-
SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Main question: WHAT IS MATTER?
SCIENCE
- Not a single idea, it is not stable as other
disciplines.
- Covers multiple contributions of different
natural philosophers and scientists.
- the word “science” was discovered by William
Whewell, an English scientist, historian, priest,
in 1840.
- Scientists are called natural philosopher
before.
- The aim of science is to show the different
world of knowledge wherein it will serve as
your lenses in viewing our relatively evolving
science.
“What was true then cannot be true now and what
is true can be not true in the future”
- Knowledge is not fixed, it is constantly
changing and evolving.
- Knowledge is power.
2 ASPECTS OF SCIENCE
1. OBSERVE some specific aspects of the world
2. Conduct an EXPERIMENT to answer some
questions about the world.
NULIUS IN VERBA
- A tattoo that scientists in western world have
- It means “no one’s word”
ROYAL SOCIETY
- Don’t believe something just because
someone tells you its true, test out each new
hypothesis/ educate yourself.
LESSON 2: ALCHEMY
ALCHEMY
- It is not a practice of knowledge, but they are
experimentally skilled and theorists of
understanding.
- ALCHEMY means BLACK EARTH that
symbolizes the rich and fertile lands of Egypt,
LAND OF KHEM.
- A philosophical manner of thinking about
material world and changing it.
- Alchemists wrote and published books using
ALLEGORICAL CODE because it was not
publicly available for people.
What happen to them?
Mainly, alchemy is both rooted of science and
religion, since they are more scientific, they
choose to be Science.
- Since alchemy wanted to be in control, they
did not share knowledge and that was their
mistake because when knowledge is kept, it
dies but when the knowledge is shared, it
grows.
Field of Chemistry
- Known to be the central science came from
the word ALCHEMY.
DECKNAMEN
- Meaning the words written were not what it
seems.
2 KINDS OF ALCHEMICAL METALS
NOBLE METALS - Gold (sun) Silver (moon)
BASE METALS - Mercury (mercury) Copper
(Venus) Iron (mars) Tin (Jupiter) Lead (Saturn)
2 FORMS OF TRANSMUTATION
PARTICULARS – one transmutation
UNIVERSALS – turning anything into new form
(philosopher stone)
ASIAN CULTURE
CHINESE CULTURE
- Very tied to the idea that the earth is a living
organism.
- FENG SUI
- They also searches for Walden for
immortality
INDIAN CULTURE
- Focused on natural medicine
- AYURVEDIC practice focused on natural
products and toxicology.
SOUTHEAST ASIAN CULTURE
- BABAYLANS – spiritual shamans
specialized in communicating to spirits,

showed intelligence on the practice of
medicine, scientific crafts.
MIDDLE EASTERN ALCHEMISTS
- Influence of Aristotelian, Chinese, Indian
- More advanced and focused on mathematical
and understanding the heavens.
PERSIAN ALCHEMISTS
- JABIR IBN HAYYAN
LESSON 3: NATURAL PHILOSOPHERS: THE
“HOWS” AND “WHYS” GREEKS
- People of interest and craft
- They practiced natural philosophy
- Their intellect was “self-conscious inquiry”
PRE SOCRATICS
- Philosopher before Socrates
- They created the “school of thoughts” o
Group of students and teachers that
asks and attempts to answer questions.
o Biggest contribution: “rational
debates” to generate knowledge.
THALES
- First European philosopher that was recorded
in the ancient Greece that contributed in the
crafting knowledge.
- He was known to be first individual to have
made and proved his own theorem “Thale’s
Theorem”.
- He believed in separating the divinities of the
gods to the power of human intellect.
- Founder of first European “schools of
philosophy” called “Milesians” o Known for
its attempts in explaining the natural and the
material world.
ANAXIMANDER
- First Greek to contribute to the body of
knowledge.
- First European philosopher to write down his
ideas.
- He believed that the material world and the
natural world is governed by discoverable
laws.
o He rejected Thales and proposed his
ideas and introduced formless initial
states “apeiron”
-
- Contributed in astronomy, geometry, math. o
Gnomon – helps identify the time
which is being uses by Asians.
- Also developed a model cosmos that
attempted to picture by heavenly wheel
- He also worked on the possibility of animal
transformation.
o Where did we come from
o Led to the theory of evolution
EMPEDOCLES
- Last great thinker and philosopher that said to
be astonished with the Milesian school.
- Made a book called “on nature” air, water, earth,fire
- Formed a theory on four classical elements.
PHYTAGORAS
- Most famous pre-Socratic.
- Abstract thinker
- He introduced idealism
- “Math is the language of science”
- Greatest contribution: geometry
Pythagoras view numbers as sacred and not
just mere counting.
- He hates irrational numbers.
DEMOCRITUS
- Most known natural philosopher that
contributed a lot in science
- Biggest thread in the Greek contributions if
knowledge was “Atomism”
- He held the idea of “the small particles that
is indestructible, uncreated, always in
motion and infinite numbers”
SOCRATES
- He studies more on politics, morality and
citizenship.
- He contributed a lot in the quest of
understanding the universe by “asking
questions”
- Socratic Method – the art of questioning,
constantly asking questions
- His legacy is his students, Plato and Aristotle.
PLATO
- Had a great impact on “Metacognition” or
“Thinking about your own thinking”
- He established “Academy” - A school how
to think properly over the door of academy.
- Inscribed at the door of academy: Let no one
enter here who is ignorant of Geometry.

- He believed that cosmos was perfect.
- He believed that all materials is made of atom
and varied geometrical shapes “platonic
solids”
- He believed that both stars and planets is
revolving around the earth in circular motion.
ARISTOTLE
- Star student of Plato
- His philosophy is more on common sense
- He is known for writing books on ethics
- Mentor of alexander the great
- He created “Lyceum” after Alexander died.
- He trusted his senses, he used it for his works.
- The taxonomy he created were based on
“system of souls”
➢ Plants – vegetative soul (grow)
➢ Animals – mobility soul, they
have
vegetative and sensitive animal soul
(the move and the grow)
➢ Humans – highest form of soul,
combination of vegetative, sensitive
and rational soul. It helps the humans
to think and reflect
LESSON 4: THE ENGINEERS: THE ARTISTS
GREAT BUILDERS
- Their works are portal for the modern world
to have a glimpse of their lives in the past.
- and shaped in different forms. This used to
EGYPTIANS
- They created measurements for construction
purposes
- They invented the cubic system where they
used it to build pyramids.
BABYLONIANS
- Great builders and architect as they build the
hanging garden of Babylon.
MESOAMERICANS
- Great builders of temples and houses and step
pyramids
THE ROMANS
- They are more invested in their strength in
technology and building rather than reasoning
and natural philosophy.
- Conquered the state at around 146 BCE
-
- They sought knowledge and did not rely on
reasoning like the Greeks. They focused on
the question “how to apply the knowledge?”
- Aristotle sought knowledge and classified it
in 2 forms:
Useful knowledge – practical
Theoretical – reasoning
2 FORMS OF KNOWLEDGE
TECHNE
- Practical knowledge
- Root word for technology
- Associated with arts (Arts of craftmanship)
EPISTEME
- Epistemology
- Requires logic
ARCHITECTONS/ ARCHITECT
- The people that build war machines
ARCHIMEDES
- Famous mathematician
- He used his knowledge to help the Greek fight
the romans by inventing war machines
- Great craftmanship
- He also made useful contraptions, to pull up
water.
OPUS CAEMENTITUM
- Roman engineers mixing ash, rocks. Water
and lime to build this concrete.
Their material is durable and could be poured
form domes ( The Pantheon in Rome )
The romans also found that the Arches are strong
supports for weights.
