CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Pesticides are used as the primary control method in

agriculture because of their convenience and cost effectiveness.

A pest can be a plant (weed), vertebrate (bird, rodent, or other

mammal), invertebrate (insect, tick, mite, or snail), nematode,

pathogen (bacteria, virus, or fungus) that causes disease, or

other unwanted organism that may harm water quality, animal life,

or other parts of the ecosystem. Uncontrolled pests can

outcompete crops for water, nutrients, and sunlight, causing

producers economic losses. However, the concerns about the pest

resistance have caused many agriculturalist to look for

alternative pest management practices.

Farmers can protect their crops from the uncontrolled pests

by implementing the best pest management practices that reduce

excessive chemical use while controlling pests. A number of new

and traditional management practices can help crops compete

effectively against uncontrolled pests.

According to Rice Knowledge Bank, Farmers lose an estimated

average of 37% of their rice crop to pests and diseases every

year. In addition to good crop management, timely and accurate

1
diagnosis can significantly reduce losses.

1
http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/growth/pests-and-
diseases
 Farmers throughout the Philippines are learning to use

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) rather than pesticides in their

efforts to protect their crops from pests. IPM makes use of all

available technologies and farming practices in an effort to

control a pest with the greatest efficiency and least

environmental damage.

According to the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural

Cooperation, The government has trained well over 100,000 farmers

in IPM, and the Department of Agriculture is working closely with

other organizations, such as the University of the Philippines

and the Philippine Rice Research Institute, to promote IPM to a

wider audience. In addition, reduction in pesticide use has

allowed fish, crabs and edible snails to return to paddy fields,

improving both food supply and income for local farmers in the

effort to move away from the use of dangerous environmentally-

damaging pesticides, some farmers are beginning 9 to manufacture

their own. 2

In Pambujan, the smallholder agribusiness farm with a total

land area of 11 and the major commodity are the rice, vegetables

and rootcrops. Farmers practice the pest management like the

Monitoring of pest trend helps determine the right dispersion of

pesticides, Accurate identification and monitoring of pest allows

2
Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation from
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/44976
correct deployment of maintenance plans, Determine if

promoting beneficial insects may help prevent or control pests on

your crop and Use knowledge about the pest's habits, life cycle,

needs and dislikes and they also use traps to catch certain

pests, and barriers to protect plants from insect attack or

disease infection to have a healthy commodity of their crops.

According to Reagan M. Waskom, pest management is a complex

process because producers must contend with numerous pest species

at any given time. The Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach

combines chemical control when necessary, with cultural and

biological practices to form a comprehensive program for managing

pests. IPM emphasizes maintaining pests below the economic

threshold while applying the minimum amount of chemical necessary

for control.3

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is the proper selection and

use of suitable pest management practices to reduce pest injury

at levels below those causing significant loss. Specifically, it

aims to increase profit through the improvement of fruit yield

and quality by reducing pest damages and reducing the cost of

pest management. Furthermore, IPM also aspires to improve

sustainability of mango production, by reducing the harmful

effects of pesticides such as pesticide resistance and hazards to

humans and the environment.

3
Colorado State University Cooperative Extension from
http://region8water.colostate.edu/PDFs/bmps_colorado/xcm176.pdf
 Plants have many natural characteristics for keeping pests

at bay: repellent or toxic chemicals, thorns, hairs, and

resistant tissues. The greatest plant breeding successes have

been in the selection of disease resistant varieties, but insect

tolerant lines have also been developed. With some pests, such as

plant viruses, the only effective control is the use of resistant

varieties and clean planting material.

Effective pest management depends on the accurate

identification of the pest. Insects and mites often are

associated with specific plants, and they follow certain

development and behavior patterns as the season progresses.

Maintenance of crop health is essential for successful

farming for both yield and quality of produce.  This requires

long-term strategies for the minimization of pest and disease

occurrence preferably by enhancing natural control mechanisms,

growing a “healthy crop”. Specific measures include the use of

disease- and pest-resistant crops, rotation of crops, including

those with pasture, to provide disease breaks for susceptible

crops, apply non-chemical control practices (thermic, mechanical)

as applicable and as last resort the tactical use of

agrochemicals to control weeds, pests, and diseases and

guidelines of good application practices.  Any measure for crop

protection but particularly those involving substances that are

harmful for humans or the environment has to be carried out with

state of the art knowledge and equipment. 

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the Pest Management Practices

in Pambujan, Northern Samar.

Specifically, this study aims to recognize the following

problems:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Name,

1.2 Sex,

1.3 Age,

1.4 Civil Status,

1.5 Occupation,

1.6 Contact Number.

2. Which and what specific from the following crops/commodity

that the farmers have?

2.1 Vegetables,

2.2 Rice and other cereals,

2.3 Root crops,

2.4 Fruits,

2.5 Other crops (Coffee, Cacao, Ginger, Turmeric, Banana,

Abaca, Coconut, etc.)

3. What is the estimated planted area?

4. What is the estimated volume of production in terms of

Hectares (Ha)?

5. What are the insects/pest diseases observed by the farmers?

 6. What are the control measures apply by the farmers?

Objectives of the Study

Generally, this study tried to find out the Pest Management

Practices in Pambujan, Northern Samar. Specifically, this study

sought to:

1. Determine the profile of the respondents in terms of:

a. Name,

b. Sex,

c. Age,

d. Civil Status,

e. Occupation,

f. Contact Number.

2. Identify the specific crops/commodity that the farmers have.

a. Vegetables,

b. Rice and other cereals,

c. Root crops,

d. Fruits,

e. Other crops (Coffee, Cacao, Ginger, Turmeric, Banana,

Abaca, Coconut, etc.)

