AS NZS 2885.1-1997 Amdt 1-2001 Pipelines - Gas and Liquid Petro PDF

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AS 2885.1-1997/Amdt 1-2001 Pipelines - Gas and liquid petroleum - Design and

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AS 2885.1—1997/Amdt 1/2001-04-19
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Amendment No. 1
to
AS 2885.1—1997
Pipelines—Gas and liquid petroleum
Part 1: Design and construction
REVISED TEXT
The 1997 edition of AS 2885.1 is amended as follows; the amendments should be inserted in the appropriate
places.
SUMMARY: This Amendment applies to the, Preface, Table 2.4.4(B), Table 2.5.1 and Table 4.3.9.5,
Clauses 1.0 (New), 1.1, 1.10.3, 1.10.29, 1.10.50 (New), 2.1, 2.2.2, 2.4.3, 2.4.4, 2.8, 3.0 (New), 3.2, 4.1, 4.1(A)
(New), 4.2.5.1, 4.2.5.2, 4.2.5.4(a)(ii), 4.2.5.4(b)(iii), 4.2.6.5 (New), 4,3.4.1(a), 4.3.5, 4.3.6.2, 4.3.6.3(b),
4.3.6.5, 4.3.7, 4.3.8.7, 4.3.9, 4.3.9.1, 4.3.0.2, 4.3.9.3, 4.3.9.4, 4.3.9.5, 4.3.9.6, 4.4.1, 4.4.4.1 and 4.4.4.2 and
Figures 1.1(A) & 1.1(B), 4.1(A) (New), 4.3.7 and 4.3.8.7(B)(b), and Section 5, and Appendices A and F.
Published on 19 April 2001.

Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.
AMDT Page 2 Preface

No. 1
APR. Add the following before the last paragraph:
2001
Statements expressed in mandatory terms in notes to tables and figures are deemed to be
requirements of this Standard.
ISBN 0 7337 3741 2

AMDT Page 5 Clause 1.0 (New)
No. 1
APR. 1.0 BASIS OF AS 2885 SERIES OF STANDARDS The purpose of the AS 2885 series
2001 of Standards is to ensure the protection of the general public, pipeline operating personnel
and the environment, and to ensure safe operation of pipelines that carry petroleum fluids at
high pressures.
The AS 2885 series of Standards achieve their purpose by defining important principles for
design, construction and operation of petroleum pipelines. The principles are expressed in
practical rules and guidelines for use by competent persons and organizations. The five
fundamental principles on which the AS 2885 series of Standards are based are as follows:
(a) A pipeline shall be designed and constructed to have sufficient strength and ductility
to withstand all identifiable forces to which it may be subjected during construction,
testing and operation.
(b) Before a pipeline is placed into operation it shall be inspected and tested to prove its
integrity.
(c) Important matters relating to safety, engineering design, materials, testing and
inspection shall be reviewed and approved by a responsible entity, referred to as the
operating authority. The responsible entity shall, in each case, be defined.
(d) Operations and maintenance shall provide for continued monitoring and safe
operation of the pipeline.
(e) Where changes occur in or to a pipeline, which alter the design assumptions or affect
the original integrity, appropriate steps shall be taken to assess the changes, to ensure
continued safe operation of the pipeline.
Where the Standards do not provide detailed requirements appropriate to a specific item,
the fundamental principles set out above and the principles and guidelines set out in the
Standards are the basis on which an engineering assessment is to be made. Specific
requirements in the Standards do not replace the need for appropriate experience and
engineering judgment.
AMDT Page 5 Clause 1.1

No. 1
APR. 1 Second paragraph, third line, delete (See Figures 1.1(A) and 1.1(B)).
2001
2 Second paragraph, delete second sentence and replace with the following:
‘Flow lines commence at the isolation valve downstream of the wellhead equipment
and terminate at the inlet valve of the collection manifold.’
AMDT Page 6 and 7 Figures 1.1(A) and 1.1(B)

No. 1
APR. Delete Figures 1.1(A) and 1.1(B).
2001
AMDT Page 8 Clause 1.10.3

No. 1
APR. Second paragraph, delete ‘generally’.
2001

No. 1
APR. Change ‘route’ to ‘right of way ’.
2001
No. 1
APR. After ‘pipeline’ insert ‘or section of a pipeline’.
2001

No. 1
APR. Delete existing Clause.
2001
AMDT Page 11 Clause 1.10.50 (New)

No. 1
APR. Add the following new clause:
2001
1.10.50 Nominated Standard—a Standard referred to in Clause 3.1.2.

No. 1
APR. 1 Second line, amend ‘are’ to read ‘is’.
2001
2 Fourth paragraph, delete the second sentence and replace with the following:
‘The analysis of risks shall be carried out in accordance with this Standard. In doing
so, AS/NZS 3931 shall be taken into account.’
3 Amend NOTE to read the following::

‘NOTE: HB105 provides guidance on pipeline risk assessment.’

No. 1
APR. Insert ‘, severity classes’ after ‘failure analysis’.
2001

No. 1
APR. Second paragraph, second line, after ‘natural events’ insert the following:
2001
‘, induced voltage and induced or fault current in pipelines co-located with power lines,’
__________________________________________________________________________
No. 1
APR. Add the following paragraph:
2001
‘For each hazardous event, the following shall be defined:
(a) Failure mode causing loss of integrity.
(b) Location of loss of integrity.
(c) Nature and magnitude of fluid escape.

No. 1
APR. First paragraph, first line, before ‘consequence’ insert ‘severity of the’.
2001
No. 1
APR. 1 First paragraph, first line, delete ‘A risk matrix similar to’
2001
2 Second paragraph, last line, add the following sentence:
‘Severity classes shall be approved’.
AMDT Page 15 Table 2.4.4(B)

No. 1
APR. Under Severity Class ‘severe’, in 2nd column, add:
2001
‘, or minor environmental damage.’
AMDT Page 15 Table 2.5.1

No. 1
APR. Second row, under ‘Action required’, add the following:
2001
‘Where the risk class cannot be reduced to achieve ‘Low’ or ‘Negligible’, action shall be
taken to remove hazardous events, or reduce frequencies or reduce severity of
consequences, so as to reduce the risk to ALARP.

No. 1
APR. 1 Item (c), delete ‘and mobile construction equipment is in use, adequate danger signs
2001 shall be installed.’ and replace with ‘, safe working practice shall be established.’
2 Insert new Item (d) as follows:
(d) Where a pipeline is in close proximity to a powerline, potential threats from
induced voltage and induced or faulty currents to personnel safety shall be
assessed.
NOTE: See Appendix B.
3 Redesignate existing Items (d) through to (l) to read (e) through to (m)
4 In Item (i), amend ‘used’ to read ‘use’
AMDT Page 17 Clause 3.0 (New)

No. 1
APR. Add new Clause 3.0, before Clause 3.1, as follows:
2001
‘3.0 BASIS OF SECTION
Materials and components shall be suitable and safe for the conditions under which they are
used, including construction. They shall have the pressure strength, temperature rating, and
design life specified by the engineering design.’

No. 1
APR. Add a new paragraph, as follows:
2001
‘Carbon steel and carbon manganese steel flanges and valves, complying with nominated
Standards, may be used without derating at design temperatures not exceeding 120°C.’
No. 1
APR. Insert new sentence before the existing sentence:
2001
‘The need for fracture toughness testing should be determined in accordance with
Clause 4.3.7.

