Scientific revolution

Scientific Revolution – period of enlightenment transformed by the - Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals &
views of society about nature. prepare them for planting season
- The first suspension bridge
- Golden age for people committed to scholarly in science
- Quipo, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only
Science Definitions expert can interpret
- Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially prized
1. Science as an idea artistic achievement.
2. Science as an intellectual activity 3. Aztec Civilization
3. Science as a body of knowledge - Made substantial contributions to science and technology
4. Science as a personal and social activity and to the society as a whole
- Mandatory Education
- Chocolates
- Antispasmodic Medication
- Chinampa
- Aztec Calendar
- Invention of the Canoe

Development of science in Asia

Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas
1. Nicolaus Copernicus – one of the renaissance men.
- Thought experiment
2. Charles Darwin – theory of evolution
- 1959 published the book the origin of species
- The descent of man was so impressive yet controversial.
- Major contributions are evolutionary biology and philosophy
of science
3. Sigmund Freud – famous figure in psychology
- Described as towering literary figure and a very talented
communicator who did his share to raise consciousness of
the civilized world in psychological matters
- Developed an important observational method known as
the method of psychoanalysis
- Freud is not a traditional thinker.
- Contributed in
Cradles of early science
Development of Science in Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica includes the entire area of Central America from
Southern Mexico up to the border of South America.
1. Mayan Civilization
– famous, approximately 2000 years
- Astronomy, Mayan City of Chichen Itza in Mexico
- Celestial bodies, knowledge of predicting eclipse and using
astrological cycles in planting and harvesting.
- Measuring time using to complicated calendar systems
which were very useful in planning their activities and in
observing their religious rituals and cultural celebrations
- Developed technology for growing different crops and
building elaborate cities using ordinary machineries and
tools.
- Built hydraulics
- Built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of
glittery paints made from mineral called MICA.
- Believed to be one of the first people to produce products
3000
- Most scientifically advanced societies in Mesoamerica.
- One of the world’s first civilizations to use writing system as
the Mayan hieroglyphics
- Skilled in mathematicians and created a number system
based on the numeral 20.
2. Inca Civilization
- Roads paved with stones
- Stone buildings that surmounted
- Earthquakes and other disasters
- Irrigation system & technique for storing water for their
crops to grow in all types of land ·
1. India
- Manufacturing iron & in metallurgical works
- Iron steel is considered to be the best & held with high
regard in the whole of Roman Empire
- Notable in the field of astronomy
- The spherical self-supporting earth, & the year 360 days
with 12 equal parts of 30 days each. They are also famous
in medicine
- Ayurveda, a system of traditional medicine originated in
ancient India before 2500 BC.
- Known for their mathematics.
- People of Indus Valley Civilization according to Bisht
(1982), tried to standardized measurement of length to a
high degree of accuracy & designed a ruler, the
Mohenjodaro ruler
- Indian astronomer & mathematician Aryabhata (476-550),
in his Aryabhatiya, introduced a number of trigonometric
functions, tables, and techniques, as well as algorithms of
algebra.
- Madhava of Sangamagrama is also considered as the
founder of mathematical analysis.
2. China
- Korea, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia,
Myanmar and other countries that belong to the Old Silk
Road.
- Brahmagupta, also suggested that the gravity was a force
of attraction, & lucidly explain the use of zero as both a
placeholder and a decimal digit, along with Hindu-Arabic
Numeral System now used universally throughout the
world.
- Known for traditional medicines, a product of centuries of
experiences and discovery of Chinese people. An example
is Acupuncture.
- Develop tools such as compass, papermaking, gunpowder,
and printing tools that became known in the West only by
the end of Middle Ages.
- Invented other tools like iron plough, wheelbarrow, and
propeller, among others. They invented the first
seismological detector, & developed a dry dock facility.
They developed a design of different models of bridges.
- Invented other tools like iron plough, wheelbarrow, and
propeller, among others. They invented the first
seismological detector, & developed a dry dock facility.
They developed a design of different models of bridges.
- Invented the first seismological detector, & developed a dry
dock facility.
3. Middle East Countries
- Numerous Muslim scholars who made significant
contributions in the field science, mathematics, astronomy,
philosophy, & even in the field of social science.
- Muslim scientist named Ibn al-Haytham is also regarded as
the Father of Optics, especially for his empirical proof of the
intromission theory of light.
- Muslim chemists & alchemist also played an important role
in the foundation of modern chemistry.
 Scientific revolution

