VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF SPOKEN AND WRITTEN B.

Informal Register – is more casual in tone, is

LANGUAGE appropriate for people with whom you have established
THREE CONCENTRIC CIRCLES OF ASIAN ENGLISHES a more personal relationship as in the case of friends
1. THE INNER CIRCLE with ENL and relatives.
 USA C. Neutral
 UK
 Australia LEGALESE OR LEGAL LANGUAGE
 Canada It is highly characterized by expressions, technical
 New Zealand jargon intrinsic only to the community of legal
professionals, embedded structures, nominalizations,
2. THE OUTER CIRCLE with ESL passive voice, as well as long, kilometric sentences
 Singapore which are not the features of TEXTESE of language of
 Malaysia texts.
 Philippines It is the opposite of legalese. It uses abbreviations
 Pakistan acronyms, slang words, and expression.
MULTIMODAL TEXT
3. THE EXPANDING CIRCLE with EFL
 China What does creating multimodal texts mean?
 Japan CREATING - it is defined in the Australian Curriculum as
 Taiwan ‘the development and/or production of spoken, written
 Thailand or multimodal texts in print or digital forms’ and is an
embedded literacy expectation across all disciplines.
ACROLECT – it comes closest to the standard
BASILECT – digresses thoroughly from the acrolect and MULTIMODAL – It is defined in the Australian
comes closest to the pidgin. Curriculum as the strategic use of ‘two or more
MESOLECT – it is the middle variety or is midway communication modes’ to make meaning, for example
between the acrolect and basilect. image, gesture, music, spoken language, and written
language.
DIGRESSES – to speak or write about something that is
different from the main subject being discussed. COMMUNICATION MODES
PIDGIN – a language that is formed from a mixture of - It refers to the channel through which one expresses
several languages when speakers of different language his/her communicative intent.
is need to talk to each other. - it is the medium through which one conveys his/her
through face-to-face interaction, video, or audio.
KACHRU and NELSON (2006) - the mode may also be text-based.
Claim that these varieties of English are influenced by
the local languages(s) in various areas of their grammars 1. FACE-TO-FACE
and exhibit specific phonological, lexical, syntactic, and - it is the most common of all modes.
discoursal characteristics. - it is an informal or casual conversation between two or
more people.
In terms of STRESS and RHYTHM
Inner Circle countries observe as in the case of having 2. VIDEO
stress in the middle syllable of the word. - this use cameras so that two or more people who
cannot interact face-to-face can communicate.
As regards SOUNDS
Outer and Expanding Circles do not observe initial 3. AUDIO
aspiration of voiceless plosives such as p, t, k and these - it means sound.
are often perceived by Inner Circle Countries as b, d, g.
4. TEXT-BASED COMMUNICATION
LANGUAGE REGISTER - it does not originally provide video and audio benefits;
A. Formal Register – is used in formal speaking and it has a wider reach and can disseminate information to
writing situations. a bigger audience quickly.
- example: email, facsimile, text messaging, and instant
messaging.
MULTIMODAL TEXT
- can be paper such as books, comics, posters
- it can be digital form – slide presentations, e-books,
blogs, blogs, e-posters, web pages, and social media,
through animation, film and video game.
- can be live performance or an even
- it can be transmedia – where the story is told using
‘multiple delivery channels’ through a combination of
media platforms, for example, book, comic, magazine,
film, web series, and video game mediums all working
as part of the same story.
TRANSMEDIA
- it is more than just multiple media platforms which is
about the logical relations between these media
extensions which seek to add something to the story as
if moves from one medium to another, not just
adaptation or retelling.
- it enables the further development of the story word
through each new medium; for example, offering a back
story, a prequel, additional ‘episodes’, or further insight
into characters and plot elements. (Jenkins, 2011)
- it also can require a more complex production process.
DEVELOPMENT OF MULTIMODAL LITERACY
KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS
Creating a multimodal text, a digital animation for
example, is a complex meaning design process requiring
the strategic orchestration of a combination of modes
such as image, movement, sound, spatial design,
gesture, and language.
The process of constructing such text is also truly a cross
disciplinary literacy process, drawing on digital
information technologies and the Arts (media, music,
drama, visual arts, design) to bring meaning to life.
PRINT-BASED MULTIMODAL TEXT
- these includes comics, picture storybooks, graphic
novels; and posters, newspapers and brochures.
DIGITAL MULTIMODAL TEXTS
- these includes slide presentations, animations, book
trailers, digital storytelling, live action filmmaking, music
videos, ‘born digital’ storytelling, and various web texts
and social media.
MEDIA RESOURCES provides links to a wealth of digital
audio and image resources which can be used under
creative commons licensing.
COPYRIGHT AND ATTRIBUTION provides information
about how to ethically source and use digital materials
responsibly.
PEDAGORY provides a brief guide to teaching creating
multimodal texts.
MODES AND MEANING SYSTEMS explores the key
meaning making systems we can use to create meaning.
VISUAL LITERACY provides a closer look at one of the
key meaning making modes, with the aim to develop a
shared metalanguage for talking about how visual
meaning is constructed.
READING MUTIMODAL TEXTS provides resources for
deconstructing and analyzing how different modal
systems work to create meaning in a text.
Always look at the BIG PICTURE!
Social Media is ONLY one tool in a larger
communication strategy!
Always consider your overarching communication goals
when developing social media activities!
As with all media outreach, the keys to an effective
social media presence are to:
 Identify your target audience.
 Determine your project.
 Select the appropriate channel for your
message.
 Decide upfront how much time and effort you
can invest.
Which social media to choose?
 Know your target audience
 Know your capabilities of communicating
through that media
 Use appropriate social media for audience
segmentation.
Example of social media segmentation use..
1. Pinterest
2. Twitter
3. Facebook
4. Instagram
5. Google
6. LinkedIn
6 social media type of users
1. CLIQUERS – Active participation with Low Exposure
2. M AND MINGLERS – Active participation with High
Exposure
3. NEW COMERS – Passive participation with Low  Quotes get a 19% boost in Retweets
Exposure  Including a number receives a 17% bump in
4. ON LOOKERS – Passive Participation with High Retweets
Exposure  Hashtags receive a 16% boost

