LESSON 9

GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
Penonal,Joyce Faith C Salonoy,Klinth Jifford Sumalinog, Jessamae Tabar, Dennissa

Reporter Reporter
Reporter Reporter
Researcher Researcher
Researcher Researcher
PPT Maker
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. Discuss the relationship between population and economic

welfare.
2. Identify the effects of aging and overpopulation; and
3. Differentiate between contrasting positions over
reproductive health
 THE GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
Global
 relating to the whole world; worldwide.

Demography
 is the statistical study of populations, especially human
beings.
 Family will have a successor
generation that will continue its
name.

A few worry how much strain a

child can bring to the household.

Will the child be an economic asset or a burden to the family?

Rural communities
 typically have smaller populations and an agricultural
setting, but some areas contain forests.
 Often welcome an extra hand to help in crop
cultivation,particularly during the planting and harvesting
seasons.
Urban community 
 is something which an individual thought as, an area with
high density of population, an area with the availability of
basic requirements, an area of good resources, the area
has lots of opportunity of employment and such an area
which can be considered as life-giving for luxurious desires
of human or individual. 
 Urban Population have grown but not necessarily because
families are having more children. It is rather the combination
of natural outcome of significant migration to the cities by
people seeking work in the “more modern” sectors of society.
 THE “PERILS” OF OVERPOPULATION
Urbanization
 the process by which towns and cities are
formed and become larger as more and
more people begin living and working in
central areas.

Industrialization
  a transformation away from an
agricultural- or resource-based economy,
toward an economy based on mass
manufacturing.
Thomas Robert Malthus

 A British Schlar
 Wrote the book “An Essay on the principle of population” published in
1798.
 In that book he warned that population growth will inevitably exhaust
world food supply by the middle of the 19th century.

Paul R. Ehrlich and his wife Anne H. Ehrlich

 They wrote “The Population Bomb”.
 It argued that overpopulation in the 1970s and 1980s will bring about
global environmental disasters that lead to food shortage and mass
starvation.
Their Recommendations ranged from:

Policy Monetary Institution-

Bizzare
Oriented Incentives Building

The annual growth rate of population rose :

3%
2.06%
2%
1.8%
1%

0
55

75
60

70
6
19

19
19

19

19
 As early as 1958, the American policy journal,
Foreign Affairs, had already advocated “contraception
and sterialization” as the practical solutions to global
economic,social, and political problems.

Finally, politics determine these “birth control”

programs. Developed countries justify their support
for population control in developing countries by
depicting the latter as conservative societes.
 THEORIES OF POPULATION
Malthusian Theory
Mention 3 Factors that would control human population that
exceeded the earths carrying capacity.

War Famine Disease

Thomas Robert Malthus termed them as "positive checks"

because they increase Death rates.
Cornucopian Theory
 Scoffs at the idea of humans wiping themselves out. It
assertals that human ingenuity can resolve environmental
or social issues.

Demographic Transition Theory

 Refers to the historical shift from high birth rates and high
infant death rates to low birth rates and low death rates
with advance technology, education and economic
development.
Zero Population Growth
Advocates for a goal of
zero population growth
(ZPG) in which the
number of people
entering a population
through birth or
immigration is equal to
the number of people
leaving it via death or
emigration.
 WOMEN AND REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS
 Women is often the subject of these
population measures. Reproductive rights
supporters argue that if population control
and economic development were to reach
their goals, women must have control
over whether they will have children or
not and when they will have their
progenies, if any.
 “the human rights of women include their right to have
control over and decide freely and responsibly on matters
related to their sexuality, including sexual and reproductive
health, free of coercion, discrimination and violence. ”

 Women’s sexual and reproductive health is related to

multiple human rights, including the right to life, the right
to be free from torture, the right to health, the
right to privacy, the right to education, and
the prohibition of discrimination.
Moreover, the more educated a woman is the
better are her prospects of improving her economic
position.” Women can spend most of the time
pursuing either their higher education or their
careers, instead of forcibly reducing this time to
take care of their children.”

A country being industrialized and developed,

however, does not automatically assure pro-women
reproductive regulations.
 THE FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE
 Feminists - approach the issue of reproductive rights
from another angle. They are, foremost, against any
form of population control because they are compulsory
by nature, resorting to a carrot-and-stick approach that
actually does not empower women.

 They believe that government assumptions that poverty

and environmental degradation are caused by
overpopulation are wrong.
Feminist also point out that here is very little
evidence that point to overpopulation as the
culprit behind poverty and ecological devastation.