The water during the Roman Era where able to
move in long distance using “Arch Aqueducts”
Cloaca Maxima = Big Sewers
Apian Way – open door for the roman troops
- “All roads, lead to Rome”
Flavian Amphitheater, the Colosseum
- Most known infrastructure of the Roman
empire that flooded blood for many years
- Has retractable roof
MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLIO
- Wrote about architectures, buildings and
urban planning of human system

LESSON 5: THE SCIENTIST 2.0
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
- Should possess basic principles of seeking
knowledge
o Rationality
o Experimentation
o Ruthless self examination
- given credit to 3 scientists:
GALILEO GALILEI
- In 1609, he reinvented the telescope and used
it as an instrument that changed astronomy
today
- In 1611, he became vocal to his stand on the
cosmological understanding of the world and
supported heliocentrism then was called by
the church.
- He stated that the bible and nature do not
disagree with another
o BIBLE – word for the people, a guide
and story on how we behave and why
o NATURE – God’s physical work
▪ ▪ “Science is the uncovering
of God’s work”
- In 1616, the church banned all his work
- In 1623, he published “ASSAYER”
o Stated that scientists should be free to
do their work.
- In 1632, he stood for heliocentrism
- In 1633, he was house arrested for the rest of
his life, but it did not stop him from being a
scientist and continue his works.
FRANCIS BACON
- He proposed a new approach which scientists
should be practical, instrumental and
supported by the state. It should be
experimentally proven.
- Natural philosophy should be used to improve
well-being/ humanity.
- He wanted to focus on “useful knowledge”
- Created the SOLOMON’S HOUSE.
SOLOMON’S HOUSE
- In 1626, he published his book “NEW
ATLANTIS”
-
- He proposed a developing hub for intellectual
work, a university called SOLOMON’S
HOUSE (ALL MALES).
- Divided into classification:
o TRAVELER – gather facts
o EXPERIMENTALIST – conduct
experiment and create new facts
o BOOKWORM – extract facts o
ANALYZER – analyze all experiment
o INTERPRETER OF NATURE –
composed of 3 males, will take all the
facts to create new “axioms” (new
truth)
o BENEFACTOR – the “Dowreymen”
will use the new axioms to put it in
practical use (TECHNE).
RENE DESCARTES
- He is known as one of the founding figures of
modern mathematics, modern philosophy and
he bridge geometry and algebra.
- He developed the Cartesian coordinates
- Because of the news about Galileo Galilei, he
stopped his works about heliocentrism called
“LE MONDE” or “THE WORLD”
- In 1637, he published his book called
“Discourse on the Method”
- How do we know what we know?
- He used mathematics as a way towards the
natural world
SYSTEMATIC DOUBTING
- Simple doubting yourself on what you know
BOTTOM LINE:
GALILEO GALLEI – EXPERIMENTALIST
FRANCIS BACON – PRACTICAL THINKER
RENE DESCARTES – PURE PHILOSOPHER
SIR ISAAC NEWTON
- His works are focused in universal
gravitation, three laws of motion which then
became the foundation of the modern physics.
- He discovered Calculus.
\

CHEMISTRY
ANTOINE LAURENT DE LAVOISIER
- He worked on understanding the chemical
reaction of combustion.
- He understands that the Phlogistic air was
oxygen and dephlogisticate air was carbon
dioxide.
- Developed Law of conservation of mass
- He published the first list of elements
- He established states of matter
- He became a rational experimentalist
- He is the Father of modern Chemistry
- He was branded as traitor because he was
involved in taxation and supported foreign
scientists.
- He died by the guillotine in 1794.
MADAM MARIE SKLODOWSKA CURIE
- First woman to win the Nobel Prize
- First person to win two of them
- The only woman and only four people to win
two different fields and remains as the only
person ever win Nobel prizes in multiple
natural sciences.
- She went to a secret school called Flying
University
- Marie developed “Theory of Reactivity”
which then became the fundamental for
modern physics
- She proved that atoms can be divided.
- She served as a major contributor in the
discovery of Thorium, Polonium and Radium
- In 1903, Marie, Pierre and Becquerel won
Nobel Prize in Physics.
NUCLEAR SCIENCE
ERNEST RUTHERFORD
- Father of nuclear science
- The principle of “transmutation”
-
ALBERT EINSTEIN
- The pillar of the Modern Physics
- In 1905, it was an “Anus Mirabilis” or
“Marvelous year” for him
-
ANUS MIRABILIS OF EINSTEIN
 Brownian Motion – random motion of
particles suspended in fluid, allowed the
collision of moving molecules in the fluid.
 Photoelectric Effect – supporting the idea that
the energy series of particles & not a wave.
 Equivalence of mass – mass can be
transformed into energy
Special Relative – mothing can move faster than
light, speed of light, it was about comparing
physical effects from different observer position in
terms of velocity/ speed in a particular direction.
-
- In 1915, he published theory of general
relativity
- In 1920’s, the controversy of understanding
subatomic particles became more
controversial
WERNER HEISENBERG
- invented the matrix mechanics and theory of
uncertainty principle.
ERWIN SCHRODINGER
- studied wave mechanics and used
mathematical equations to describe finding the
electrons in a certain position.
SOLVAY CONFERENCE, 1927
“BIRTH OF QUANTUM MECHANICS”
 CHAPTER 2: SCIENTIFIC AND
INTELLECTUAL
REVOULUTION
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION and
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS are series of events
that marked the emergence of new concept or
introduction of modern science.
In 1962, THOMAS KUHN published book
called “THE STRUCTURE OF SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTIONS”, in this book he stated that
different sciences undergo “REVOLUTIONS”. The
paradigm shift is a fundamental change in the basic
concepts and experimental practices of scientific
discipline, it is shifting from “NORMAL” to the
“NEW NORMAL”.
LESSON 6: COPERNICAN INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTION (how the view the world…the
universe rather)
The quest in understanding how the days and
night happen, and UNDERSTAND THE
HEAVENLY BODIES LIKE STARS, MOON
AND SUN attempted by Greek Philosophers and the
Egyptians.
The Copernican intellectual revolution did not
only change the way we view the world but also the
universe.
TWO MAJOR CONCEPTS WHICH INVOLVES
UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNIVERSE
GEOCENTRISM
- also known as GEOCENTRIC VIEW is the
belief that Earth is fixed at the center of the
Universe. That the sun, moon, stars, and
planets revolve around it.
HELIOCENTRISM
- Also known as HELIOCENTRIC VIEW is
the astronomical model in which the earth and
planets revolve around the sun, it challenged
the concept of Geocentrism.
PEOPLE INVOLVED IN COPERNICAN
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY
- proposed GEOCENTRISM which is referred
as “PTOLEMAIC MODEL OF UNIVERSE”.
- stated that the heavens move like a sphere, the
earth and the heavenly bodies are spheres, and
the earth is the center of the universe, it is
called “COSMOLOGICAL ALMAGESTS”,
also called as the “MATHEMATICAL
SYNTAXES”.
ARISTARCHUS OF SAMOS
- Heliocentric view of the universe was initially
introduced by him.
NICOLE D. ORESME
- Geocentrism was challenged by him again in
1370. He wrote a book called “The book of
heaven and Earth” supporting Heliocentrism
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
- He reintroduced the Heliocentrism with this
book called “De Rev: or “De
Revolutionubus Orbium Colestium” or
“The Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres”
saying that cosmological theories like the
Earth are not the center of the universe and the
center of the universe is near the sun.
- - upon his death, came the rise of the
Copernican Intellectual universe.
TYCHO BRAHE
- Took some concepts from geocentric view and
heliocentric view and fused these two concepts
and proposed geoheliocentric view.
- The dutch king provided him fully funded
research island
➢ Uraniborg, castle of heaven
➢ Stjerneborg, castle of stars
➢ De Nova Stella or the New
Star
JOHAN KEPLER
Wrote the “ASTRONOMIA NOVA” OR
THE NEW ASTRONOMY proposing three
laws of planetary motion and introduce
heliocentric view to the church saying
“FAITH, EMPIRICAL DATA, AND
ELEGANT MATH, ALL SYNC”.