Where to start? SOCIAL MEDIA VS. NEWSLETTER

Assuming you’ve done your market research and
identified the right social media for your audience:
 Open an account;
 Personalize your account to your brand;
 Connect your account to other communication
channels; (already existing ones and future
ones)
 Inform your audience of your new channel
through an existing channel;
 Get active.
Principles of Effective Social Media Writing – Creating
Content
Social Media content should be:
 Relevant, useful, and interesting
 Easy to understand and share
 Friendly, conversational, and engaging
 Action-oriented
Your target audience can receive multiple messages
from multiple sources every day, try to make your
messages relevant, useful, and interesting so your
audience will interact and be engaged.
Target Market:
Social Media – over hundreds of thousands or even
millions of individuals (many of whom may have little or
no interest in you)
Newsletter – smaller, yet much more motivated, group
of consumers, customers or clients
When properly developed, each approach can be
effective in building customer base and brand/idea
loyalty.
When the two are combined, the total effectiveness is
noticeably greater than the sum of the two parts
BLOGS
Numerous reasons why it makes sense to blog and
communicate about N2000 sites and nature in general;
1. Establishing expertise
2. Establishing “real” credibility
3. Building a professional community
4. Creating relationships with stakeholders
5. Drive targeted traffic to your main web site.

Use your web content as source material for social

media content
 Writing for social media can be a demanding task.
One way to cope is to tweet, post, and text about
web content you have already created.
 Make social media writing easier by repurposing
web content.

The 3 E’s
1. ENTERTAIN If your post is either funny or
entertaining in some way, it will get shared more.
2. EDUCATE When you educate your audience about
your niche or provide a helpful tip, your post will
perform better.
3. EXPERIENCE If you provide some type of experience
– you move your audience emotionally, then your
post will get more comments, likes, and shares.

According to research that was completed by the

Twitter Media blog, the most effective Tweet features
to increase engagement include the following:
 Photos average a 35% boost in Retweets
 Videos get s 28% boost