Hence, globally women’s and feminist arguments

on reproductive rights and overpopulation are
acknowledge, but the struggle to turn them into
policy is still fought at the national level.
POPULATION GROWTH AND FOOD SECURITY

The world population is the total number of

living humans on Earth.

Today’s global population has reached 7.4

billion, and it is estimated to increase to 9.5
billion in 20,50 then 11.2 billion by 2100.
 The current population of the Philippines is 110,695,150
as of Thursday, April 8, 2021, based on World meter
elaboration of the latest United Nations data.

Some of the reasons for the

Philippines' rapidly growth in
population are poverty, Poor
Contraceptive Use, Child Labor,
Reduced Mortality Rates,
Fertility Treatment,
Immigration and etc.
 EFFECT ON POPULATION GROWTH ON ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT

Population growth affects economic development in two ways

 Promoting the economic development
 Retarding the economic development

Promoting the Economic Development:

 Increase the per capita product
 Rise in labor productivity
 Population growth as a source of capital formation.
Factors retarding economic growth:
Environment Social
infrastructure
Agriculture
development Per capita income
Urbanization
Over use of resources
Investment
 WORLD’S POPULATION AND FOOD SUPPLY

 Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United

Nations has done much to publicize the fact that a large
percentage of the world's people are undernourished.
 Food Safety Act of 2013. Republic Act (RA) No. 10611
 Population and income are the major factors in
determining food consumption.
 World food demand is growing at a rate of 2% per year
1.8% of this because of population increase and .2%
because of rising income.
LESSON 10: GLOBAL
MIGRATION
PUREZA, SHERYL MAE ROSALES, JENNYMAR

(Researcher and Researcher, Reporter,

Reporter) PPT
Maker
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lesson, students
should be able to:
1. Identify the reasons for the
migration of people;
2. Explain why states regulate
migration; and
3. Discuss the effects of global migration on
the economic well-being of states.
“WHAT IS
MIGRATION?”
Reporter:
Ms. Sheryl Mae
Pureza
MIGRATIO
N  movement of people from one place
to another
 associated with better human capital at
both individual and household level and
better ac c ess to migration network
 TYPES OF
MIGRATION
 Internal Migration- refers to people moving
from one place to another within one
country
 International Migration- refers to people
who cross borders of one country to
another
FIVE
GROUPS
1. Immigrants are those who move permanently
to another country
2. Workers who stay in another c ountry for a
fixed period of time
3.Illegal immigrants
4.Migrants whose families have “petitioned”
5. Refugees unable or unwilling to return
because of a well-founded fear of persecution
TOP THREE REGIONS ORIGIN

 Latin America 18%

 Eastern Europe and Central Asia
16%
 Middle East and North Afric a 14%
TOP TEN MIGRANT
SENDING
COUNTRIES
India Pakistan
Mexico Ukraine
Russia Philippine
China s Syria
Bangladesh United
Kingdom
 Fifty percent of global
migrants have moved
from the developing
c ountries to the
developed zones of the
world.
REASONS FOR
MIGRATI0N
 Economic migration moving to find work or follow
a particular c areer path
 Social migration moving somewhere for a
better quality of life or to be closer to family
and friends
 Political migration moving to escape
political prosecution or war
 Environmental causes include natural disasters
such as flooding
PUSH AND
PULL FACTORS
 Push factors are the
reasons why people
leave an area.

 Pull factors are the

reasons why people
move to a partic ular
area.
“BENEFITS AND DETRIMENTS
FOR THE SENDING
COUNTRIES”Reporter:
Ms. Sheryl
Pureza
 Even if 90 percent of the value generated by
migrant workers remains in their host countries,
they have sent billions back to their home
countries (2014, their remittances totaled $580
billion.)

| A s of 2014
BENEFIT
S  Remittances: Migrants may send money/goods
back home. This may help raise living standards
of their origins.
 Acquisition of new skills by migrants (brain
gain)
 Reduction in population pressure on
agricultural lands
 Decline in the rate of unemployment
 Reduction in pressure in soc ial amenities
DETRIMENT
S  Shortage of labour
 Reduction in size of market
 Food shortage, especially if
youth moves leaving aged and
women
 Brain drain
 “THE PROBLEM OF
HUMAN
TRAFFICKING”
Reporter:
Ms. Jennymar
Rosales
WHAT IS HUMAN
TRAFFICKING?
 involves the use of force, fraud, or c oercion
to obtain some type of labor or commercial
sex act.
 victims c an be any age, rac e, gender,
or nationality.
 Traffickers might use violence,
manipulation, or
false promises.
DIFFERENT FORMS OF
HUMAN
TRAFFICKING :
TRAFFICKING
FOR FORCED
LABOUR
 Victims recruited and
trafficked using
deception and coercion
and find themselves
held in conditions of
slavery in a variety of
jobs.
 TRAFFICKING FOR
FORCED
CRIMINAL
ACTIVITIES
 Victims are forced to
c arry out a range of
illegal ac tivities,
which in turn
generate income.
TRAFFICKING IN
WOMEN FOR
SEXUAL
EXPLOITATION
 Victims are often
provided with false
travel documents and
find themselves
forced into sexual
exploitation.
TRAFFICKING FOR
THE REMOVAL OF
ORGANS