GALILEO GALILEI
- Father of observational astronomy
- Father of Scientific Method
- Father of the modern physics - Father of the
modern science
- In 1609, GALILEO GALILEI did not invent
telescope but by HANS LIPPERSHEY in
Holland.
LESSON 7: DARWINIAN INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTION (fit and right?)
What is life?
 In the early 18 hundreds, the English society is
th
slowly moving away from the traditional way of
thinking about life which was called
“Natural Theology”
 WILLIAM PALEY wrote a book in 1802 called
“The Natural Theology” which inspired Charles
Darwin in his pursuit of trying to understand the
how’s of life.
CHARLES DARWIN
 His family sent him in South America through the
ship “BEAGLE” for 5 years where he eventually
became a theorist.
 His notable experiences was in Galapagos island.
 He became obsessed with the Finches and
collected it.
 This will result in to be one of the clues that
would lead to theory of evolution by natural
selection.
 He published a book called “The Voyage of the
Beagle”
 He became inspired again by the “Essay on the
Principle of Population” by Thomas Robert
Malthus
 1858 he received a letter from ALFRED RUSSEL
WALLACE, a fellow naturalist where both
published a joint letter in the Linnaean Society of
London, presenting a summary of a theory of
natural selection.
 1859 he published his 500 paged book on
‘THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS
OF NATURAL SELECTION
JOHN GOULD
- A naturalist attested that the finches Darwin
collected are different species and not varieties
of one species.
THOMAS ROBERT MALTHUS
- A proponent of the Malthusian theory of
population and coined the term “NATURAL
SELECTION” and inspired Charles Darwin
by the “ESSAY ON THE PRINCIPLE OF
POPULATION”.
ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE
- A naturalist, He coined the term
“SELFACTING PROCESS” then sent a
letter to Charles Darwin to publish a joint
letter.
- In1844, he met HENRY WALTER BATES
and decided to venture on how evolution
works to apply that knowledge to the human
society. Both ventured where their ship sunked
but fortunately survived, the fossils he sunked
along the ship.
- In 1854, he ventured to Southeast Asia to
collect specimens and pay for his debts due to
the fossils lost in the incident.
- In 1869 he continued working in southeast
Asia and later on published “MALAY
ARCHIPHELAGO”, he observed that there
seems to be an INVISBLE LINE NOW
CALLED AS THE “ WALLACE’S LINE”
IN INDONESIA which inspired him to
invent the PRINCIPLE OF
BIOGEOGRAPHY.
“HOW” OF LIFE OF LIVING ORGANISMS
TO “SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST”
HERBERT SPENCER
- a fellow biologist, re-coined the term as the
“SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST” in 1864
intended for animals but slowly used in human
society the “SOCIAL DARWINISM”.
 LESSON 8: FREUDIAN INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTION (to do or not to do?)
The human behavior and personality is a
puzzle for many people and many years, one
psychologist sparkled the venture in this discipline in
the late 19th CENTURY, SIGMUND FREUD.
The Freudian intellectual revolution
challenged and changed the way we view the human
mind and its relationship to our behavior and
personality.
THREE FUNDAMENTAL STRUCTURES OF
THE MIND OF THE PSYCHOANALYTIC
THEORY
ID
- “I want to do that now!”
- it is the most aggressive of the three structures
- is concerned with instant gratification of the
basic physical needs and urges, the
unconscious mind.
SUPER EGO
- “It’s not right to do that”
- Is the most rule governed structure of the
mind
- concerned with social rules and morals, it is
often called the conscience or the moral
compass.
EGO
- “maybe we can compromise”
- Is the rational and pragmatic part of the
personality as it pacifies both id and superego
THE PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY the
personality development is focused on the
changing seat of sensual pleasure of an individual.
The childhood stages of development during
which, according to Sigmund Freud, the id’s
pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct
erogenous zones.
FIVE STAGES OF THE PSYCHOSEXUAL
THEORY
OAPhaLaGe
ORAL STAGE (BIRTH-18 MONTHS) – Center
of pleasure is on the mouth.
 examples are sucking, biting, and chewing.
ANAL STAGE (18-36 MONTHS) – Center of
pleasure is anus and bladder
 examples are bowel, bladder elimination, and
toilet training.
PHALIIC STAGE (3-6 YEARS) – Center of
pleasure is the child’s genitals
 examples are incestuous sexual feelings, this
mostly the development of Oedipus complex
or Electra complex.
LATENT STAGE (6-PUBERTY) – there is no
particular center of pleasure because it is repressed
however, this is also showed dormant sexual
feelings.
GENITAL STAGE (PUBERTY ONWARDS) –
the center of pleasure is genitals and directed to
full sexual maturity and adult sexual interests
PEOPLE INVOLVED IN FREUDIAN
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
SIGMUND FREUD
- An Austrian neurologist and founder of
psychoanalysis.
- PERSONALITY is a distinctive and enduring
characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and
behaving of an individual.
- He introduced “PSYCHOANALYSIS” also
referred as the psychoanalytic perspective was
introduced by FREUD.
- He believes that our decisions are affected driven
mostly by sexual aggressive urges and social
control or THE PLEASURE PRINCIPLE.
NON-FREUDIAN PSYCHOLOGIST focused on
the NON-SEXUAL MOTIVATIONS AND THE
CONSCIOUS MIND.
KAREN HORNEY
- A German psychologist and psychoanalyst,
founder of feminist psychology, and proposed the
PRINCIPLE OF SELF-HELP ANALYSIS
CARL GUSTAV JUNG
- A Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who
founded ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY, he
believed that sexual drive do not solely dictate
ones behavior and it is just part of an equation
- also believed in “COLLECTIVE
UNCONSCIOUSNESS” where a group of
 shared image of archetypes that are universal to all
humas, and this is also why different cultures
share similar myths and imagery.
ALFRED ALDER
- A psychologist from Vienna, agreed on the
importance of childhood and emphasized social
tensions rather than the sexual ones.
- He introduced the concept of “INFERIORITY
COMPLEX”, where much of the adult behavior
is linked to childhood struggles with feeling of
inferior.
HUMANISTIC THEORY
“Who I am?”
Developed the “SELF-CONCEPT” where a mix
thoughts and feelings that aims to answer the question
“WHO I AM?” rose in attempt to explain the
personality with the focus on the potential for healthy
personal growth.
PEOPLE INVOLVED IN HUMANISTIC
THEORIES
ABRAHAM MASLOW
- An American psychologist who proposed
“HIERARCHY OF NEEDS”.
CARL ROGERS
- An American psychologist who proposed the
“PERSON-CENTERED PERSPECTIVE”
They both believed in goodness based on
nurturing in a growth promoting environment that
requires 3 conditions: Genuine, Acceptance,
Empathy
LESSON 9: AFRICAN INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTION
We’re all African
The African intellectual revolution is the first
societal intellectual revolution since it is the cradle of
civilization. Their civilization has enormously
contributed to the body of knowledge, their long and
best cultural contributions in linguistic, mathematics,
science, and technology, has largely influenced a lot of
succeeding civilizations and various civilizations all
around the world.
AFRICA IS KNOWN TO BE THE OLDEST
CIVILIZATION KNOWN IN THE HISTORY OF
HUMANKIND.
Africa became to be known as the “CRADLE OF
CIVILIZATION” because it is the first state systems
that were built along the Nile river.
