Chapter 1: General Concepts and Historical Events China – one of the ancient civilizations with substantial

in STS contributions in medicine, astronomy, science, etc.,

Scientific Revolution Middle East Countries

 was the period of enlightenment when the  Development of scientific method
development in the field of mathematics, and science  Ibn al-Haytham – Father of Optics
transformed the views of society about nature  Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi –
 The idea of scientific revolution is claimed to have mathematician
started in early 16th century to 18th century  Jābir ibn Hayyān – Father of Chemistry
 Some scientists were never appreciated during their
times. Africa
 Blessed with natural and mineral resources
Nicolaus Copernicus  Egypt – known to be a center of alchemy
 was a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer.  Four fundamental mathematical operation
He is best known for heliocentric model.  Rules of geometry, algebra, trigonometry
 He wrote the “De Revolutionibus Orbium  Astronomy
Coelestium” (On the Revolutions of the Celestial  Metallurgy
Space)
The galleon – the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade was
Charles Darwin – famous for his Theory of Evolution the main source of income for the colony during its early
years
Sigmund Freud – Austrian neurologist and founder of
psychoanalysis. Famous for his iceberg model The Americans
 Established private, public education system
Cradles of Early Science  Teaching of science in higher education
 Control malaria, cholera, tuberculosis
The Maya Civilization  Technology
 Known for astronomy
 Developed calendar NRCP clustered four policies
 First people to produce rubber products 1. Social sciences, humanities, education, international
 Mayan hieroglyphics polices and governance
2. Physics, engineering and industrial research, earth
The Inca, the Aztec Civilization and space sciences, and mathematics
 Mandatory education 3. Medical, chemical, and pharmaceutical sciences
 Chocolates 4. Biological sciences, agriculture, and forestry
 Antispasmodic medication
 Chinampa Famous Filipinos in the Field of Science
 Aztec calendar
 Canoe 1. Ramon Cabanos Barba – tissue culture in Philippine
mangoes
India 2. Josefino Cacas Comiso – satellite images
 Known for manufacturing iron and metallurgical 3. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr. – electrical engineering
works 4. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz – snail venom
 Famous in medicine 5. Fabian Millar Dayrit – research on herbal medicine
 Famous in astronomy 6. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III – research on tilapia
 Famous in mathematics culture
 Aryabhatiya – introduced a number of trigonometric 7. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. – meconium drug testing
functions 8. Lilian Formalejo Patena – plant biotechnology
 Mohenjo-daro ruler – standardize measurement to a 9. Mari-jo Panganiban Ruiz – graph theorist
high degree of accuracy 10. Gregory Ligot Tangonan – research on field of
 Madhava of Sangamagrama – the founder of communications technology
mathematical analysis
Additional
 Caesar A. Saloma – internationally renowned
physicist
 Edgardo Gomez – famous scientist in marine science
 William Padolina – chemistry and president of
National Academy of Science and Technology
(NAST)
 Angel Alcala – marine science
CHAPTER 2: SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE
PHILIPPINES
 Science education focuses on teaching, learning, and
understanding science.
John Dewey – importance of utilizing the natural
environment to teach students
Karl Marx (1994) – is going to be one of the most
important school subjects in the future
Science Schools in the Philippines
 PSHSS (Philippine Science High School System)
❖ Republic Act no. 3661 – mandates to offer
free scholarship basis for secondary course
with special emphasis on subjects pertaining
to the sciences
 (SSES) Special Science Elementary Schools
project
❖ Develop Filipino children equipped with
scientific and technological knowledge
❖ Grade 1,2,3 – 70 minutes
❖ Grade 4,5,6 – 80 minutes
 Quezon City Regional Science High School –
originally known as quezon city science high school
 Manila Science High School
❖ MSAT (the Manila Science High School
Admission Test)
a. Aptitude in science
b. Aptitude test in mathematics
c. Problem-solving test in science
d. Problem-solving test in mathematics
e. Proficiency in English
 Central Visayan Institute Foundation
❖ DLP (Dynamic Learning Program) –
synthesis of classical and modern
pedagogical theories adapted to foster the
highest level of learning, creativity, and
productivity
❖ RCTP (Research Center for Theoretical
Physics) – organizes small international
workshops
Indigenous Knowledge
 Predicting weather conditions
 Using herbal medicine
 Preserving foods
 Preserving and selecting good seeds for planting
 Using indigenous technology
Four Scientific Attitudes Identified by Johnston
1. Motivating attitudes
2. Cooperating attitudes
3. Practical attitudes
4. Reflective attitudes
CHAPTER 3: STS AND THE HUMAN
CONDITION
Eudaimonia – literally “good spirited”, a term coined by
Aristotle to describe the pinnacle of happiness that is
attainable by humans
Chinese Confucian system or the Japanese bushido –
community takes the highest regard that the individual
should sacrifice himself for the sake of the society
❖ Confucius – “Golden Rule” – “do unto others as
you would have them do unto you.”
Scientific Method
1. Observe
2. Determine
3. Formulate hypothesis
4. Conduct experiment
5. Gather and analyze
6. Formulate conclusion and provide recommendation
Verification Theory - idea proposes that a discipline is
science if it can be confirmed or interpreted in the event
of an alternative hypothesis being accepted
Vienna Circle - a group of scholars who believed that
only those which can be observed should be regarded as
meaningful and reject those which cannot be directly
accessed as meaningless.
Members of the Vienna circle
1. Gustav Bergmann
2. Rudolf Carnap
 3. Philipp Frank Notable Contribution of Technology
4. Hans Hahn 1. Mortality rate
5. Tscha Hung 2. Average lifespan
6. Victor Kraft 3. Literacy rate
7. Karl Menger 4. Gross domestic product (GDP)
8. Richard Von Mises
9. Marcel Natkin CHAPTER 4: THE GOOD LIFE
10. Otto Neurath
11. Olga Hahn-Neurath Plato
12. Theodore Radakovic  Classical Greek philosopher
13. Rose Rand  Student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle
14. Friedrich Waismann  The end goal of life: happiness

