SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY REVIEWER

Lecture 1: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

1. Science as an idea account for the precession of the equinoxes. Earth

 Theories
 Systematic Explanation
 Observation
2. Science as an intellectual
activity
 Systematical
 Practical
 Experimentation
3. Science as a body of
knowledge
 Discipline
 A field of study
 A process of learning
4. Science as a personal and
social activity
 Both knowledge and activities
 Improve life
 Survive in life
Scientific Revolution – was started in early 16th
century up to the 18th century in Europe, the
inventions of printing machines and blooming
intellectual done in various places of learning.
Science was a foreign idea that transported in other
areas, globe as well. Scientific revolution Enlighten
the developments in the fields of mathematics,
physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry that
transformed the views of society about nature. The
emergence of birth of modern science as a result of
the developments from the disciplines mentioned.
Nicolaus Copernicus – was an astronomer who wrote
a book called “On the revolutions of the heavenly
bodies (This book was published as lay on his
deathbed). Copernicus proposed that sun was the
center of solar system and that the planets orbit
around the sun. Earth is a planet which besides
orbiting the sun annually. Turns once daily on its own
axis that they are slow to change direction of the axis
was the third planet outward from the sun as well as
the moon. The stars are distant object that do not
revolve around the sun. Earth assumed to rate once
in 24 hours, causing the stars to appear to revolve
around the earth in the opposite direction.
Charles Darwin was the English naturalist whose
scientific theory of evolution by natural selection
became the foundation of modern evolutionary
studies. This theory states that individual species
show variation in physical characteristics. A
consequence those individuals most suited to their
environment survive and, given enough time, the
species will gradually evolve. Charles Darwin
developed an evolutionary theory that placed humans
firmly within the organismic order of nature.
Sigmund Freud is an Austrian Neurologist, first
psychoanalyst and a true pioneer in the recognition of
the importance of unconscious mental activity.
Freud’s revolutionary may view as the discovery of a
way of location in the mind objective entities that can
be studies like physical things. His theories and work
help our views of childhood, personality, memory,
sexuality, and therapy.
Cradles of Early Science
Development of Science in Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica encompasses all of Central America,
from southern Mexico to the border with South
America. There is little question that the
Mesoamerican area was rich in culture and
knowledge before European conquerors arrived. The
Mayan civilization was one of the most famous
civilizations that lasted for almost 2,000 years. The
Mayans had extensive knowledge and
comprehension of celestial bodies for their period, as
indicated by their ability to forecast eclipses and use
astrological cycles in planting and harvesting. Also,
they employed numerous tools and adapted to
changes, particularly in the arts. The Mayans invented
looms for weaving textiles and a rainbow of sparkling
colors created from the mineral mica.
One of the greatest inventions in history was the
invention of zero and the number system by Indians.
India is the birthplace of the decimal system, the
value of pi, algebra, trigonometry, calculus, and many
other mathematical principles. The greatest number
used by the Greeks and Romans was 10 to the power
of 6; Indians employed numbers as large as 10 to the
power of 53 well before 5000 B.C. "We owe a lot to
the Indians, who taught us how to count, without
which no worthwhile scientific discoveries could have
been made, said Albert Einstein.

The Inca civilization is also famous in Mesoamerica. India

The following are some of the ideas and tools they Medicine
developed to helped them for their everyday life:
Sushruta was the father of medicine -- the first
1. Road paved with stones to invent the art of performing surgery with
2. Stone buildings anesthesia. The first school of medicine,
3. Irrigation system Ayurveda, was based on a systematic knowledge
4. Calendar of plant-derived medicines and is practiced
5. Suspension bridge effectively even today. Detailed knowledge of
6. Quipu, a system of knotted ropes anatomy, embryology, digestion, metabolism,
7. Inca textiles physiology, genetics, immunity, psychology and
Following the Inca, the Aztec civilizations has also etiology can be found in many ancient Indian
made substantial contributions to science and texts.
technology and some of it are the following: China
1. Mandatory education ‘The Four Great Inventions of Ancient China’
2. Chocolates refers to paper, gunpowder, printing, and the
3. Antispasmodic medication compass. These four great inventions greatly
4. Chinampa promoted the development of
5. Aztec calendar
6. Invention of the canoe China’s economy, politics, and culture. When
these technologies were introduced to the West
Development of Science in the Asia through various channels, they substantially
Asia is the biggest continent in the world and the revolutionized world civilization.
home of many ancient civilizations.
Great civilizations such as: India, China, and the
Middle East civilizations have stood out because of
their incomparable contributions.

India

Mathematics