ANCEINT AFRICAN CIVILIZATION were first to
dwell with:
• APPLIED SCIENCES IN AGRICULTURAL
ECONOMY
• METALLURGICAL SCIENCES
• TEXTILE AND ENGINEERING
PRODUCTIONS
• ANCIENT NATURAL REMEDIES AND
FIELD SCIENCES DOMINATED ACROSS
THE REGION
ASIAN CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE ALSO
ADOPTED some of the variety of African plants,
including coffee, palm oil, African rice, and other
agricultural crops. They have mastered the art of
nature, they are the first shamans to practice natural
medicine using natural remedies.
EGYPTIANS WERE GREAT BUILDERS, they
created measurement mathematics for construction
purposes, they invented the cubit system and used it to
build the Pyramids of Egypt.
ANCIENT EGYPT
“The oldest civilization that lived up to date.”
NILE RIVER
• the life and blood of Egypt as it sustained life
and agriculture of the Ancient Egypt, and until
now, the river still flows.
MAJOR CITIES OF ANCIENT EGYPT
Cities located along the strait of the Nile river united in
3100 BC to form one EGYPTIAN STATE:
• HELIOPOLIS
• MEMPHIS
• ABYDOS
• THEBES
• NEKHEN
The state sustained its power succeeding 300 Pharaohs.
 CULTURAL HERITAGE OF ANCIENT
EGYPT LESSON 10: MESOAAMERICAN
PHARAOHS INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
• are protectors, rulers, and serve as liaisons of
the people to the Gods. The MESOAMERICAN OR THE
• Upon their death, they believe that they will MEXICAN AMERICAN CIVILIZATION, has a
transcend as God themselves, they are very sophisticated culture and practices in science.
mummified, and buried in labyrinth tombs, like They have number of codices (codex), of all, there were
the pyramid. only four codices survived up to date, which were
ART OF MUMMIFICATION majorly destroyed by Spanish imperialists. This
• is one of the most known ancient scientific civilization aimed to answer an imperial question on
practices of the ancient civilization, for it is the “WHERE ARE WE?”, “WHAT IS TIME?”, and
art of science and preservation. “HOW DO WE MEASURE IT?”.
PYRAMIDS The Mesoamerican civilization was a powerful ancient
• are tombs and representation of the innovative civilization, they have flagged the history by its culture,
infrastructure of the state. its science and technology. They are foundations of
CUBIT SYSTEM engineering, hydraulic systems, ancient architecture,
• is a measurement of length developed in and many more.
Ancient Egypt, it is the length of the arm to the
fingers, it was said that they used this to build OLMEC CIVILIZATION
the pyramid and other massive structures of the OLMECS (1500 – 400 BCE)
ancient Egyptian state. • now the southern Mexico, has sophisticated
The EGYPTIANS ALSO COMBINED understanding of arts and sciences, the built
MATHEMATICS AND ASTRONOMY where they objects from the volcanic heads such as:
were able to make a 24 hour division in a day, and they HUMAN JAGUARS and COLOSSAL
also used this to create the first solar calendar to feature HEADS
a 365 day ration in one year.
MAYAN CIVILIZATION
METHODS IN ENGINEERING DEVELOPED “when are we?” accurately across the millions of
BY EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION: years
• METHODS IN SURVEYING OF LANDS
ALONG THE NILE RIVER MAYAN (2000 BCE – 1600 BCE)
• CREATION OF DAMS • now all of Belize and Guatemala, western El
• CANALS Salvador and Honduras, and Southern Mexico,
• IRRIGATION SYSTEMS reached the height of astronomical knowledge.
HIEROGLYPH • The Mayan civilization is also regarded as a
• an Egyptian writing system known to be the HYDRAULIC EMPIRE, SAME SCALE OF
OLDEST WRITING SYSTEMS. It was THAT OF CHINA. However, the fragility of
developed at round 3150 BC. the food system destroyed the Mayans.
HIERATIC
• a new writing system which followed Hieroglyph CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE MAYANS
is like a cursive form that uses ink and later on • They built great step pyramids, devoted for
was written on papyrus. kings which are the ZIGGURAT, and sites for
PAPYRUS astronomical observations such as CARACOL
• which is similar to papers were derived from or OBSERVATORY OF
papyrus paint, which are very richly growing CHICHEN ITZA.
along the Nile river
 • They also have a VEGESIMAL
MATHEMATICAL SYSTEM that is based
on twenty which included zero, but no
fractions.
• They have made a lot of CALCULATION
ABOUT TIME for religious reasons as wells
as a COMPLEX ASTRONOMICAL
SYSTEM that was intended to generate
prophesies.
• DECEMBER 23, 2012 stated the possible end
of the world because it is the end of the
MAYAN CALENDAR.
• BOTH SYMBOLIC AND PHONETIC
MEANINGS are in the Mayan writing system.
• CULTIVATION OF CROPS was intensively
practiced by the Mayan civilization using their
sophisticated irrigation system.
• They domesticated dogs, and ducks, and
penned wild turkeys and dears.
AZTEC CIVILIZATION
• AZTECS are a number from the
population of MAYAN MOVED TO THE
SOUTHERN MEXICO,
• THE NAHUAS, they were GREAT
BUILDERS OF THE CENTRAL
MEXICO. They built the capital
TENOCHTITLN in 1325, it is still around,
known as the Ciudad de Mexico, or the Mexico
City.
CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE AZTECS
They created a system of CANALS, FLOODGATES,
AND AQUEDUCTS and
BUILT THEIR TEMPLES BASED on the setting of
the sun and not Venus near lakes which allowed them
to practice intensive lake-marsh agriculture, growing
maze, amaranth fish, and ducks.
BOTANICAL AND MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE
collected were maintained by priests who also serve as
astrologers.
They have a HUMORAL SYSTEM linked to plants,
animals, and the human body, and the heavens. Aztec
Healers seems to have been specialists focusing on:
• SURGERY
• BLOODLETTING
• CHILD BIRTH
• CREATING HERBAL DRUGS
• TREATING SICK TURKEYS
Aztec physician had an extensive anatomical lexicons,
and even treated dandruff. INKA CIVILIZATION
INKA
• developed an empire in the Andres Mountains
from roughly CE 1100 – 1532 CE until the
Spanish conquest.
CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE INKAS
MACHU PICHU, PERU
• a city of polished, carefully fitted stones was
built around 1450 The most famous inkan site
which was part of the New Seven Wonders of
the World.
• They have standard measurements units,
medical specialists, ASTRONOMICAL AND
CALENDRIC DATE, RECORDED INTRO
VERY
ARCHITECTURE OF THEIR CITIES.
KHIPU
• sophisticated system of trying strings which is
used to keep records, which they used for
data in taxes, calendar and even military
organization
LESSON 11: MIDDLE EAST INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTION
If it goes easy something is wrong
The MIDDLE-EAST CIVILIZATION has a
very rich culture and tradition, they also have an
enormous contribution to science and technology.
The Middle-east intellectual revolution has
revolutionized mathematics, astronomy, medical
science and engineering, up to date, their sophistication
to the field is very evident. The colorful science and
technology, paired with their rich culture and religion
revolutionized the way we view science and arts.
ISLAMICATE SCHOLARS
• are people influenced by Islamic
civilization regardless of their religious
views.
• They gave us mathematical term like
algebra, azimuth, algorithms, and many
more.
ABBASID CALIPHATE (750-1517)
• they flourished during his time, where it served as
a crossroad trading Zones for Persia, India,
Byzantine cultures, and various religions, and
many languages flourished in the civilization.
CALIPHATE AL-MANSUR
• founded BAGHDAD the first capital of Abbasid
founded in 754 AD the largest urban area in 930
AD.
BAYT AL-HIKMAH
• or the House of Wisdom, a great library that began
from collections of Caliphate AlMansur,
which he opened up to visiting scholars, even
the delegations from other state like India.
CALIPHATE AL-RASHID
• the successor of Caliphate Al-Mansur supported
the “TRANSLATION MOVEMENT”.