No. 1
APR. Add the following new paragraphs:
2001
‘The requirements of Clause 4.2 shall apply to the whole of a pipeline and shall be met
notwithstanding the use of any other Standard for design of elements of the pipeline.
The requirements of Clause 4.3 shall apply, except where an element of a pipeline has been
designated as a station in accordance with Figure 4.1(A). Clause 4.3 also applies to piping
associated with pipeline assemblies. (See Clause 4.3.9.)
The requirements of Clause 4.4 shall apply where an element of the pipeline has been
designated as a station. The limits of application of Clause 4.4 shall be defined for each
station.
The limits of stations shall be defined at a suitable point at or adjacent to the first valve off
the pipeline on the side of the valve remote from the pipeline. The limit may be a flange, a
weld or a point defined by dimensions.’
AMDT Page 21 Figure 4.1(A) (New)

No. 1
APR. Insert the following new Figure after Figure 4.1:
2001
FIGURE 4.1(A) SCOPE OF PIPELINE AND STATION DESIGN
AMDT Page 24 Clause 4.2.5.1

No. 1
APR. Add the following new paragraph:
2001
‘Where the combination of physical measures and procedural measures specified in
Table 4.2.5.2(B) cannot be fulfilled, failure analysis shall be conducted in accordance with
Clause 2.3.4.’
No. 1
APR. Insert the following paragraph after the 3rd paragraph:
2001
‘Compliance with the minimum requirements for wall thickness (see Clause 4.3.4), depth of
cover (see Table 4.2.5.3) and marking (see Clause 4.2.4.6) shall not be considered to
constitute design for protection.’
AMDT Page 28 Clause 4.2.5.4(a)(ii)

No. 1
APR. First line, after ‘tapes’ add ‘shall comply with AS/NZS 2648.1 and’.
2001
AMDT Page 29 Clause 4.2.5.4(b)(iii)

No. 1
APR. In last paragraph, last line, delete ‘protective’ and replace with ‘physical’.
2001
AMDT Page 31 Clause 4.2.6.5(A) (New)

No. 1
APR.
2001
Insert the following new Clause 4.2.6.5(A):
‘4.2.6.5(A) Separation of pipeline sections with different MAOP Sections of a pipeline
system that have different MAOP shall be designed to prevent the MAOP of each section
from being exceeded.
Where isolation is used to separate sections with a different MAOP, the minimum
requirement for separation by isolation is two isolation components, two valves or one
valve and a blind. A method of venting the space between the two isolation components
shall be provided.
Where pressure control is used to separate sections with a different MAOP, the minimum
requirement for isolation by pressure control is a pressure control system complying with
the requirements of Clause 4.2.6.4.
Where hydraulic gradient is used to control the pressure, the pipeline control system shall
ensure that the MAOPs of the sections are not exceeded.’
AMDT Page 33 Clause 4.3.4.1(a)

No. 1
APR. Delete ‘Fabricated assemblies’ and replace with ‘Pipeline assemblies (see Clause 4.3.9.1).’
2001

No. 1
APR. Amend reference to Clause 4.4.6 to read ‘Clause 4.4.4.1.’
2001

No. 1
APR. First paragraph, fourth line, after ‘earthquake’, add ‘land movement due to other causes,’.
2001
AMDT Page 34 Clause 4.3.6.3(b)

No. 1
APR. Correct ‘availing’ to read ‘ovalling’.
2001
AMDT Page 35 Clause 4.3.6.5(ii)(A)

No. 1
APR. Delete the second sentence of the ‘Note’.
2001
AMDT Page 35 Clause 4.3.6.5(ii)(B)
No. 1
APR. First line, correct ‘Ovaeling’ to read ‘Ovalling’.
2001

No. 1
APR. Delete existing Clause and replace with the following:
2001
4.3.7 Fracture control
4.3.7.1 General Except where the design of a pipeline provides for the carriage of a
stable liquid, where the minimum design pipe temperature (T DMP) is above 0°C, the
engineering design of the pipeline shall include preparation of a fracture control plan,
which shall define the measures to be implemented to limit propagation of fast fracture. A
classification of pipeline fluids for the purpose of the fracture control plan is shown in
Figure 4.3.7.1.
The fracture control plan shall be approved.
NOTE: Appendix F provides guidance on the development of the fracture control plan.
NOTES:
1 Stable liquids have no significant vapour phase at atmospheric pressure, e.g. distillate or processed crude (not
wellhead products).
2 Lean natural gas consists almost entirely of methane. For the purpose of this classification it may contain up to 5%
ethane. However, it shall contain less than 1% total of higher hydrocarbons.
3 Other gases and liquids include all other fluids such as, but not restricted to, wellhead products, LPG, HVPL, rich
natural gas, multiphase fluids and CO2.
FIGURE 4.3.7.1 CLASSIFICATION OF PIPELINE FLUIDS FOR THE FRACTURE

CONTROL PLAN
4.3.7.2 Fracture control plan The fracture control plan shall define—
(a) the stresses and pipe temperatures for which arrest of fracture is to be achieved;
(b) the design fracture arrest length (which may be expressed as the total number of pipe
lengths or the number of pipe lengths each side of the point of initiation, and which
may have a default value of two); and
(c) the methods of providing for crack arrest.
The stress, temperature and fracture arrest length parameters need not be uniform over the
whole pipeline and may differ for each location class or for each relevant fracture mode.
AMDT The fracture control plan shall be approved. Any measures determined as necessary to limit
No. 1
APR.
fast fracture propagation shall be implemented and monitored in accordance with
2001 AS 2885.3.
The sequence of decision making required, to develop and implement a fracture control
plan to ensure arrest of fast fracture, shall be in accordance with Figure 4.3.7.2.
NOTE:The following two fast fracture modes are known to occur in pipelines:
(a) A brittle fracture in which the fracture propagates in the predominantly cleavage mode at or
below the transition temperature of the pipe steel. The appearance of the fracture surface is
crystalline.
(b) A tearing fracture (commonly called ductile fracture) in which the fracture propagates in the
shear mode above the transition temperature. The appearance of the fracture surface is
fibrous.
AMDT
No. 1
APR.
2001
NOTE: 40% SMYS is a conservative approximation of the threshold stress for tearing fracture, which is more
accurately given by 30% of the flow stress. A higher value than 40% SMYS, based upon actual data, may be
used where approved.
FIGURE 4.3.7.2(A) FRACTURE CONTROL PLAN DECISION TREE

AMDT
No. 1
APR.
2001
NOTE: S F = a factor that takes into account the statistical distribution of the Charpy toughness in
an actual pipe order. A value of 0.75 may be used as a default value in order to ensure that 50%
of pipes in an order meet the predicted arrest requirement. For grade X80, a unique value shall be
established. Other values of S F may be used, where approved, when the statistical distribution of
toughness, or the design arrest length, is different.
FIGURE 4.3.7.2(B) DETERMINATION OF TEARING FRACTURE ARREST TOUGHNESS

FOR CONVENTIONAL PIPELINE DESIGNS WHERE THE REQUIREMENTS OF
CLAUSE 4.3.7.3 ARE MET
AMDT
No. 1
APR.
2001
FIGURE 4.3.7.2(C) DETERMINATION OF TEARING FRACTURE ARREST METHOD

FOR PIPELINE DESIGNS OUTSIDE THE REQUIREMENTS OF CLAUSE 4.3.7.3, OR
WHERE THE CALCULATED ARREST TOUGHNESS EXCEEDS 100 J
4.3.7.3 Specification of fracture toughness properties The following applies:

(a) Exemptions from the specification of fracture toughness properties No brittle
fracture resistance properties need to be specified when the thickness is less than
5 mm. No tearing fracture resistance properties need to be specified when the
diameter is less than DN300 and the MAOP is less than 10.5 MPa.
(b) Specification of fracture toughness properties for pipe body materials Where the
fracture control plan determines that it is necessary to specify pipe body fracture
toughness, the following applies:
(i) Test temperature The test temperature for fracture toughness tests shall be the
minimum design pipe temperature rounded down to the nearest 5°C. The
minimum design pipe temperature at any location is the lowest temperature at
which the operating stress exceeds the threshold stress (see Appendix F,
Paragraph F2.4.2).
(ii) Brittle fracture resistance The resistance to brittle fracture propagation shall
be determined from measurements of the fracture appearance of drop-weight
tear test (DWTT) specimens representative of the pipe body material fractured
in the line of the pipe axis. Test specimens may be taken from finished pipe or,
after correlation has determined any effect of pipe making, from the strip or
plate from which pipes are made.
AMDT Appendix D provides methods of test to determine fracture appearance and for
No. 1
APR. evaluation of results.
2001
(iii) Tearing fracture resistance The resistance to tearing fracture propagation
(ductile fracture) shall be determined from measurements of the transverse
energy absorption of Charpy test specimens representative of the pipe body
material in the line of the pipe axis. Test specimens may be taken from finished
pipe or, after correlation has confirmed any effect of pipe making, may be taken
from the strip or plate from which the pipes are made.
Appendix D provides methods for testing to determine energy absorption of
pipe body materials and for evaluation of results.
The requirements for transverse energy absorption shall be determined in the
fracture control plan using a recognized method for calculating the required
toughness and shall take into consideration —
(A) the design arrest length; and
(B) the pipe dimensions.
The tearing fracture arrest toughness Charpy energy requirements may be calculated using
Equation 4.3.7.3 provided the following conditions are met:
1 The design fluid is lean natural gas consisting almost entirely of methane.
2 The MAOP does not exceed 15.3 MPa.

3 The hoop stress at MAOP does not exceed 72% SMYS.
4 The pipe grade does not exceed X70.
−5
C a10 = 1.29 × 10 × (SMYS ) × D 2 / 3 × P1d/ 3
5/3
. . . 4.3.7.3
where
Ca10 = Charpy V-notch absorbed energy for immediate crack arrest
(10 mm × 10 mm specimen), in joules
SMYS = specified minimum yield stress, in megapascals
D = nominal outside diameter, in millimetres
Pd = design pressure, in megapascals
NOTE: Equation 4.3.7.3 is a metricated version of the A.G.A. (empirical) equation,
known generally as the ‘Battelle equation’, on page L-4 of the paper on Fracture
Propagation Control Methods by Eiber and Maxey in the Proceeding of the 6th
Symposium on Line Pipe Research, American Gas Association, 1979.
Where the design does not meet all of the above conditions, and for pipelines in which the
calculated arrest toughness Ca10 exceeds 100 J, the method of achieving arrest within the
design length shall be the subject of an independent expert review. Such review shall be
included in the Fracture Control Plan at the stage it is submitted for approval.
NOTE: The technology of fracture control in pipelines is complex and needs to be empirically
validated. Attention is directed to the absence of an experimental database supporting the fracture
control design of small diameter, high-strength pipelines.
This equation is one of a number of similar relationships, which correlate full-scale
arrest/propagate behaviour with small scale laboratory Charpy tests. The majority of the test
results in the database supporting the equation have been obtained upon relatively large diameter
pipelines around DN750 and above, with gas pressures below 12 MPa, and strength levels of X70
and below. This is the reason for the design limits given above and in Figure 4.3.7.2(a) for the
application of this equation.
AMDT Page 40 Figure 4.3.7
No. 1
APR. Delete Figure 4.3.7.
2001

No. 1
APR. Add the following note:
2001
NOTE: AS 4799 provides additional information on pipelines laid within railway reserves. (See
also clause 4.3.6.5 (ii).)

No. 1
APR. Amend title to read ‘Pipeline assemblies’.
2001

No. 1
APR. Delete existing Clause and replace with the following:
2001
4.3.9.1 General Pipeline assemblies are considered to be integral parts of the pipeline,
and shall be designed, fabricated and tested in accordance with this Standard.
Pipeline assemblies are elements of a pipeline assembled from pipe complying with a
nominated Standard and pressure-rated components complying with a nominated Standard
or of an established design and used within the manufacturer’s pressure temperature rating.
Pipeline assemblies shall be designed, fabricated, inspected and tested in accordance with
Clause 4.3, unless otherwise approved.

No. 1
APR. Delete existing clause and replace with the following:
2001
4.3.9.2 Scraper assemblies Scraper assemblies, including scraper traps, closures and
associated piping, shall be pipeline assemblies. Where a scraper trap within a scraper
assembly is not fabricated from pipe complying with a nominated Standard, the trap shall
be designed, fabricated, inspected and tested as a special assembly in accordance with
Clause 4.3.9.6. The tested trap shall be treated as a pressure-rated component in the
assembly.

No. 1
2001
4.3.9.3 Mainline valve assembly Mainline valve assemblies shall be pipeline assemblies.

No. 1
2001
4.3.9.4 Isolating valve assemblies Isolating valve assemblies that are not included in
designated stations shall be pipeline assemblies.
No. 1
APR. 1 Amend the title to read ‘Branch connection assemblies'.
2001
2 Delete the first sentence and insert the following after the title:
‘Branch connection assemblies that are fabricated from pipe complying with a
nominated Standard and pressure-rated components (forged tees, extruded outlets,
integrally reinforced fittings, proprietary split tees) shall be pipeline assemblies.
Branch connection assemblies that are not fabricated from pipe complying with a
nominated Standard and pressure rated components shall be designed, fabricated,
inspected and tested in accordance with AS 4041 or AS 1210, and the requirements of
Table 4.3.9.5. The use of any other Standard shall be approved.’
AMDT Page 42 Table 4.3.9.5

No. 1
APR. 1 In heading of first column, delete ‘δc/δy’ and replace with ‘σc /σy’.
2001
2 Second row, third column, delete ‘Not applicable’ and replace with ‘Reinforcement is
required and may be carried out by any of the methods in Clause 4.3.9.5.’
3 NOTE 1, delete notations ‘δc’ and ‘δy’ and replace with the following:
‘σc = Hoop stress or circumferential stress in the carrier pipe, in megapascals.’
‘σ y = Yield stress of the carrier pipes, in megapascals.’