 C riminals have seized

this opportunity to
exploit the
desperation of
patients and
potential donors.
 PEOPLE
SMUGGLIN
G
 Smugglers may force
migrants to work in
inhumane c onditions
to pay for their illegal
passage across
borders.
TEN COUNTRIES
INVOLVED HUMAN
TRAFFICKING
Afghanista Russia
n China South
Eritrea Sudan Syria
Iran
North Turkmenist
Korea
an
|US report on June 25,
Venezuela
2020
UNITED STATES FEDERAL BUREAU
OF INVESTIGATION
 lists human trafficking as the
third largest criminal a ctivity
worldwide.

INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION

(ILO)

 identified 21 million men, women, and

children as victims of “forced labor”
 90% of the victims (18.7 million) exploited
by private enterprises and entrepreneurs
 22% of the victims (4.5 sexuall
y
million) abused
 68% of the victims(14.2 work
million) under
compulsion in agricultural,
manufacturing, infrastructure, and
domestic activities.
“INTEGRATIO
N”
Reporter:
Ms. Jennymar
Rosales
INTEGRATIO
N  process whereby the quality of
relations among autonomous
social units
 kinship groups, tribes, cities,
trade unions, trade associations,
political parties
GROSS
DOMESTIC
PRODUCT (GDP)
 A measurement
that seeks to
ca pture a
country's
economic output.
ELEMENTS OF GLOBAL
INTEGRATION
 Liberalization - refers to the removal of
these restrictions.
 Privatization - allowing private players
and companies to conduct business.
 Globalization - growing inter-dependence
between countries with regards to business
and trade.
HOW MIGRANTS INTERACT
WITH THEIR NEW HOME
C OUNTRIES?
They may contribute significa ntly
to a host nation’s GDP, but their
a ccess to housing, health ca re,
and educa tion is not easy.
 Migrants from China, India, and
Western Europe often have more
success, while those from the Middle
East, North Africa, and sub-Saharan
Africa face greater challenges in
securing jobs.
LINGUISTIC
DIFFICULTIES
 It may create cleavages or
gaps between migrants and
citizens of receiving countries.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR
TIME!
LESSON 11:
E N V I R O N M E N TA
L CRISIS AND
S U S TA I N A B L E
DEVELOPMEN
T
N AVECILLA, K IMB ERLY V. PATIN D O L, RISHEL M A E
(Researcher, Reporter and (Researcher and Reporter)
PPT maker)

REYES, PEA RL MARIE

S A R E Ñ O , RUA N MAR IE (Researcher
(Researcher and Reporter) and Reporter)
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lesson, you be able to:
1. Discuss the origins and manifestation of global environmental crises;
2. Relate everyday encounters with pollution, global warming, desertification,
ozone depletion, and many others with a larger picture of environmental
degradation; and
3. Examine the policies and programs of governments around the world
that address the environmental crisis.
ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS
– An ecological crisis occurs when changes to the environment of a
species or population destabilizes its continued survival.

– Most people know the natural world is facing great challenges and
degradation, but few know the true extents of the changes and
deprivation the environment faces and its extended effects on human
welfare and all other life on Earth.