CALIPHATE AL-MAMUN
• re-founded the House of Wisdom as an
international center for translation and
research, which eventually became the
largest library in the world by 850.
• He sponsored families of scholar-
translators to bring useful texts from
different parts of the world with rich
philosophical foundations to translate
it to Arabic like:
• GREEK
• CHINESE
• SANSKRIT
• PERSIAN
• SYRIAC
He incested in power in the Greek and Perisan
translation because he found this as A SIGN OF
CIVIC STATUS, A WORTHY CAUSE, AND A
HIGHLY PRACTICAL CALLING. This helped
them to have a better UNDERSTANDING IN
ASTRONOMY which helped them to accurately
observe time keeping for mosques and they were also
able to improve their knowledge on geography that
helped them align their prayers facing to Mecca.
Al-Mamun created a team that attempted to measure
the circumference of the earth using astronomical
observations and derived the number of 24,480 MILES,
and in modern calculation, the earth’s circumference is
24,901 MILES less than 2% accurate.
MU’TAZILA
• were schools believing rationalism could be used
in order to understand both the physical world
and spiritual world.
MADRASAS
• an Islamic college during Middle-East
intellectual and scientific revolutions.
Ancient philosophers, astronomers and polymaths
which attempted to propose heliocentrism, their
theories were against Aristotle but with observed data
from Persia like:
• ABU MASHAR
• AL-RAZI
• AL-BIRUNI
AL-KHWARIZMI
• WROTE KITAB “AL-JABR” or the
COMPENDIOUS BOOK ON
CALCULATIONS by completion and
balancing, an original manual of practical math.
Middle-east civilization also invented the
ASTROLABES, which are widely used in
NAVIGATIONS AND DEVELOPED ALGEBRA,
TRIGONOMETRY AND OTHER NUMERIC
RELATED SYSTEMS. Their scholars practiced both
the TECHNE AND THE EPISTEME of knowledge.
BANU-MUSA BROTHERS • wrote “THE BOOK
OF INGENIOUS
DEVICES” in 850 AD, it is a compendium of
one hundred devices and how to use them, this
includes the earliest PROGRAMABLE
MACHINCE, “AN INSTRUMENT THAT
PLAYS BY ITSELF”. POLYMATH AL-JAZARI
• wrote “THE BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE OF
INGENIOUS MECHANICAL
DEVICES” written in 1206, DYARBAKIR,
TURKEY. It covers hundred of machines, and
with instructions on how to build them. Like:
o WATERWHEEL
o WATERMILL
o GIANT WATER CLOCK
o ELEPHANT AND CASTLE
SHAPED
LOCK
 o FOUNTAIN
o CANDLE CLOCK ANCIENT CHINA
o MUSICAL AUTOMA Ancient China represented HYDRAULIC
o WATER FLUTE CIVILIZATION THAT MAINTAINED ITS
His most notable inventions were “MEDIECAL POPULATION BY DIVERTING RIVERS TO AID
AUTOMATONS”. IRRIGATIONS.
ABU BAKR AL-RAZI
• wrote dozens of book with detailed account of XIA DYNASTY
his work in 854 AD. XIA DYNASTY supported the different astronomical
• He is a MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR IN THE researches to create a more accurate calendars. And in
MEDIEVAL FIELD OF PSYCHOLOGY 400 – 0 BCE;
AND OPHTHALMOLOGY, the first to • THEY MEASURE THE LENGTH OF THE
identify smallpox and measles, and most of his SOLAR YEAR
medicinal works are based Greek humoral • COMING UP WITH 365.25 DAYS
medicine and natural philosophy. • PREDICTED ECLIPSES
• He also wrote “AL-HAWI AL-KABIR” or the • RECORDED SUPERNOVAS AND
VIRTUOUS LIFE and “AL-TIBB SUNSPOTS
ALNABAWI”. • AND EVEN FOUNDED A BUREAU OF
IBN SINA ASTRONOMY
• a Persian polymath born in 980 AD wrote the best- • THEY ALSO DETERMINED THE 26,000
selling book in medical education which is YEAR CYCLE OF PRECISION OF
“AL-QANUN FI AL-TIBB” or “THE EQUINOXES
CANON OF MEDICINE”
CULTURAL HERITAGE OF XIA DYNASTY
LESSON 12: ASIAN INTELLECTUAL AND They developed grand model of cosmos, that in an
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION infinite empty space – enclosed by great celestial
The Sleeping Giant sphere – CELESTIAL BODIES FLOAT AROUND,
DIRECTED BY A “HARD WIND”. They also
Asia is a very large continent, a very large melting believed that the cosmos revolves the middle kingdom
pot of various cultures and practices. This is not – China itself, and the symbolic center of china stands
only where most of the religions stemmed, like the “son of heavens” – the emperor.
Hinduism, Christianism, Islam, Taoism, and many
more, but also a cradle of science and technology. CONFUCIUS
ASIA IS A VERY BIG CONTINENT FILLED • he emphasized the IMPORTANCE OF
WITH RICH CULTURE AND SCIENCE TRADITON, ETIQUETTE, RESPECT TO
PRACTICES, IN THIS LESSON, SELECTED ELDERS AND PATRIARCHS,
COUNTRIES WILL BE DISCUSSED BUT • HE FOCUSES ON ORDERLY HUMAN
NOT LIMITED. WORLD

Asian Intellectual revolution has revolutionized the HAN DYNASTY

world, by its inventions, rich culture and tradition, HAN DYNASTY
mathematical contributions, and largely on oriental • instituted an imperial universities and state
medicine, which unit now, not even the modern exam.
western medicine can explain its effectivity. SONG DYNASTY
SONG DYNASTY
• reigned the height of the science and technology
of the Ancient China.
NEW EARLY-RIPENING AND WINTER METAL, EARTH, WOOD, AND THE YIN-YANG
RIPENING BALANCE. Diseases were caused by imbalances,
OF RICE an agricultural technique started in 1012, hence in order to be cured, their physicians had to
acquired from CHAMPA KINGDOM, now know as practice moving the CHI USING ACUPUNCTURE,
VIETNAM which allowed the rice to be produced ACUPRESSURE, HERBAL THERAPIES,
faster with less water. EXERCISE, AND PRESCRIPTION DIETS.
Some of Chinese inventions;
INDIA
• RICE FIELD PLOW OR WATER LIFTING
DEVICES India
• WHEELBARROW • have a very COMPLICATED MATAPHYSICAL
• SILK PRODUCTION UNDERSTANDING ON THE
• CROSSBOW INSEPERABLE KNOWLEDGE AND
• UMBRELLA RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS, AND FOCUSED
• GUNPOWDER ON APPLICATION. They have a very high
• PORCELAIN regard on “VEDA”, KNOWLEDGE, they
• FISHING REEL were CONCERNED ON MATH AND
• EARTHQUAKE MONITOR ASTRONOMY, BUT MOSTLY
• PAPER MONEY CONCERNED RITUALS.
• SUSPENSION BRIDGES
The ANCIENT CHINESE CIVILIZATION and the GUPTA DYNASTY
state supported the arts and sciences, this allowed them GUPTA DYNASTY
to have rich accounts of science and arts, they made: • studied the science of life, AYURVEDA which is
• CLOCKS also the FIVE ELEMENTAL THEORY OF
• MECHANICAL BODIES MATTER IN THE ANCIENT CHINA.
• GIANT MACHINE REPLICATED THE AYURVEDA
HEAVENLY BODIES • THE SCIENCE OF LIFE, LARGELY
• HARNESSING THE GUNPOWDER TO ITS CONCERNS HEALTHFUL LIVING IN
POTENTIALS (19th CENTURY) GENERAL, including how to prevent diseases
But the FLAGSHIP OF ANCIENT CHINA WAS ITS and influence hygiene and diet, almost similar
INFRASTRUCTURE in 117 BCE, they have been to ancient Chinese medicine.
working on IRON RODUCTS but during Song CHARAKA SAMHITA
Dynasty, 1078, they produced 125,000 tons of iron. • one of the most regarded records or one of the
They were able to do it by KNOWING THE SCIENCE other Samhita, or collections that could help
AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE IRON you memorize hundred of named body parts.