Falsification Theory - asserts that as long as an ideology Two Realities

is not proven to be false and can best explain a
phenomenon over alternative theories, we should accept
the said ideology
Science – is a systematic enterprise that builds and
organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations
and predictions
Results – refer to the outcomes or findings obtained from
a specific process, experiment, study, or investigation
STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering,
Mathematics)
 Grade 11 and 12
 Seeks to improve scientific literacy, which involves
understanding scientific concepts, processes, and
their applications in everyday life
Generation Gap - is attributed mainly to the changes
brought about by technology
1. World of Forms – represent the perfect and
unchanging essence of things
2. World of Matter – the world we experience through
our sense. The material or physical world that is
constantly changing
 John Stuart Mill declared the Greatest Happiness
Principle by saying that an action is right as far as it
maximizes the attainment of happiness for the
greatest number of people
Materialism - Democritus and Leucippus led a school
whose primary belief is that the world is made up of and
is controlled by the tiny indivisible units in the world
called Atomos or seeds.
Hedonism – Pleasure has always been the priority of
hedonists. Epicurus – “Eat, drink, and be merry for
tomorrow we die.”

Homo Erectus – is an extinct species of hominid (human-
like primate) that lived during the Pleistocene epoch,
approximately 1.9 million to 143,000 years ago
Homo Sapiens
 scientific name for the species of modern humans
 Latin for “wise man” or “knowing man”
Homo Sapiens Sapiens – the only extant species of the
genus, “Homo”
Holocene Extinction – also known as the sixth mass
extinction or Anthropocene extinction, refers to the
ongoing and significant loss of biodiversity during the
Holocene epoch
Stoicism – the stoics, happiness can only be attained by a
careful practice of apathy
Theism - ultimate basis of happiness for theists is the
communion with God. The world where we are in is only
just a temporary reality where we have to maneuver
around while waiting for the ultimate return to the hands
of God.
Humanism - is a philosophical and ethical stance that
emphasizes the value and agency of human beings,
individually and collectively, and places a strong
emphasis on human reason, ethics, and autonomy rather
than supernatural or divine authority.
 ACRONYMS TO REMEMBER

DOST – Department of Science and Technology

ASEAN – Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ICT – Information and Communications Technology
NRCP – National Research Council of the Philippines
PSHSS – Philippine Science High School System
SSES – Special Science Elementary Schools
MSAT – Manila Science Admission Test
DLP – Dynamic Learning Program
RCTP – Research Center for Theoretical Physics
STEM – Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics
GDP – Gross Domestic Product