- Considered Jabir ibn Hayyan to be the “Father of 2021 is set to be a pivotal year for research and development,
Chemistry”. scientific innovation, and technological progress
- Muhammad ibn Musa al-Kwarizmi gave his name to the
Biodegradable plastics - types of plastics that can be broken down by
concept of the algorithm while the term algebra is derived
living things like fungi or bacteria.
from al-jabr, the beginning of the title of his publications.
- Ibn Sina pioneered the science of experimental medicine & - This type of plastics is made from plant-based materials
was the first physician to conduct trials. like corn, potato, and wheat starch as opposed to oil-based
- Two most notable works in medicine, the Book of Healing & plastics that are derived from petroleum.
The Canon of Medicine, were used as standard medicinal
texts in both the Muslim & Europe during the 17th century. Biopolymers - polymers produced from natural sources either
- Among his many contributions are the discovery of the chemical synthesized from a biological material or entirely
contagious nature of infectious diseases & the introduction synthesized by living organisms.
of clinical pharmacology. Used in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.
Development of Science in Africa Commonly used polymers are polysaccharides and proteins.
- Science also emerged in this part of the planet long before
the Europeans colonized it.
- The history of science & mathematics show that similar to
other ancient civilizations, the early civilizations in Africa
are knowledge producers, too.
- The Egyptian civilization has contributed immensely &
made significant advances in the fields of astronomy,
mathematics, and medicine. Natural Polysaccharides
- For example, the development of geometry was a product
of necessity to preserve layout & ownership of farmlands of
the Egyptians living along Nile River.
- The early science activities in Egypt were developed to
improve the quality of life of the Egyptians especially in
building their early homes & cities.
- The great structures of the Egyptian pyramids & the early
dams built to divert water from the Nile River are some
proofs of their advancement civilization.
- Egypt was known to be the center of alchemy, which is
known as the medieval forerunner of chemistry.
- They tried to study human anatomy & pharmacology, &
applied important components such as examination and
diagnosis.
Polysaccharides are the most abundant polymer on Earth.
- Astronomy was also famous in the African Region.
- For instance, documents show that Africans used three Physical properties of polysaccharides, such as viscosity, solubility,
types of calendars: lunar, solar, and stellar, or a and mechanical properties strongly depend on the composition of
combination of three. monosaccharide, chain structure (e.g., linear or branch), linkage
- Metallurgy was also known in the African regions during the patterns and molecular weight.
ancient times.
Polysaccharides originated from renewable sources, such as
- North Africa & Nile Valley imported iron technology from
animals, plants, and microorganisms, are widely available in nature.
the Near East Region that enabled them to benefit from the
developments during the Bronze Age until Iron Age. Polysaccharides can be broadly applicable in the fields of scaffolds,
- They invented metal tools used in their homes, in drug delivery, and tissue engineering:
agriculture, & in building their magnificent architecture.
- Mathematics was also known to be prominent in the life of
early people in Africa.
- The Lebombo Bone from the mountains between
Swaziland & South Africa, which may have been a tool for
multiplication, division, & simple mathematical calculation
or six-month lunar calendar, is considered to be the oldest
known mathematical artifact dated 35,000 BCE.

Science, Technology and Nation-Building

-To ensure national security and social stability.