AND COAL. They STUDIED ANATOMY AND ETIOLOGY and
In addition, the METTALURGY WAS USED IN THE focused on diseases for:
HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING IN RUNNING THE • CHILDREN
ENTIRE CHINA. • ELDERLY DISEASES
GREAT WALL • MENTAL ILLNESS
• the most known infrastructure of China • ORGAN DISEASES
GRAND CANAL • SURGERY
• most economical, social, and technical • POISONS AND ANTIDOTES
infrastructure of the empire completed in 1327 • APHRODISIACS
that stretched throughout China. And DEVELOPED UNDERSTANDING OF THE
Their ORIENTAL MEDICINAL PRACTICES WERE FIVE KARMAS or actions to remove toxins.
INFLUENCED BY ELEMENTS OF FIRE, WATER,
 CHAPTER 3 THREE MAJOR ROLES OF BABAYLANS
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 1. They serve as spiritual leaders
PHILIPPINES 2. They are also teachers
3. They are the alchemists of the ancient Philippine
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD the ANCIENT TIMES OF civilization
THE PHILIPPINES is when Scientific and PHILIPPINES IS NOT A POLITICAL EMPIRE
Technological developments began. BUT A SOCIAL UNIT
There were numerous, scattered, thriving, relatively,
sufficient, and autonomous communities in the ancient
LESSON 13: ANCIENT PHILIPPINES
Philippines, though not united by name, but UNITED
The Heritage of the Ancient World IN CULTURE AND IN PRACTICE.
POTTERIES
• The manufacture of potteries is one of the most
The three figures of foundation during the
known technological practices that came from
“SINAUNANG LIPUNAN” of the country;
Asia.
DATU or LAKAN
• The Ancient Filipinos have also practiced
• known as the political leaders and protectors of the
techne, with the evidences of various uses of
territory, they are in charge to lead the
whether it be COOKING OR EVEN FOR
community.
BURYING.
PANDAY
• The art of burying is some areas in the
• known as experts in TENHNE, metallurgy, and
Philippines involved MUMMIFICATION, this
agriculture. They are the Architectons or the
practice was preserved until the arrival of the
engineers of the ancient Filipino civilization.
Spaniards, and the caves of the containing
• They are the builders and the blacksmiths of the
mummies remained untouched until the 9th
community.
century.
• The word "Panday", similar to the Indonesian
The “MANUNGGUL BURIAL JARS”
word "PANDE", means "SKILLFULL
and “MAITUM BURIAL JARS”
HANDS", this may also mean that they are
• are some of the numerous jars discovered in
"BUILDERS" in Javanese.
caves which were believed to be burial sites of
KAMPILAN
the ancient Philippine Civilization. • Most of
• native swords which are the major products of the
the “Manunggul burial jars” were found from
Panday used for hunting and battles.
Tabon Cave Complex in Lipuun Point, Quezon,
BABAYLAN or KATALONANS
Palawan.
• know as experts in EPISTEME. They are
• These jars were excavated in March 1964; the
shamans or spiritual leaders of the ancient
jar has a unique and creative covering feature –
Filipino civilization.
a boat of the dead – which can be related to
• Most of them were women, but the title is not
ethnological and cultural link, these jars contain
exclusively gendered.
mummified bodies.
• This is a proof that women in the ancient
• This is evidence that THE “ART OF
Philippines society are specially regarded in
USEFUL SCIENCE” plays a vital role the
their roles.
culture of the ancient Philippines society.
ZUES SALAZAR
• a Filipino historian and archeologist, in THE • “Manunggul Jar has the design having a
“SINAUNANG LIPUNAN”, or the ancient boatman and the dead”
Philippines. The “BABAYLANS” are the core
in terms of culture, religion and medicine, and
maintains the flow of life.
 ANCIENT PHILIPPINE ENGINEERING
RICE TERRACES
- One of the engineering features of the ancient
Philippine society can be observed in the
CORDILLERAS, THE BUILT THE RICE
TERRACES, not exclusively the Banaue rice
terraces, but the sophistication in ENGINEERING
AND AGRICULTURE CAN BE SEEN IN THE
ENTIRE REGION.
- The STRUCTURE AND ART OF FARMING
OF THE FILIPINOS, allowed them to cultivate
crops on the mountain side in spite being in a cold
temperature.
- They have sufficient understanding of
ENGINEERING AND HYDRAULIC
ENGINEERING TO CONTROL THE RISE
AND FLOW OF WATER, though the irrigation
system, the water from the forests and mountains
were used to water all the crops.
Unlike other infrastructures in the ancient world,
the function or the “USEFUL
KNOWLEDGE” diminished all throughout
the history, but the rice terraces, still serves its
purpose up to date.
The ART OF FARMING AND AGRICULTURAL
ENGINEERING is still evident today, the rice terraces
continue to serve its purpose as one of the major
sources of food production and a portal to the rich
ancient Philippine society.
BALANGAY
• in the coastal regions of the country, Pandays
built boats for sailing and trading called the
“BALANGAY”.
• DURING THE TENTH CENTURY A.D.,
THIS ART OF CRAFTSMANSHIP BECAME
HIGHLY DEVELOPED TECHNOLOGY.
• These techne gave way to ancient Philippine
society to participate in TRADING; THE
INHABITANTS OF BUTUAN HAS A
TRADING HISTORY WITH THE
KINGDOM OF CHAMPA (VIETNAM),
WHILE THE PEOPE OF MA-I
(MINDORO), MADE TRADES WITH
CHINA.
• There were evidences in the ancient Chinese
archives that the Philippines were involved in
their trading.
• The relationship of the two countries were
established further during the tenth to the
fifteenth century, the trading flourished further
and crossed from Song dynasty (9601278 AD)
until the Ming dynasty (1360-1644 AD)
• The Philippines, in the ancient world does not
have a one empire, it was formed of
AUTONOMOUS VILLAGE called the
(BARANGAYS), that scattered all over the
archipelago.
COASTAL AREAS OF TRADING
1. MINDORO
2. CEBU
3. SOUTHERN MINDANAO
4. SULU
5. MANILA
ANCIENT PHILIPPINE WRITING
BAYBAYIN
• The Philippines also has its own system of
writing, called the “BAYBAYIN”. Which was
richly used by ancient Philippine society as
mode of communication and writing
documents.
• Many colonizers, like the Spaniards, claimed
that they brought education in the country. But,
prior to their arrival, Philippines already has its
own system of education.
THE LAGUNA COPPER PLATE dated 900 A.D.
on display at the National Museum of the
Philippines.
The LANGUAGE is a representation of CULTURE
AND TRADITION which allowed the Philippine
culture to flourish, not as an empire but as a social unit.
RAUL NAVARRO
• a Filipino linguist and artist, the songs of epic and
culture of the ANCIENT PHILIPPINE
SOCIETY WERE WRITTEN IN THE
“BAYBAYIN”, because the Spaniards cannot
understand it during their colonization, they
burned to the ground many accounts of
literature and culture, some of these are
ORIENTAL MEDICINE BOOKS OF THE
“BABAYLANS”.
 ANCIENT PHILIPPINE EDUCATION
BABAYLANS
• also served as teachers during the ancient times of
the Philippines, they are responsible in
knowledge transferring of the culture and
tradition, as well as “THEORETICAL
KNOWLEDGE”.
PARENTS
• are also responsible in educating and training their
children of “USEFUL KNOWLEDGE”.