No. 1
APR. 1 Amend title to read ‘Special fabricated assemblies'.
2001
2 Delete the first paragraph and replace with the following:
‘Special fabricated assemblies that are fabricated from pipe complying with a
nominated Standard and pressure-rated components shall be pipeline assemblies.
Where a component in a fabricated assembly is not included in a nominated Standard
or is not used within the manufacturer’s pressure/temperature rating, and for which
design equations or procedures are not given in Clause 4.3, the suitability for service
shall be evaluated in terms of the pressure strength of the component at the design
temperatures.’
3 Insert the following at the beginning of the second paragraph:
‘Satisfactory service experience of .......’
AMDT Page 43 Clause 4.3.11 (New)
No. 1
APR. Add the following new Clause:
2001
4.3.11 Supports and anchors
4.3.11.1 General An anchor, support, or apparatus connected to pipework and piping
shall be designed for the service conditions. Supports shall be designed to support the pipe
without causing stresses that exceed those determined in accordance with Clause 4.3.6, or
preventing the required freedom of movement. The adverse effects of changes in
temperature-induced longitudinal forces that act on bends and offsets shall be reduced by
the friction of the soil or by anchoring.
A pipeline shall be supported to prevent or damp out excessive vibration.
Where specified in the design of the cathodic protection system, supports and anchors shall
be electrically isolated from the pipe.
4.3.11.2 Settlement, scour, and erosion A pipeline shall be adequately supported under
all service conditions to counteract the effects of settlement, scour, and erosion.
4.3.11.3 Design Supports and anchors shall be designed to suit the service conditions,
and be appropriate for the design life.
A clearance adequate for elastic strain during pressure testing and operation shall be
maintained between the bore of a concrete anchor and the pipeline.
4.3.11.4 Forces on an above-ground pipeline The stresses from forces on the above-
ground pipeline shall not exceed those specified in Clause 4.3.6.
4.3.11.5 Attachment of anchors, supports, and clamps An anchor, support, or clamp shall
be attached to a pipeline in such a way as will prevent excessive local stress concentration
in the pipe wall. The combined stress shall not be greater than that specified in
Clause 4.3.6.
Where a pipeline is designed to operate at a hoop stress of less than 50% SMYS, a support
or an anchor may be welded directly to the pipe.
Where a pipeline is designed to operate at a hoop stress of greater than 50% SMYS, a
support and a clamp shall completely encircle the pipe. Where it is necessary to provide
positive attachment, the pipe may be welded only to an encircling member, and the support
or clamp shall be attached to the encircling member and not to the pipe. The weld between
the encircling member and the pipe shall be continuous.
4.3.11.6 Restraint due to soil friction The adequacy of anchorage by soil friction shall be
determined and, where necessary, additional anchorage shall be provided.
4.3.11.7 Anchorage at a connection The interconnection of pipelines shall have the
strength and flexibility to cater for possible movement, or each pipeline shall be provided
with anchors sufficient to develop the forces necessary to limit the movement.
Where a branch connection is made to an existing pipeline and consolidated backfill is
removed, firm foundations shall be provided for both the branch and the pipeline. The
stresses shall not exceed those determined in accordance with Clause 4.3.6.
NOTE: Lateral forces at a branch connection may greatly increase the stresses in the branch
connection, unless the backfill is thoroughly consolidated or provision is made to resist the force.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
No. 1
2001
4.4.1 General Stations are facilities that allow for the control, measurement, storage or
pressure maintenance of pipeline fluids. Stations covered by this Clause 4.4 include
compressor and pump stations, storage facilities, pressure regulation and metering facilities.
Other facilities that involve frequent operational activity or public access may also be
designated stations for the purpose of this Standard. Pipeline assemblies (see Clause 4.3.9)
are not considered as stations in this Standard. They may, however, be located within the
physical boundaries of a station.
Stations shall be protected from damage caused by the environment and from external
interference.
Stations shall comply with regulatory requirements for the safety of personnel and the
public.
The limits of the station shall be defined.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
AMDT Page 45 Figure 4.3.8.7(B)
No. 1
APR. Delete existing figure and replace with the following:
2001
NOTES:
1 Dimensions A, B and C shall be not less than those determined by the external interference design and
Clause 4.3.6.
2 Where separation by burial is a selected physical measure, dimension A shall not be less than 1200 mm
and dimension B shall comply with Table 4.2.5.3.
3 Where separation by barrier is a selected physical measure, dimension C and dimension D shall not be less
than 300 mm without approval by the authority responsible for the road, and the operating authority.
4 Dimension A should be established in consultation with the authority responsible for the road, but shall
not be less than 1000 mm.
FIGURE 4.3.8.7(B) COVER OVER A PIPELINE WITHIN A ROAD RESERVE

__________________________________________________________________________
No. 1
APR. 1 Delete the word ‘design’ and insert the following:
2001
‘Except as provided in Clause 3.2, design.....'
2 Add the following paragraph:
‘The control instrumentation and sampling piping associated with station pipework
shall comply with AS 4041.’

No. 1
APR. Delete the entire Clause.
2001
AMDT Page 51 Section 5

No. 1
APR. Delete existing section and replace with the following:
2001
AMDT S EC T ION 5 M IT IGAT ION OF C OR R OS ION
No. 1
APR.
2001
5.1 BASIS OF SECTION Measures shall be taken to mitigate corrosion and other
destructive processes, such as environment-related cracking, which could affect the
integrity of the pipeline. When determining necessary measures, consideration shall be
given to the potential for both internal and external corrosion and degradation. Implicit
within, and central to, a corrosion mitigation strategy is the design of corrosion and
condition monitoring programs, to provide assurance that the measures implemented are
successfully achieving their objectives.
Any changes to the operation of the pipeline, which could result in a change in the potential
for corrosion, shall be reviewed and their impact assessed. Appropriate changes to the
mitigation program shall be implemented.
Corrosion protection measures shall be approved.
5.2 PERSONNEL The design, installation, operation and maintenance of corrosion

mitigation systems shall be carried out by, or under the direction of, persons qualified by
experience and training in the appropriate aspects of corrosion mitigation in pipelines.
Where the pipeline is influenced by stray electrical currents, the persons shall have had
experience with the mitigation of such currents.
5.3 RATE OF DEGRADATION

5.3.1 Assessment An assessment shall be made of the degradation mechanisms that could
affect the pipeline, and an estimate made of the rate of degradation. In making assessment,
consideration shall be given to—
(a) internal and external conditions; and
(b) changes expected to occur over the life of the pipeline.
NOTE: A list of factors that should be taken into consideration in this assessment is contained in
Appendix G, together with a discussion on the impact of each item.
In cases where it is not possible to accurately assess the rate of degradation, appropriate
provision should be made for corrosion mitigation.
5.3.2 Internal corrosion
5.3.2.1 Gas pipelines Where any water is present or is likely to form in a hydrocarbon
gas pipeline, the gas shall be considered to be corrosive. Appropriate measures to mitigate
the corrosion shall be adopted unless the system can be demonstrated to be non-corrosive.
Gas that is dry (i.e. free of liquid water) shall be considered non-corrosive. Hydrocarbon
gases transported at temperatures that are at all times 8°C higher than the water dewpoint of
the gas may also be considered non-corrosive.
5.3.2.2 Liquid hydrocarbon pipelines The corrosiveness of liquid hydrocarbons shall be
assessed to establish likely corrosion rates. Where the corrosiveness is not already known
from previous tests, investigations or experience, testing shall be conducted and shall
simulate the most aggressive conditions expected over the life of the system. Appropriate
mitigation methods shall be selected.
5.3.3 External corrosion Where the rate of external corrosion is assessed to affect the
integrity of the pipeline over the expected life of the system, an approved coating system
shall be applied, supplemented by cathodic protection for underground pipelines. Where
appropriate, provision shall be made for stray current drainage.
AMDT 5.3.4 Environment-related cracking The potential for environment-related cracking of
No. 1
APR. the pipeline shall be assessed and, if warranted, appropriate control measures shall be
2001 incorporated in the design or operation of the pipeline to prevent failure within its design
life.
NOTE: Guidance on environment-related cracking of carbon steels is given in Appendix H.
5.4 CORROSION MITIGATION
5.4.1 General Where corrosion could affect the integrity of the pipeline during its design
life, the pipeline shall be provided with one or more of the methods set out in this Section.
5.4.2 Corrosion mitigation methods Corrosion may be mitigated by one of the methods
listed in Table 5.4.2.
TABLE 5.4.2
APPLICABLE METHODS FOR MITIGATING CORROSION
Internal External corrosion (see Clause 5.6)