Reporter: Navecilla,
Kimberly V.
MAIN FEATURES OF THE
ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS:
• Climate Change
• Land Contamination
• Deforestation
• Land use change and habitat loss
• Biodiversity Loss
CLIMATE CHANGE
– includes both global warming driven by human-induced emissions of
greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns.
LAND CONTAMINATION
– Land is considered contaminated when it contains hazardous materials
concentrations, including oil, above baseline and/or naturally occurring
levels. Contaminated lands may involve topsoils or subsurface soils that,
through leaching and transport, may affect groundwater, surface water,
and adjacent sites.
DEFORESTATION
– is the permanent removal of trees to make room for something besides
forest. This can include clearing the land for agriculture or grazing, or
using the timber for fuel, construction or manufacturing.
LAND USE CHANGE AND HABITAT
LOSS
– As the human population continues to increase, demand for more
agricultural land is one of the main drivers of habitat loss and
degradation. This change in land use presents the greatest immediate
threat to biodiversity and could lead to changes in the way our
ecosystems function as well as species extinctions.
BIODIVERSITY LOSS
– refers to the decline or disappearance of biological diversity, understood as
the variety of living things that inhabit the planet, its different levels of
biological organization and their respective genetic variability, as well as the
natural patterns present in ecosystems.
FACTORS AFFECTING ENVIRONMENT
• Popular Growth
• Global warming
• Ozone Layer
Depletion
POPULATION GROWTH
– Is at the root of virtually all of
the world’s environmental
problems. Although the growth
rate of the world’s population
has slowed slightly since
1990s, the world’s population
increases by about 77 million
human beings each year.
GLOBAL WARMING
– is the long-term heating of
Earth's climate system
observed since the pre-
industrial period (between
1850 and 1900) due to
human activities, primarily
fossil fuel burning, which
increases heat-trapping
greenhouse gas levels in
Earth's atmosphere.
OZONE LAYER DEPLETION
– A thin band in the
stratosphere that serves to
shield Earth from the Sun’s
harmful ultraviolet rays.
– Increased ultraviolet radiation
would lead to a growing
number of skin cancers and
cataracts and also reduce the
ability of immune systems to
respond to infection
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
– Is a pattern of growth in which resource use aims to meet human needs
while preserving the environment so that these need can be met only in
the present, but also for generations to come.
This definition contains three key ideas:

• Development - should not be confused with growth. Growth is a physical or

quantitative expansion of the economic system. While development is a qualitative
concept, it is concerned with cultural, social and economic progress.
• Needs - introduces the ideas of distribution of resources: ‘meeting the basic needs of
all and extending to all the opportunity to satisfy their aspirations for a better life
• Future generations - introduces the idea of intra-generational equity
FOUR PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
• Futurity - is seen as maintaining a minimum of environmental capital
including the planet’s major environmental support systems, together with
the conservation of more conventional renewable resources such as forests.
• Environment - is concerned with costing the environment.
• Equity – has to do with fairness whether all people have similar rights and
opportunities, basic needs to maintain an acceptable quality of life.
• Participation - has become a common feature of development procedures,
with groups of ‘stake-holders’ involved in consultations.
THE WORLD'
S LEADING
ENVIRONMEN
TAL
PROBLEMS
 THE CONSERVE ENERGY FUTURE WEBSITE
LISTS THE FOLLOWING ENVIRONMENTAL
CHALLENGES THAT THE
WORLD FACES TODAY.
 1. The depredation caused bye industrial and transportation toxins and plastic in the
ground.

 2. Changes in the global weather patterns(flash floods, extreme snowstorms and the
spread of desserts).

 3. Overpopulation.

 4. The exhaustion of the world's natural non renewable resources from oil reserves to
mineral to portable water.

Reporter: Patindol, Rishel

Mae
 5. A waste disposal catastrophe due to the excessive amount of waste.

 6. The destruction of million- year-old ecosystems and the loss of biodiversity.

 7. The reduction of oxygen and the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
because of deforestation.

 8. The depletion of the ozone layer protecting the planet from sun's deadly ultraviolet
rays due to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the atmosphere.

 9. Deadly acid rain as a result of fossil fuel combustion, toxic chemicals from
erupting volcanoes.
 10. Water pollution arising from industrial.

 11. Urban sprawls that continue to expand as a city turns into a megalopolis.

 12. Pandemic and other threats to public health arising from wastes mixing with
drinking water.

 13. A radical alteration of food systems and because of genetic modifications in food
production.
MAN-
MADE
POLLUTIO N
• Man-made pollutants can threaten human health and compromise the
natural ecosystem and environment.

• Man-made pollution is generally a byproduct of human actions such as

consumption, waste disposal, industrial production, transportation and energy
generation.

• Pollutants can enter the surrounding environment in various ways,

either through the atmosphere, water systems or soil, and can persist for
generations if left untreated.

