry, and similarly every
action and pursuit, is thought to aim at some
good; and for this reason, the good has been
rightly declared as that at which all things
aim (N.E. 2:2)
- The good is expressed and manifested in
many various ways for different persons and
circumstances. • The good life is
characterized by happiness that springs from
living and doing well. • The ancient Greeks
called this concept of ‘living well and doing
well’ as eudaimonia
- From the Greek words eu meaning good
and daimon meaning spirit
- Refers to good life marked by happiness and
excellence
- It is a flourishing life filled with meaningful
endeavors that empower the human person to
be the best version of himself/ herself.
- According to Aristotle, happiness is the
ultimate end of human action, that which –
people pursue through actions that adds to
their wellbeing –
- comes from living a life of virtue, excellence,
manifested from the personal to the global
scale
- emanates from virtuous actions requiring
discipline and practice
 - The good life is marked by happiness
brought about by virtuous human actions and
decisions that affect the individual self and
the greater community
- A virtue – plays a significant role in the
living and attainment of the good life
- is the constant practice of the good no matter
how difficult the circumstances may be
- the excellence of character that empowers
one to do and be good
- cultivated with habit and discipline
- The progress of S & T is also the movement
towards the good life.
- S & T are two of the highest expressions of
human capacities, allowing humans to thrive,
flourish in life, or be in danger ...this is a
choice.
- The good life entails living in a just and
progressive society whose citizen have the
freedom to flourish.
- The United Nation General Assembly
proclaimed the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights (UDHR) on Dec 10, 1948
Human and Robots
- as the global standard of fundamental human
rights for universal recognition and
protection
- Serves as a common understanding of what
each person’s fundamental rights are.
- Crafted after World War II
UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN
RIGHTS
- Everyone has absolute moral worth by virtue
of being human.
- Human dignity is an ultimate core value of
our existence.
- Human beings become – free when
empowered to make choices for our
flourishing – more rational when able to
value and apply the principles of logic and
science – More loving when human dignity is
ensured to lie at the foundation of any
endeavors
- The UDHR outlines inalienable human rights
that are vital and necessary in the pursuit of
the good life.
- The first seven articles of the UDHR
encapsulate the spirit of the ‘milestone
document in the history of human rights’
- Article 1 All human beings are born free and
equal in dignity and rights.
- Article 2 Everyone is entitled to all the rights
and freedoms set forth in this Declaration,
without distinction of any kind…
- Article 3 Everyone has the right to life,
liberty, and security of person.
- Article 4 No one shall be held in slavery or
servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be
prohibited in all their forms.
- Article 5 No one shall be subjected to torture
or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment
or punishment.
- Article 6 Everyone has the right to
recognition everywhere as a person before
the law
- Article 7 All are equal before the law and are
entitled without any discrimination to equal
protection of the law
- The rise of the machines accompanying the
progress in S & T result to the gradual
replacement of manual work.
- Robots are created to perform complex,
repetitive, or dangerous tasks.
- With the gradual development of artificial
intelligence AI, human nature/action/ skills
may be adopted eventually by robots.
- AI use in the country is gaining ground,
particularly in the business outsourcing
(BPO) industry
- Unemployment is only one of the many
ethical considerations in the widespread use
of AI…
- The utilization of AI may become a threat to
human dignity and security.
- In the future, when machines and robots
become more human-like, with all the
attendant feelings and thoughts, people may
also have to consider the ethical treatment for
AI.
- Nicole Carr (2008) asserted that ‘as we come
to rely on computers to mediate our
understanding of the world, it is our own
 intelligence that flattens into artificial
intelligence’
- The development of society along with
science and technology give rise to more and
more complex issues.
- What is important is that we are able to
protect and exercise human rights for
everyone in our pursuit of the good life.
- As we examine contemporary issues in S &
Tinformation, genetically modified
organisms, nanotechnology, and climate
change- we keep in mind that the building of
a just and progressive society entails the
constant practice of the good.
WHY THE FUTURE DOES NOT NEED US
- According to Chief Scientist and CEO of Sun
Microsystems Bill Joy, the most powerful
21st century technologies such as genetics,
nanotech, and robotics (GNR), are
threatening to make humans an endangered
species… which may come about due to the
unreflective and unquestioning acceptance of
new technologies by humans.
- • Humans should learn and reflect on the
destructive power of the success/ progress in
science and technology
- Fatal atomic bombing of the Japanese cities
of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945
- The deadly nuclear weapon staged by J.
Robert Oppenheimer and other physicists
- GNR today is accessible to small groups and
individuals and does not require huge
funding and facilities, which makes these
more prone to accidents and abuses
- S & T may be the utmost expression of
human rationality, yet some consequences of
these may shape or destroy the world.