Mitigation measure corrosion
Buried Submerged Above ground
(see Clause 5.5)
Lining X
Inhibitor or biocide X
Coating X X X
CP/stray current X X
drainage
X = applicability
NOTES:
1 Cathodic protection would normally only be used in conjunction with an appropriate
coating system. However, in specific circumstances, such as temporary lines and gathering
lines, cathodic protection may be applied to uncoated pipelines.
2 Where the pipeline is externally coated, cathodic protection would normally be applied.
3 The addition of an allowance for the effect of corrosion does not mitigate corrosion, but is a
valid method for providing for its effect during the design life of the pipeline.
5.4.3 Corrosion allowance Where it is considered that corrosion mitigation methods will
not minimize corrosion sufficiently to ensure the integrity of the pipeline over its design
life, a corrosion allowance may be used. Corrosion allowance is an increase in the wall
thickness of the pipe by an approved amount in excess of that required, to withstand
internal pressure, external loads and other defined requirements.
Corrosion allowance may be used as all or part of the corrosion mitigation measures for
both internal and external corrosion. Where internal corrosion is expected, corrosion
allowance should be used in conjunction with other active corrosion mitigation methods to
provide additional protection against unexpected corrosion rates or failure of the other
methods.
A corrosion allowance may be appropriate for above-ground pipelines, particularly where
the conditions are conducive to minimal or general external surface corrosion, and in
particular where external coating systems may be difficult or impractical to maintain and
the risk of pitting corrosion is high. An external corrosion allowance would be unusual on
buried pipelines, except in conjunction with other corrosion mitigation methods, unless it
can be shown that the external corrosion is uniform and generalized.
A corrosion allowance shall be approved.
5.5 CORROSION MONITORING The performance of corrosion mitigation systems
AMDT
No. 1 shall be monitored using systems that can measure the adequacy of corrosion mitigation
APR. measures. Where corrosion is detected or anticipated, systems capable of determining the
2001
corrosion rate or loss of wall thickness shall be employed. Corrosion-monitoring programs
for the pipeline shall be maintained for the life of the pipeline.
The frequency of monitoring shall be appropriate to the expected corrosion rate. Monitoring
systems may include physical inspection, removable coupons, proprietary instrumentation,
and internal inspection devices and equipment.
Corrosion monitoring methods shall be approved.
5.6 INTERNAL CORROSION MITIGATION METHODS

5.6.1 General The interior surface of a pipeline conveying a corrosive or potentially
corrosive fluid shall be protected against corrosion.
When internal corrosion is anticipated, and provision is made in the design to mitigate
internal corrosion, the design shall include an appropriate method for the operator to easily
monitor the rate of internal corrosion. The monitoring method shall be maintained for the
life of the pipeline.
5.6.2 Internal lining Any lining applied to mitigate internal corrosion shall be rated by
tests for the service conditions of the pipeline and for the design life of the pipeline. A
lining used for the purpose of preventing corrosion shall be continuous across welds and
repairs to the pipeline.
NOTES:
1 Linings prevent corrosion while they are physically intact. As it is difficult to ensure this in
service, it is normal practice to supplement the lining with inhibitor addition. No inhibitor is
considered necessary if the lining is installed solely to reduce friction.
2 Lining selection should take account of any intended pigging program for the pipeline, to
prevent mechanical damage to the lining.
5.6.3 Corrosion inhibitors and biocides Selection of corrosion inhibitors or biocides to
be added to the process stream shall be based on the effectiveness of the chemical under the
operating conditions of the pipeline. Effectiveness of the chemicals shall be determined in
laboratory tests or by previous experience. Such tests shall take into account the levels of
turbulence in the system. Chemicals added to the fluid in this way shall be—
(a) chemically and physically compatible with the pipeline components and linings, with
any other chemicals added to the pipeline and with the downstream facilities; and
(b) injected at sufficient concentrations and intervals to achieve the desired purpose.
5.7 EXTERNAL CORROSION MITIGATION METHODS

5.7.1 General Where external corrosion is expected to affect the integrity of the pipeline
over the life of the system, appropriate corrosion control methods shall be implemented.
5.7.2 Coating External anti-corrosion coatings, and materials used for the repair of
defects or for protection of site field welds shall have physical, electrical and chemical
properties that have been demonstrated by tests, investigations or experience to be suitable
for the installation and service conditions of the pipeline and the environment for the
duration of the design life of the pipeline.
NOTE: A factory-applied coating is preferred for all pipeline components, to ensure adequate
surface preparation and coating application under controlled conditions.
Repair material shall be compatible with the original coating. Where cathodic protection is
to be applied, the coating and repair material shall be compatible with the level of
protection envisaged.
Procedures for preparation of the surface of the pipe and application of the coating and
AMDT
No. 1 repair material shall be developed. Criteria for acceptance of the coating prior to
APR. installation shall be developed. The application of the coating and of site repairs shall be
2001
subject to a quality assurance program.
The integrity of the coating on buried pipelines shall be tested in accordance with
AS 3894.1 using the high voltage method immediately prior to final placement, and any
coating defects detected shall be repaired. For onshore pipelines, the integrity of the coating
should be confirmed once the soil has been allowed time to settle and stabilize around the
pipe, and the significance and need for repair of any defects evaluated. Any repairs shall be
effected using approved materials and procedures.
Where the coating is liable to damage from stones and rocks in the ditch, the long-term
integrity of the coating shall be assured by use in the ditch of sand padding, selected
backfill or protective outerwraps, or a combination of these.
NOTES:
1 Where the pipe is heated above 100°C during coating operation, the effect of strain ageing on
the fracture toughness properties of the steel pipe should be investigated.
2 For an above-ground pipeline, painting may be suitable.
3 Where a coated pipe is to be installed by thrust boring, directional drilling or similar methods,
an abrasion-resistant coating may be required.
5.7.3 Cathodic protection Design, operation, commissioning and documentation
requirements for cathodic protection shall comply with AS/NZS 2832.1.

Steel may be protected from corrosion by the application of direct current to maintain the
potential of the metal sufficiently negative with respect to its environment. Direct current
may be provided by the use of galvanic anodes, or by means of an impressed current
system. The potential of a structure with respect to its environment can provide a reliable
measure of the degree of protection.
Cathodic protection systems for pipelines shall not cause unacceptable levels of
interference on other underground or submerged structures. The cathodic protection system
shall be compatible with the coating used on the pipeline.
Cathodic protection shall be applied to each section of a pipeline. The method and timing of
the installation of temporary and permanent cathodic protection systems shall be
documented and approved.
Stray currents from traction systems, other impressed current systems or telluric sources
shall be investigated and appropriate mitigative measures implemented, as necessary. It
may not be possible to determine the necessary mitigative measures until pipeline laying is
complete and the backfill fully consolidated.
NOTES:
1 Further information for cathodic protection is given in Appendix I.
2 The installation or operation of cathodic protection systems may require approval from a
regulatory authority.
Levels of protection shall be controlled, so that potentials that could be harmful to the
structure or to the coating are avoided.
5.7.4 Protection criteria Protection criteria shall be in accordance with AS/NZS 2832.1.
5.7.5 Design considerations
5.7.5.1 Cathodic protection current requirements The current requirement for cathodic
protection shall be determined by experimentation or by calculation. The assumptions used
for the derivation of the total current requirement shall be clearly documented. Allowance
shall be provided—
(a) to cater for structure coating deterioration over the life of the system; and
(b) to mitigate interference effects with any secondary structures.
5.7.5.2 Environment resistivity The environment resistivity at the site of each cathodic
AMDT
No. 1 protection installation shall be determined and documented.
APR.
2001 5.7.5.3 Anode characteristics The performance characteristics of the anodes to be used
for the system shall be determined by test or reference to previous experience and shall be
documented. In particular, the actual consumption rate of the anode in the particular
environment shall be determined and confirmation made that the anode will achieve the
system requirements in terms of current output and life.
5.7.5.4 Pipeline layout Details of the structure shall be collected and documented.
Features that could affect the successful implementation of the cathodic protection system
shall be documented and considered in the design.
NOTE: A list of items that may need to be considered is given in Appendix I.
In addition, relevant details of the following features shall be gathered and assessed:
(a) System features Structure isolation points, coating details and road and rail crossings.
(b) Other features Any d.c. traction systems, foreign structure crossings, foreign
corrosion protective systems and neighbouring a.c. power systems.
5.7.5.5 Test points A sufficient number of test points shall be installed at appropriate
locations, to obtain the necessary electrical measurements to adequately monitor the
cathodic protection system. Consideration shall be given to the installation of additional test
points at road, rail, waterway and foreign structure crossings.
NOTE: For guidance on test point spacing, refer to AS/NZS 2832.1.