Reporter: Patindol, Rishel

Mae
AIR POLLUTION
• Air pollution occurs when
harmful chemicals or
particulate matter are
introduced into the
atmosphere.
WATER POLLUTION
• Water pollution occurs as
bodies of water (oceans,
lakes, rivers, streams,
aquifers and atmospheric
water) become
contaminated by man-
made waste substances.
SOIL POLLUTION
• Soil pollution occurs as
harmful man-made
substances leach into the
soil.
RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION
• Radioactive pollution can
result from the improper
disposal of nuclear waste,
the accidental discharge of
core material from a nuclear
power plant or the
detonation of a nuclear
explosive device.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
• Refers to significant, long-term changes in the global climate
• Result of billion of tons carbon dioxide
• Various air pollution, and other gases accumulating in the atmosphere
• Trap the sun’s radiation
• “Greenhouse effect” sped up the rise in the world temperature
• Global temperature risen at a faster rate in 50 years and it continues to go up
• Greenhouse effect is responsible for recurring heat waves and long
droughts

Reporter: Reyes, Pearl

Marie
• California had experienced its worst water shortage in 1,200 years
• In India and Southeast Asia, global warming altered the summer
monsoon patterns
• Super Typhoon Haiyan that hit the central Philippines in 2013
• Scientists claim that there will be more [of such] typhoons in the coming
years
• Glaciers are melting every year since 2002
• Flooding has allowed more breeding grounds for disease carries
• Aedes egypti mosquito and the cholera bacteria
COMBATING
GLOBAL
WARMING
• The perils of global warming
• In 1997, 192 countries signed to Kyoto Protocol to reduce greenhouse
gases
• 1992 United Nations Earth Summit
• Framework Convention for Climate Change was finalized
• Some countries have made the necessary move to reduce their
contribution to global warming
• Developing countries lack the funds to implement the protocol's
guidelines
• A 2010 World Bank report thus concluded that the protocol only had a
slight impact on reducing global emissions
• the follow-up treaty to the Kyoto Protocol is the Paris Accord, negotiated by
195 countries in December of 2015
• the Paris Accord provides more leeway for countries Reporter: Reyes, Pearl
Marie
• it largely passed as international legislation
• In South Africa, communities engage in environmental activism
• Across the Atlantic, in El Salvador, local officials and grassroots
organizations from 1000 communities; crop diversification, a reduction of
industrial sugar cane production, the protection of endangered sea species
from the devastating effects of commercial fishing,
• the preservation of lowlands being eroded by deforestation up in rivers and
inconsistent release of water from a nearby dam
• "strike a balance between urgently needed economic growth and
improved air quality"
• In Japan, population pressure forced the government to work; civil
society groups, academia, and political parties
• Japan has some of the least polluted cities in the world
COVID- 19 AND
GLOBALIZ ATION
COVID-19
– On February 11, 2020, the World Health Organization announced an
official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus
outbreak. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019,
abbreviated as COVID-19. In COVID-19, ‘CO’ stands for ‘corona,’ ‘VI’
for ‘virus,’ and ‘D’ for disease. Formerly, this disease was referred to as
“2019 novel coronavirus” or “2019-nCoV.”

– Coronaviruses, like the new COVID-19 outbreak that began in China,

cause mild to severe respiratory illness including death. COVID-19 has
since spread worldwide. The best preventive measures include wearing
a mask, staying six feet apart, washing hands often, avoiding sick
people, keeping your hands away from your face and getting adequate
rest and nutrition.
Reporter: Sareño, Ruan Marie
THE CDC SAYS YOU MAY HAVE CORONAVIRUS IF YOU HAVE
THESE SYMPTOMS OR COMBINATION OF SYMPTOMS:
FEVER OR CHILLS:
• Cough.
• Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing.
• Tiredness.
• Muscle or body aches.
• Headaches.
• New loss of taste or smell.
• Sore throat.
• Congestion or runny nose.
• Nausea or vomiting.
• Diarrhea.
So COVID-19 is more likely to go deeper than viruses like the common
cold. Your lungs might become inflamed, making it tough for you to
breathe. This can lead to pneumonia, an infection of the tiny air sacs (called
alveoli) inside your lungs where your blood exchanges oxygen and carbon
dioxide.

The best preventive measures include wearing a mask, staying six feet
apart, washing hands often, avoiding sick people, keeping your hands
away from your face and getting adequate rest and nutrition.
GLOBALIZATION
– Globalization is the word used to describe the growing
interdependence of the world's economies, cultures, and
populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and
services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and
information.

– In geography, globalization is defined as the set of processes (economic,

social, cultural, technological, Institutional) that contribute to the
relationship between societies and individuals around the world.
– This global phenomenon is inherent to human nature. Because of this,
some say globalization begun about 60,000 years ago, at the beginning
of human history. Throughout time, human societies’ exchanging trade
has been growing. Since the old times, different civilizations have
developed commercial trade routes and experienced cultural exchanges.
EXAMPLES OF GLOBALIZATION:
• Economic globalization
• Financial globalization
• Cultural globalization
• Political globalization
• Sociological globalization
• Technological globalization
• Geographic globalization
• Ecological globalization