-To sustain the growth of the national economy and to improve its
efficiency.
-To prepare for a smooth transition to an information society.
-To improve the quality of life.
-To create a new culture suitable for the new society.
Recycled plastics - plastic which has come from recycled materials.
Plastic recycling is the processing of plastic waste into other
products.
Recycling can reduce dependence on landfill, conserve resources
and protect the environment from plastic pollution and greenhouse
gas emissions.

Bio-based chemicals - derived from plants and other renewable

agricultural, marine and forestry materials.
TOPIC 3
Bio-based products generally provide an alternative to conventional
RECENT ADVANCES AND TRENDS IN SCIENCE AND petroleum derived products and include a diverse range of offerings
TECHNOLOGY AND ITS IMPACT IN SOCIETY such as lubricants, detergents, inks, fertilizers and bioplastics.”
Science Trends 2021 Plant-based chemicals - Plant-derived chemicals represent one
segment of the specialty chemicals industry.
 Scientific revolution

- Included in the category are essential oils, botanical
extracts, gums, gels, and polymers and other products
such as enzymes, waxes, and dyes.
Green economy - A green economy is defined as low carbon,
resource efficient and socially inclusive.
In a green economy, growth in employment and income are driven by
public and private investment into such economic activities,
infrastructure and assets that allow:
a) reduced carbon emissions and pollution,
b) enhanced energy and resource efficiency,
c) and prevention of the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem
services.
Vaccine Development and Rollout
- updated after the different parties contributing to the
ledger agree. After new data is fed into a block, it
cannot be erased. This makes technology verifiable
and secure.
5. Robotic Process Automation (RPA) - automating daily
tasks, similar to artificial intelligence.
6. Virtual Reality - technology by which you can immerse
yourself in an environment that seems astonishingly
realistic
7. Augmented Reality - technology used for improving this
virtual environment.
8. Edge computing - latest technology trend that is getting
famous by the day. based on the philosophy of bringing
computing power as close to the data source.
9. Intelligent Apps - software applications that make use of AI
components such as machine learning, deep learning, data
analytics, robotics, and natural language processing.

The quest to find an effective COVID-19 vaccine was arguably the

biggest trend to punctuate science in 2020.

In 2021, this will be no difference, though the angle has shifted from
one of development to one of effective rollout.

COVID-19 RECOVERY

- life science institutions will continue to be under pressure to

deliver favorable outcomes.
- This will involve maintaining, replacing, and strengthening
the supply chain, as well as rebuilding a workforce that has
been impacted by various lockdown measures.

Space Exploration

- Our knowledge of deep space will also broaden in scope in

2021.
- Mars will be the nexus for space exploration for this year.

Nature and Conservation

While many experts believe a figure of 30% and upwards will help
slow extinction rates and save the planet from ecological collapse by
2030, whether this target is enough remains up for debate.

In other conservation-related news, the UN is set to outline the first

treaty to preserve and protect marine biodiversity in the high seas
(international waters that do not fall under any country’s jurisdiction).

The treaty will outline a way to designate marine protected areas

(MPAs) and close the “biodiversity governance gap” through
sustainable use of these open waters, which account for two-thirds of
the Earth’s ocean.

Technology Trends 2021

Technology today is evolving at such a rapid pace, enabling faster

change and progress, causing an acceleration of the rate of change,
until eventually it will become exponential.

Here are some of the latest trending technologies that are sure to
dominate the IT industry in 2021 and the upcoming years:

1. Artificial Intelligence (AI) - the technology used for

equipping computer systems with the ability to make
decisions like humans.
2. Data Science - the technology used for equipping computer
systems with the ability to make decisions like humans.
3. Internet of Things - network of devices that are connected
to each other. Their devices caninteract and share data
with each other.
- These devices may be connected via WiFi, and they
share data about their environments and how they are
being used.
- These devices have a computer chip that facilitates
this exchange.
4. Blockchains - foundational technology that powers
electronic currencies such as Crypto-currencies.
- foundational technology that powers electronic
currencies such as Crypto-currencies.