Cable attachments shall be made in accordance with Clause 6.10, and the connection and
any damage to the coating repaired with an approved material that is compatible with the
structure coating and the cable insulation.
5.7.5.6 Materials Materials shall comply with the appropriate codes and Standards and
shall be suitable for the installation in the proposed environment. Guidance on materials for
use in cathodic protection systems is given in AS 2832.1 and AS 2239. In particular —
(a) cables shall be appropriately sized for the currents they carry and shall be suitably
protected from the environment, particularly those cables to be used in impressed
current anode groundbeds; and
(b) where anodes are to be directly mounted on a submarine pipeline, the back face of the
anodes shall be coated to prevent corrosion.
Sacrificial anodes on onshore pipelines should not be directly connected electrically to a
pipeline, but rather connected via a test point so that anode output can be measured.
On submerged pipelines with bracelet anodes, the bracelets shall be firmly attached to the
pipe by welding or clamping, so that no rotation or axial movement will occur during
installation. In positioning the anodes, no metallic contact between the bracelets and the
reinforcing mesh of any weight coating shall be allowed. Electrical connection to the
pipeline shall be by not less than two cables, attached to the pipeline in accordance with
Clause 6.10.
5.7.5.7 Reference electrodes Permanently installed reference electrodes shall last the life
of the structure, or provision shall be made for replacement. The potential of a reference
electrode shall be able to be verified, so that passivation of the electrode is detectable.
5.7.5.8 Electrical isolation joints Electrical isolation joints shall be designed to take
AMDT
No. 1 account of the operating conditions of the pipeline in terms of vibration, fatigue, cyclic
APR. conditions, temperature, thermal expansion and construction installation stresses. The
2001
materials selected shall be resistant at the pipeline design temperature to the fluids in the
pipeline, including any corrosion inhibitors or flow modifiers that are added to the product.
Before installation into the pipeline, the joint shall pass—
(a) a hydrostatic pressure test without end restraint at a pressure equal to the pipeline test
pressure; and
(b) an electric insulation test at ambient temperature and the pipeline test pressures.
5.7.5.9 Electrical isolation Where specified in the design of cathodic protection systems,
supports and anchors shall be electrically isolated from the pipe by insulating.
5.7.6 Measurement of potential During measurement of the potential, the reference
electrode shall be positioned as close as practicable to the pipeline.
On buried pipelines where galvanic anodes are used, the potential shall be measured at test
points that are electrically remote from the anodes.
Means shall be provided to enable the potential to be measured while the cathodic
protection system is operating. Such means shall also apply to a submerged pipeline.
In areas where stray traction currents occur, the measurement and recording of potential
shall include times when there are extreme adverse effects of the stray current on the
pipeline. For example, in an urban area, the morning and evening transit peaks should be
included.
NOTES:
1 Provision should be made to enable earthing systems to be decoupled during measurements
2 Where possible, the potential should be measured by the use of cyclic on/off techniques, and
the instantaneous-off or polarization potential of the pipe should be compared with the
−850 mV criterion.
3 For guidance on the measurement of instantaneous off-potential, refer to AS/NZS 2832.1.
5.7.7 Electrical earthing Where potentially hazardous potential rises could occur with
respect to the neighbouring earth, the pipeline shall be electrically earthed or otherwise
protected by a suitable means. Such potential rises could occur by virtue of parallelisms
with high voltage a.c. powerlines or proximity to power earthing systems.
5.8 EXTERNAL ANTI-CORROSION COATING

5.8.1 Coating system The performance of a coating system is not solely dependent on
the materials used, but also on the standard of surface preparation achieved and the method
used for application. Surface preparation, coating material, application methods and testing
methods shall be subject to quality control. The procedures for quality control shall be
approved.
5.8.2 Coating selection The coating used for corrosion protection of a pipeline shall
have physical and chemical properties suitable for the engineering design. It shall be
compatible with the pipeline service and its environment for the full design life.
Consideration shall be given to the possibility of coating damage occurring in handling,
installation, pressure testing and in service, due to environmental or operating temperatures
and loads.
The suitability of the material for the service and environmental conditions of the pipeline
shall have been demonstrated by tests, investigations or experience.
NOTES:
1 AS 2832.1 lists the chemical and physical properties that a coating should possess and
provides guidance on the types of coating available. AS 2518 provides further guidance.
2 For an above-ground pipeline a thin film (less than 200 µm) ‘paint’ coating may be suitable;
AMDT
No. 1 however, thicker and more robust coating systems are generally required for underground or
APR. submarine applications.
2001
5.8.3 Coating application Procedures for application of the coating shall be developed
so that the desired physical and chemical qualities are obtained. The application thereafter
shall be in strict accordance with the procedures. Surface preparation, application and
testing of the coating shall be subject to an approved quality control program.
Factory-applied coatings generally achieve a higher standard than site-applied coatings, due
to the better control of ambient conditions.
5.8.4 Joint and coating repair Where a joint is made in a pipeline or the external
coating is repaired, the material used shall be compatible with the original coating and shall
have been demonstrated by test, investigation or experience to be suitable for the method of
installation, the service conditions and the environment.
Procedures for application of the coating to a joint and for making a repair shall be
developed so that the desired physical and chemical qualities are obtained. The application
thereafter shall be in strict accordance with the procedures. Surface preparation, application
and testing of the coating shall be subject to an approved quality control program.
5.9 INTERNAL LINING