EDUCATION IS ACCESSIBLE TO BOTH MEN
AND WOMEN, PROVIDING AN IMPRESSION
OF MUTUAL RESPECT TO BOTH GENDERS IN
THE ANCIENT HISTORY.
GOLD IN ANCIENT PHILIPPINE HISTORY
AYALA MUSEUM HOUSES
• more than one thousand gold artifacts in their
“GOLDEN ANCESTORS” gallery, mostly
ranging from 22-24 karat gold artifacts.
• There are figurines, belts, bowls, and other gold
artifacts.
GOLDEN REGALIA
• one of the most sophisticated gold artifact in the
museum made of detailed gold beads, gold
threads, and gold cords.
GOLD IS A REPRESENTATION OF POWER
AND SOCIAL STATUS
GOLD IS ONE OF THE NATURAL RESOURCES
OF THE PHILIPPINES. Written in the Boxer Codex,
a manuscript written in 1590, about the illustrations on
the ethnic groups of Southeast Asian countries, the
Philippines is depicted as people wearing a piece or
more gold as a part of their daily wear.
Showing that the Philippines has a certain level of
sophistication; men and women wear gold across the
social strata.
GOLDEN ANCESTOR GALLERY AYALA
GOLD MUSEUM
Filipinos in the ancient world are aware of the
TENCHNE IN PROCESSING GOLD.
They COLLECT GOLD MINERALS IN RIVERS
OR ORES then shapes it.
Some GOLD DESIGNS are observed to be in patterns
of coconut shell for bowls, “banig” patterns for belts,
and seashell patterns for jewelry accessories.
The ancient Filipino civilization knows the TECHNE
OF HARNESSING GOLD.
The DESIGNS OF THESE ARTIFACTS DEPICTS
THE CULTURE AND STATUS OF SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Some of the Filipino artifacts are housed in different
museums all over the world. One of which is the
CHICAGO MUSEUM that houses more than ten
thousand Filipino artifacts. Along with many treasures
of the world in the Granger Hall of gems.
GOLDEN TARA
• or the AGUSAN GOLD IMAGE a golden statue
of a woman that depicts the sophistication of the
Philippine society in the 13th Century.
PHILIPPINE TEXTILE
The clothes that we wear also REPRESENTS
THE CULTURE THAT WE HAVE.
ART OF WEAVING IS ONE OF THE MOST
EVIDENT SOPHISTICATION OF FILIPINOS IN
TERMS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.
Textiles, being necessities of the people, also
serves as historical evidence.
The PHILIPPINES HAS A VERY
COLORFUL TRADITION AND CULTURE
WHICH IS DEPICTED IN DIFFERENT CLOTHING
PATTERNS.
Nature is the BEST ARCHITECT, observing
the patterns of textiles across the country, it can be
observed that nature, culture, tradition, and livelihoods
are crafted in these textiles.
The COLORFUL TEXTILES CAN BE
SEEN IN THE ANCIENT PHILIPPINE SOCIETY
because they already posses understanding of
harnessing nature as a source of coloring, for clothes
they used it for dying the textiles.
The PHILIPPINES TODAY HAS MORE
THAN 100 PLANT BASED DYE RESOURCES.
Cordillera is one of the richest parts of the country that
maintained the culture of weaving textiles
Across the region, it can be observed that there are
DIFFERENT PREVAILING PATTERNS
AND COLORS INDICATING THEIR CULTURE,
SOME HOLDS SYMBOLISMS that are
considerably sacred in until today.
The ANCIENT PHILIPPINE SOCIETY
GIVES IMPORTANCE TO THE CONNECTION
OF NATURE AND TRADITION, by nurturing the
tradition that serves as identity of each social units.
The legacy of weaving textiles originated in from
different ancestral tribes, that was passed down until
today.
The PHILIPPINE TEXTILE RESEARCH
INSTITUTE (PTRI), under the Department of
Science and Technology is dedicated to maintaining
this industry and preserve culture. Weaving is an art
and an important part of the Philippine culture
influenced by techne and episteme.
INDIGENOUS ART OF HEALING
The “BABAYLANS”, practiced SCIENTIFIC
MEDICAL ARTS, they used hands on healing art that
involves plants, intuitions, and massage with rituals.
They scan the body to diagnose the AREAS OF
ENERGY IMBALANCE, just like other oriental
medicine practices of Asia and principles of Ayurveda,
they believe that the diseases are caused of imbalance.
The ART AND SCIENCE OF HEALING IN THE
ANCIENT PHILIPPINES existed for more than
thousands of years. Each social units have different
techniques of healing; they use elements of nature in
the practice
ANCIENT PHILIPPINE SOCIETY HAS A
VERY
RICH AND COLORFUL CULTURE AND
TRADITION
Though their use of SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IS MAJORLY DRIVEN BY
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, these practices also exhibit
scientific explanations, like the process of
mummification, fermentation of rice wines of the
northern Philippines, and other practices that involves
rituals were actually the result of techne.
PRACTICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
OF THE ANCIENT PHILIPPINES DIED OUT
BECAUSE OF THE SPANISH COLONIZATION,
that did not only destroy the culture and tradition, but
also DEPRIVED THE FILIPINO TO
HARNESSING AND CULTIVATING
KNOWLEDGE.
Though the University of Santo Tomas was established
in 1611, one of the oldest standing universities across
Asia, the education was not open to the Filipino public.
UNTIL IN 1863, BY VIRTUE
OF EDUCATION DECREE, provided the
establishment of two free primary schools, one for boys
and one for girls, for every town under the
responsibility of the municipal government.
It took hundreds of years before the Spaniards provided
free education to the Filipinos, but only took more than
20 years to spark a revolution.
CHAPTER 4: THE HUMAN CONDITION
TO LIVE AS A PHILOSOPHER
Means to never stop questioning technology, and to
never stop thriving for truth, to continue working to live
better, to know more, and to revise your position based
on new evidences.
LESSON 16: FLOURISHING IN SCIENCE AN
TECHNOLOGY
Don’t Conceal… Let them know… Let it Go…
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY IS A TWO-EDGED SWORD, its
ESSENCE IS TO HELP THE HUMANKIND IN
ITS WAY OF LIVING, but today we also see the
danger that the technology brings today,
TECHNOLOGY CAN WORK WITH US OR,
AGAINST US.
Technology is MORE THAN THE TOOLS we use,
because technology is also;
1. MEANS OF AN END – INSTRUMENTAL
2. HUMAN ACTIVITY –
ANTHROPOLOGICAL
MARTIN HEIDEGGER
• a German philosopher, initiated the
QUESTIONING ON TECHNOLOGY, he wants
us to understand technology beyond its physical
contribution to human life, but viewed it using
meditative thinking. • He took Aristotle’s
conception on causality, for where there is effect,
there is cause, and he explained the four causes; he
used the silver chalice to explain the principle of
causality;
1. CAUSA MATERIALIS (MATTER)
• WHAT IS IT MADE OF?
• The material, the matter out of which,
for example, a silver chalice is made.
 2. CAUSA FORMALIS
(LOGOS/FORM) • HOW IT IS
FORMED/SHAPED?
• The form, the shape into which material
enters.
3. CAUSA EFFICIENCE (PROCESS)
• WHAT IS MADE?
• Which brings about the effect that is the
finished, actual chalice, in this instance,
the silversmith. What
technology is, when represented as a
means, discloses itself when we trace
instrumentality back to fourfold
causality.
4. CAUSA FINALIS (FINAL EFFECT)
• WHY IS IT MADE?
• The end, for example, the sacrificial rite
in relation to which the chalice required
is determined as to its form and matter.
UNCONCEALMENT
• this means “BRINGING FORTH FROM
NOTHING”.
ALTHEIA
• it is a Greek word for truth. IN SHORT,
UNCONCEALMENT IS THE
REVEALING OF TRUTH.