5.9.1 Pipeline lining The purpose of the lining (e.g. short-term corrosion protection,
long-term corrosion protection and friction reduction) shall be specified and documented
and the materials used shall achieve the specified purpose. The need to apply lining to
welds and site repairs is dependent on the purpose of the lining and shall be clearly
specified in the project documentation.
The suitability of the material for the service and environmental conditions of the pipeline
and of the application method shall have been demonstrated by tests, investigations or
experience.
Procedures for application of the lining shall be developed, so that the desired physical and
chemical qualities are obtained and the application thereafter is in strict accordance with the
procedures. Surface preparation, application and testing of the coating shall be subject to an
approved quality control program.
Where a two-component catalyzed epoxy lining is specified, the methods of application and
inspection and the criteria of acceptance should comply with API RP 5L2.
5.9.2 Joint and repair lining Materials used for the lining of joints and repairs to the
lining shall be compatible with the original lining. The suitability of the material and the
application methods for the service conditions and the environment shall have been
demonstrated by tests, investigations or experience.
Procedures for application of the repair material shall be developed and shall be subject to
an approved quality control program.
__________________________________________________________________________
No. 1
APR. Add the following 2 items:
2001
(i) The fracture control parameters, if not uniform over the length of the pipeline.
(j) The location and type of protection measures.
AMDT Page 71 Appendix A
No. 1
APR. 1 Delete the following:
2001
AS/NZS 3931(Int) Risk analysis of technological systems—Application guide
AS/NZS 4360 Risk management
2 Add the following:
AS/NZS 2648 Underground marking tape
AS/NZS 2648.1 Part 1: Non-detachable tape
AS 4799 Installation of utility services and pipelines within railway boundaries
API RP 1102 Recommended practice for liquid petroleum pipelines crossing
railroads and highways
AMDT Page 86 Appendix F

No. 1
APR. Delete the existing Appendix, retain Figure F2.4.4, and replace with the following:
2001
AMDT APPENDIX F
No. 1
APR. FRACTURE CONTROL PLAN FOR STEEL PIPELINES
2001
(Informative)
F1 SCOPE This Appendix provides advisory information on the development of the

fracture control plan required by Clause 4.3.7.
The fracture control plan is required to define the measures to be implemented to limit the
extent of fracture propagation in the event that a pipeline rupture occurs. A pipeline rupture
will occur when there is a weakening flaw larger than the critical size determined by the
pipeline operating parameters and the resistance of the pipe material to fracture initiation.
Fracture mechanics analysis methods provide a method of assessment of the critical size.
Appropriate references are the following:
(a) Fracture Control in Gas Pipelines, Proceedings of the WTIA/APIA/CRC for Materials
Welding and Joining Intl Seminar, Edited by B Rothwell, WTIA, Sydney 1997.
(b) Eiber R J & Bubenik T J, Fracture Control Methodology, Proceedings of the Eighth
Symposium on Line Pipe Research, American Gas Association, Houston 1993.
(c) Eiber R J, Bubenik T J and Maxey W A, Fracture Control Technology for Natural
Gas Pipelines, American Gas Association NG18, Report No. 208, December 1993.
This Standard does not require development of a fracture control plan for initiation.
Two modes of propagating fracture have been recognized in pipelines. These are brittle
fracture and tearing fracture. Tearing fracture is commonly referred to as ductile fracture.
F2 FACTORS AFFECTING BRITTLE AND TEARING (DUCTILE) FRACTURE

F2.1 General The following factors are recognized in the control of propagation and
arrest of fracture in petroleum pipelines:
(a) The fluid parameter speed-of-decompression wave, which is determined by the type
of fluid and the pressure.
(b) The operating parameters: pipe wall stress and temperature.
(c) The pipeline parameters: pipe fracture toughness, pipe wall thickness, pipe diameter
and pipe backfill or water depth.
The data in this Appendix is derived from the results of research undertaken on gas
pipelines, but not on liquid petroleum pipelines.
F2.2 Exclusions There is no experience of propagating failure in small diameter
pipelines of less than DN300 or in pipe thinner than 5 mm. Fracture control plans are not
normally required where the diameter is less than DN300 or the thickness is less than 5 mm,
but the need for a fracture control plan should be reviewed where the pipeline MAOP is
above 10.5 MPa. (Note that the ANSI Class 600 limit is 10.2 MPa.)
F2.3 Fluid parameters The phase of the fluid (i.e gas, liquid, or mixture of gas and
liquid) and the actual composition of gases and liquids and their physical constants affect
the speed of propagation of a fracture and the conditions of arrest. Fracture arrest is
sensitive to the ratio of the speed of propagation of the fracture and the speed of the
decompression wave in the fluid. The speed of the decompression wave can be measured
experimentally or calculated from the physical constants for most fluids. It can also be
influenced by the presence of small droplets of hydrocarbon liquids carried as a mist or
vapour, which change phase during decompression.
In a pipeline that is conveying only a liquid (including water), the low energy tearing
AMDT
No. 1 fracture mode cannot be supported, because of the high speed of the decompression wave in
APR. the liquid. Also, the pressure in a ruptured pipeline conveying a liquid falls rapidly with a
2001
loss of relatively small amounts of liquid, because of the high bulk modulus. For these
reasons, a fracture control plan for a pipeline that conveys only liquid is only required to
assess the potential for fast fracture propagation in the brittle mode and specific provisions
for fracture toughness are rarely required, unless the design temperature is low.
In a pipeline that is conveying compressed gas, a decompression wave travels slower than it
would in a liquid. As brittle fractures have fracture speeds faster than the decompression
wave speed for most operating conditions of gas pipelines, neither the stress in the steel nor
the temperature of the steel ahead of the crack is affected by decompression. A fracture
control plan is required to ensure that arrest occurs by reduction of the fracture speed below
the decompression wave speed. This is effected by the change of fracture mode from brittle
fracture to tearing (ductile) fracture, which occurs above the fracture appearance transition
temperature. Sufficient fracture energy absorption capacity must also be present above the
fracture appearance transition temperature to slow the fracture velocity, otherwise the
fracture may propagate in the ductile tearing mode.
A pipeline conveying a mixture of liquids and gases can be expected to closely follow the
behaviour of a gas pipeline and, for fracture control purposes, should be treated as such.
The fracture control plan for a pipeline conveying an HVPL should be based on the
decompression behaviour of the fluid being transported.