Heidegger stated that the way of “BRINGING
FORTH” IS BEING POETIC, “POIESIS”. “Not only
handicraft manufacture, not only artistic, and poetic
bringing into appearance and concrete imagery, is a
bringing forth, poiesis.”
TECHNE the root word of TECHNOLOGY, is
associated with the art of craftmanship in the historical
times.
“Techne belongs to bringing forth to poiesis; it is
something poetic.”
“Poiesis can unconceal the essence of techne, being
poiesis can reveal its altheia.”
TO UNDERSTAND TECHNOLOGY – ONE
MUST
HAVE UNDERSTANDING OF THE “ARTS OF
THE MIND AND FINE ARTS”
MODERN TECHNOLOGY
• is way too revealing. Only when we allow our
attention to rest on its fundamental
characteristics does that which is new in
modern technology shows itself to us.
• We MUST NOT BE WORRIED ABOUT
TECHNOLOGY FOR TECHNOLOGY IS
WITH US AS WE TAKE THE PATH TO
FUTURE, BUT WE MUST BE VIGILANT.
CHALLENGING FORTH
• the revealing of the truth of modern technology.
BRINGING FORTH
• is the unconcealment of technology.
EVERY TIME HUMAN CHALLENGES NATURE
AND NATURAL RESOURCES, we want a
“MAXIMUM YIELD” with “MINIMUM
EXPENSE”. BESTAND
• means “STANDING RESERVE”, and
standing reserve is “HOW
HUMAN PERCEIVE SOURCES” GESTELL
• means “ENFRAMING” means the gathering
together the setting-upon which sets upon man
i.e., challenges forth, to reveal, in the mode of
ordering, as standing reserve.
ENFRAMING
• is confining nature to a perception that you see it
as what you want it to be. It is the essence of
modern technology.
ANGAT DAM
WHEN WE ENFRAME, WE UNCONCEAL THE
STANDING RESERVE
When we see Angat Dam as a source of energy, it is a
STANDING RESERVE and also when we ENFRAME
then Angat Dam solely becomes a source of energy not
anything else such as a river.
“When we enframe, we always see nature should fit
with us, instead of we should be fit with nature.”
LESSON 17: THE GOOD LIFE
A Life Well-Lived
VIRTUE THEORY
• a theory on how to be virtuous developed by
ARISTOTLE, it is A VAGUE
REPRESENTATION OF
VIRTUOUSNESS. THOUGH VAGUE, IT
IS REASONABLE. It is an ethical theory that
puts highlight and emphasis on the character
rather than following certain confined rules.
 Humans are built with the ability to
RECOGNIZE GOODNESS, RECOGNIZE
PEOPLE WHO POSSESSES VIRTUE,
AND A DESIRE OF EMULATING THEM.
NATURAL LAW THEORY
• a theory developed by THOMAS AQUINAS,
which states that “GOD MADE US WITH
TOOL WE NEED TO KNOW OF WHAT IS
GOOD”.
• Nature has built into us the desire to be virtuous,
just how God engrafted the law of love in our
hearts.
Aristotle said that:
“Having true virtue means doing the right thing, at the
right time, in the right way, in the right amount, toward
right people.”
Being virtuous are not bounded to being specific You
know how to handle yourself and how to get along with
others. A virtuous person also process a good
judgement.
VIRTUE IS JUST THE RIGHT AMOUNT,
between extreme bad, called the deficiency, and the
extreme good, called excess. The midpoint of
virtuousness is called the “GOLDEN MEAN”.
EXTREME GOOD - EXCESS
MIDPOINT - GOLDEN MEAN
EXTREME BAD - DEFICIENCY
Books can offer a lot of things, but virtuousness, being
a good person cannot only be found in books.
Virtue is skill, it is a way of living and that is it
something that can be learned though experience.
Aristotle called virtue as a knowledge of
“PRACTICAL WISDOM”, it is a useful wisdom,
some may call it street smart.
ACTS OF VIRTUOUSNESS
1. COURAGE
RECKLESS - EXCESS
COURAGE - GOLDEN MEAN
COWARDICE - DEFICIENCY
A COURAGEOUS PERSON knows how to assess
the situation, they know their capabilities and abilities,
they will take actions necessary, which is right, in a
particular situation. BEING COURAGEOUS, IS
BEING ABLE TO STEP RECOGNIZE WHEN TO
STEP UP, rather than rushing to a fight, you need to
find a rightful authority to address the situation that is
too big for you to take.
2. HONESTY
BRUTAL HONESTY - EXCESS
HONESTY – GOLDEN MEAN
FAILING TO SPEAK - DEFICIENCY BEING
HONEST IS “VIRTOUS”. The virtue of honesty is
knowing what is needed to be spoken, and knows what
not to speak off and when to keep quiet.
3. GENEROSITY
PRODIGALITY - EXCESS
GENEROSITY – GOLDEN MEAN
STINGINESS - DEFICIENCY
GENEROSITY IS A VIRTUOUS ACT. Generosity is
the right amount of giving when you have it and those,
and giving to those who really needs it. Hence, the
golden mean is also highly dependent on the situation.
4. PRIDE
VANITY - EXCESS
PRIDE – GOLDEN MEAN
TOO MUCH HUMILITY - DEFICIENCY
PRIDE IS NOT ALWAYS BAD, taking pride means
being proud, not boastful or vain, is a virtuous act.
MORAL EXEMPLARS
• people who possess virtue. POSSESSING
VIRTUE IS A HARD WORK OF
DISCIPLINE.
EUDAIMONIA
• is a Greek word that is not an English dialect
translation, but this word means, “A LIFE
WELL-LIVED”, this may mean “HUMA
FLOURSIHING”.
A life of “EUDAIMONIA” is a life of striving, it is a
life of pursuing something, a life of pushing yourself to
your limits, and sought of happiness.
A EUDEMONISTIC LIFE COMES HAPPINESS,
but happiness that something achieved from difficulty
and hard work, rather than happiness that is just handed
to you.
 CHAPTER 14: PATH OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY

(1) R.A. No. 9367 – Biofuels Act of 2006, this is

an Act to direct the use of Biofuels, establishing for the
purpose of biofuel programs, and appropriate funding.
(2) R.A. No. 9513 – Renewable Act of 2008, this
act aims to accelerate the development of the country’s
renewable energy resources.
(3) R.A. No. 10612 – An Act expanding the
coverage of Science and Technology Scholarship
Program and Strengthening the Teaching of Science
and Mathematics in the Secondary Schools and for
further purpose.
(4) R.A. No. 10844 – An Act Creating the
Department of Information and Communication
Technology (DICT), which was enacted as a law in
2016.
(1) R.A. No. 8439 – Magna Carta for Science and
Technology Personnel;
(2) R.A. No. 7687 – Science and Technology
Scholarship Law of 1004;
(3) R.A. No. 7459 – Inventors and Inventions
Incentive Act;
(4) R.A. No. 8293 – Intellectual Property Code of
the Philippines.
In 1999 the, R.A. No. 8749, The Philippine Clean Air
Act was enacted, designed to protect and preserve the
environment, as well as to ensure the sustainability and
development of natural resources.
In 2004, R.A. No. 9275, The Philippine Clean
WaterAct was enacted, it aims to protect the bodies of
water of the country from any possiblepollution from
the land-based sources,
CHAPTER 15: SCIENCE TODAY
In 2012, the K-12 curriculum was implemented by
virtue of R.A. 10533, or the Enhanced Basic Education
Curriculum, this is a curriculum change. The program
is an outcomes-based curriculum, making the education
more authentic.
Republic Act of 11363 – An Act Establishing the
Philippine Space Development and Utilization Policy
and Creating the Philippine Space Agency, and for
Other Purposes.