Where a pipeline is initially intended to convey petroleum liquids and is later to convey
gas, mixed fluids or HVPL, the fracture control plan should reflect the future use. This
Standard requires a pipeline intended to convey HVPL to be designed as a gas pipeline.
The fracture control plan for a pipeline that is intended to convey gas or a mixture of gas
and liquid should prevent both brittle fracture propagation and ductile tearing fracture
propagation.
F2.4 Operating parameters
F2.4.1 Introduction Both forms of fracture propagation are affected by the operating
stress in the pipe wall. Brittle fracture occurs only below the fracture appearance transition
temperature.
F2.4.2 Brittle fracture Provided the stress level is above the threshold level, brittle
fracture propagation is not very sensitive to operating stress and, therefore, different
fracture appearance requirements are not required for different operating stresses. The
energy to propagate a brittle fracture is derived from the elastic energy of the steel, which is
derived from the fluid pressure. Where the operating stress is less than the brittle fracture
threshold stress, usually taken as 85 MPa, the fracture control plan need not specify fracture
appearance requirements. The operating stress shall be assessed at the lowest pipe body
temperature, which will exist concurrently with a stress greater than the threshold stress.
For the purpose of this Standard, the threshold stress for brittle fracture is defined as
85 MPa.
Propagating brittle fractures in longitudinal welds (ERW or SAW) have not been recorded
in operating pipelines to date. The fracture appearance tests that have been developed to
determine the resistance to fracture propagation in the body of the pipe are not applicable to
the weld metal or the heat-affected zone. In many weld metals, it is not possible to interpret
the fracture appearance as shear or ductile fracture zones. This Standard requires that the
longitudinal joints be offset at butt welds. Therefore, it is not necessary for the fracture
control plan to specify fracture appearance properties for longitudinal welds or the heat-
affected zones.
F2.4.3 Ductile tearing Operating stress and diameter are significant for ductile fracture.
AMDT
No. 1 The higher the operating stress or the larger the diameter, the greater is the chance of
APR. ductile failure. Operating stresses below a threshold stress defined for the purposes of this
2001
Standard as 30% of the flow stress (Figure 4.3.7.2(A)) adopts 40% SMYS as a default
approximation) are not regarded as capable of supporting low energy ductile tearing.
Calculation methods for determining the level of pipe body toughness required to arrest a
propagating fracture have been developed by several authorities.
The level of toughness to be specified in the fracture control plan is affected by the length
of the pipeline within which the fracture must be arrested either side of the point of
initiation, and by the expected spread of toughness results in the pipe relative to the arrest
value. A default value of 0.75 of the calculated toughness for immediate arrest may be used
for pipe grades up to X70; however, for pipe of X80 grade (550 MPa), a unique value must
be established. The use of the default value of 0.75 is designed to provide more than a 95%
chance of arrest within two pipe lengths by ensuring that 50% of pipes in an order meet the
predicted arrest requirement. The choice of fracture arrest length should be appropriate for
the pipeline design and, in particular, the location class. The fracture control plan may
define a different control strategy, e.g. the use of crack arrestors.
Ductile tearing fractures are not known to have occurred in either the weld metal or heat-
affected zones of longitudinal weld seams. In addition, AS 2885.2 requires longitudinal
welds to be staggered. For these reasons, the energy absorption properties that are specified
by this Standard are limited to the pipe body.
F2.4.4 Temperature The inherent fracture toughness of pipe steels shows a marked
change over a transition temperature range. The change is from brittle fracture below the
transition range to ductile fracture (tearing) above the transition range. The change is
usually characterized by the fracture appearance transition temperature (FATT), measured
as the temperature at which 85% of the surface appearance of a propagating fracture is
shear.
The local temperature of pipeline steel is dependent on the climate (for a submerged
pipeline this is the temperature of the water), the location relative to the surface of the
ground and the contents of the pipeline, which may be modified by thermodynamic effects.
Except where stress is lower than the threshold stress for brittle fracture, a pipeline should
be pressure tested and operated at a temperature above the fracture appearance transition
temperature. The Lodmat diagram shown in Figure F2.4.4 may be used to predict areas in
Australia where low temperatures are probable, and indicates the lowest mean ambient air
temperatures local to the surface. Temperatures below ground do not vary to the same
extent as the temperatures of the air above ground, and tend to be relatively constant over a
diurnal period and seldom reach the low temperatures experienced at the surface.
F2.4.5 Limitations on testing Meaningful tests for fracture appearance and energy
absorption become more difficult as the diameter decreases and the wall thickness reduces.
This Standard requires that fracture appearance testing be conducted using the dropweight
tear test method set out in AS 1330. AS 1330 states that the dropweight tear test is intended
for the line pipe, or strip or plate intended for line pipe, having an outside diameter of not
less than 300 mm and that difficulty may be experienced in applying the test to material of
less than 5 mm thickness. AS 1330 excludes testing of weld metal.
This Standard permits the testing of pipe materials for fracture properties to be carried out
on strip, plate or finished pipe. With modern pipe steels, the effect of pipe forming on
fracture properties is usually very small.
F2.5 Calculation of Charpy energy requirements for the arrest of ductile tearing
AMDT
No. 1 fracture The Charpy energy requirements of the fracture control plan for the arrest of
APR. ductile tearing fracture should be determined by an appropriate method taking into account
2001
the pipeline design, especially the MAOP, SMYS, diameter, the conveyed fluid, the backfill
conditions, and the required arrest length. Suitable methods for most pipeline designs are
given in the references listed in Paragraph F1 (see also Clause 4.3.7.3).
AMDT Page 93 Paragraph H2.2

No. 1
APR. Fourth paragraph, 2nd line, change ‘disbanded’ to ‘disbonded’.
2001
AMDT Page 94 Paragraph H3.2

No. 1
APR. Change equation to read: H 2O + CO 2 → H + + HCO3−
2001

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AS 2885.1-1997/Amdt 1-2001 Pipelines - Gas and liquid petroleum - Design and

Published on 19 April 2001.

AMDT Page 2 Preface

ISBN 0 7337 3741 2

AMDT Page 5 Clause 1.1

AMDT Page 6 and 7 Figures 1.1(A) and 1.1(B)

AMDT Page 8 Clause 1.10.3

AMDT Page 9 Clause 1.10.8

AMDT Page 10 Clause 1.10.29

AMDT Page 11 Clause 1.10.50 (New)

AMDT Page 12 Clause 2.1

3 Amend NOTE to read the following::

AMDT Page 12 Clause 2.2.2

AMDT Page 13 Clause 2.3.2

AMDT Page 14 Clause 2.4.3

AMDT Page 15 Table 2.4.4(B)

AMDT Page 15 Table 2.5.1

AMDT Page 16 Clause 2.8

AMDT Page 17 Clause 3.0 (New)

AMDT Page 19 Clause 3.2

AMDT Page 20 Clause 4.1

AMDT Page 21 Figure 4.1(A) (New)

FIGURE 4.1(A) SCOPE OF PIPELINE AND STATION DESIGN

AMDT Page 24 Clause 4.2.5.1

AMDT Page 28 Clause 4.2.5.4(a)(ii)

AMDT Page 29 Clause 4.2.5.4(b)(iii)

AMDT Page 31 Clause 4.2.6.5(A) (New)

AMDT Page 33 Clause 4.3.4.1(a)

AMDT Page 34 Clause 4.3.5

AMDT Page 34 Clause 4.3.6.2

AMDT Page 34 Clause 4.3.6.3(b)

AMDT Page 35 Clause 4.3.6.5(ii)(A)

AMDT Page 37 Clause 4.3.7

FIGURE 4.3.7.1 CLASSIFICATION OF PIPELINE FLUIDS FOR THE FRACTURE

FIGURE 4.3.7.2(A) FRACTURE CONTROL PLAN DECISION TREE

FIGURE 4.3.7.2(B) DETERMINATION OF TEARING FRACTURE ARREST TOUGHNESS

FIGURE 4.3.7.2(C) DETERMINATION OF TEARING FRACTURE ARREST METHOD

4.3.7.3 Specification of fracture toughness properties The following applies:

2 The MAOP does not exceed 15.3 MPa.

AMDT Page 41 Clause 4.3.8.7

AMDT Page 41 Clause 4.3.9

AMDT Page 41 Clause 4.3.9.1

AMDT Page 42 Clause 4.3.9.2

AMDT Page 42 Clause 4.3.9.3

AMDT Page 42 Clause 4.3.9.4

AMDT Page 42 Table 4.3.9.5

‘σc = Hoop stress or circumferential stress in the carrier pipe, in megapascals.’

‘σ y = Yield stress of the carrier pipes, in megapascals.’

AMDT Page 42 Clause 4.3.9.6

FIGURE 4.3.8.7(B) COVER OVER A PIPELINE WITHIN A ROAD RESERVE

AMDT Page 47 Clause 4.4.4.2

AMDT Page 51 Section 5

5.2 PERSONNEL The design, installation, operation and maintenance of corrosion

experience with the mitigation of such currents.

5.3 RATE OF DEGRADATION

Internal External corrosion (see Clause 5.6)

5.6 INTERNAL CORROSION MITIGATION METHODS

5.7 EXTERNAL CORROSION MITIGATION METHODS

requirements for cathodic protection shall comply with AS/NZS 2832.1.

NOTE: For guidance on test point spacing, refer to AS/NZS 2832.1.

5.8 EXTERNAL ANTI-CORROSION COATING

5.9 INTERNAL LINING