3. Determine the estimated planted area.

4. Determine the estimated volume of production in terms of

Hectares (Ha).

5. Determine the insects/pest diseases observed by the farmers.

6. Determine the control measures apply by the farmers.

Significance of the Study

The findings of this study will provide some insights,

information and benefits to the following group of people and

department.

College of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Natural Resources

(CAFNR). This study will contribute to this department regarding

of giving basis and information about the pest management

practices and will help them to help and participate in any

agricultural subjects.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). The

finding of the study will contribute an inventive solution to

provide environmental concern in this department wherein the

outcome of practices will serve as basis for concerns regarding

on the Pest management.

Department of Agriculture (DA). The findings of this study

may serves as basis for providing information and practices that

will necessarily great endeavour to the development in this

field.

Farmers. The findings of this study may provide knowledge

and baseline information to the farmers on how to applied proper

practices as an alternative for the management of killing the

annoying pest.
 Future Researchers. This study will be great help to the

next researcher because this will serve as a guide and reference

in order for them to formulate and create another research paper.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study focuses only in determining the Pest Management

Practices in Pambujan, Northern Samar. It does not cover the

whole theories other related studies or study that is

correlational in this study.

The respondents of this study were the Farmers that is

available and conducted inside the Pambujan. This study only

depends in necessary information that can attain due to the

limited time and respondents in conducting this study. In

gathering data the researchers will use an interview

questionnaire for the farmers as a respondent.

Conceptual Framework

This study reveal two significant variables which is

associated as Dependent and Independent. Determine the profile of

the respondents, Identify the specific crops/commodity that the

 farmers have, Determine the estimated planted area, Determine the

estimated volume of production in terms of Hectares (Ha),

Determine the insects/pest diseases observed by the farmers,

Determine the control measures apply by the farmers as the

Independent Variable and Pest Management Practices in Pambujan,

Northern Samar as a Dependent Variable. This two variables will

help the research to fully conduct a further research.

Furthermore, the conceptualization of the study will be shown in

Figure 1.

Paradigm of the Study

Independent of the Variables Dependent Variables

Determine the profile of the

respondents,
Identify the specific
crops/commodity that the Pest Management Practices in
farmers have, Pambujan, Northern Samar
Determine the estimated
planted area,
Determine the estimated volume
of production in terms of
Hectares (Ha),
Determine the insects/pest
Figure
diseases 1. A schematic
observed by the diagram showing the Relationship of the
farmers, Independent and Dependent Variable
Determine the control measures
Definition of Terms
apply by the farmers

For clarify, the following terms used in the study are

conceptually and operationally defined:

 Commodity- Commodity are most often used as inputs in the

production of other goods or services. 4 In this study, raw

materials that is used for manufacture a finished good which is

sold to consumers.

Pest – Are organisms that damage or interfere with desirable

plants in our fields and orchards, landscapes, or wild lands, or

damage homes or other structures.5 In this study, a pest is any

animal or plant which has a harmful effect on humans, their food

or their living conditions. 

Farmers - An individual whose primary job function involves

livestock and/or agriculture.6 In this study, they are the person

who engaged in agriculture who are responsible of raising of food

or raw materials.

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

4
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/commodity.asp
5
https://www2.ipm.ucanr.edu/What-is-IPM/
6
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/farmer.html
Locale of the Study

This study will be conducted in the town of Pambujan,

Northern Samar. It was said to be the heart of the second

district of Northern Samar because of its contiguous territory of

16,390 hectares (40 500 across) according to Philippine Statistic

Authority which extends into the hinterlands of Northern Samar.

Pambujan town is suited as a notable qualities of agricultural

and marine resources. Along its land consisted of 22 barrios. The

researchers choose this town to be the place in conducting this

study for suitable and accessible in doing this research because

it is the residence of the researcher.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study were the Farmers in Pambujan,

Northern Samar. The researcher would only choose selected farmer

who are available in Pambujan when conducting this research. They

are serve as a respondents that will go to be selected in

gathering data and information.

\ The Variables

Determine the profile of the respondents, Identify the

specific crops/commodity that the farmers have, Determine the

estimated planted area, Determine the estimated volume of

production in terms of Hectares (Ha), Determine the insects/pest

diseases observed by the farmers, Determine the control measures

apply by the farmers as the Independent Variable and Pest

Management Practices in Pambujan, Northern Samar as a Dependent

Variable.

Research Design

This study is utilizing Pest Management Practices in

Pambujan, Northern Samar. The researcher used Descriptive

Correlation Method in this study to Determine the profile of the

respondents, Identify the specific crops/commodity that the

farmers have, Determine the estimated planted area, Determine the

estimated volume of production in terms of Hectares (Ha),

Determine the insects/pest diseases observed by the farmers,

Determine the control measures apply by the farmers. This will

help in validating the research instrument.

Research Instrument

The researcher will make an interview questionnaire suited

to the Farmers in Pambujan, Northern Samar. The researcher will

be used Descriptive Correlational Methods for gathering data. The

research instrument including interview will help the researcher

to analyse and interpret the significant data in logic form.

Validation of Research Instrument

The Validation of Research Instrument will be done through

Correlational Survey method. The Research Instrument including the

Interview will be tallied and computed to amplify the data into a

specified form. This will help the validation of research

instrument done and sought to interpret the data.

Population and Sampling

The respondents of this study will composed of Farmers in

Pambujan, Northern Samar for interviewing and validation of

research instrument. The researcher choose respondents who are

the Farmers that are available when conducting this research.

They are the one who will answer the questionnaire and will be

validated through the use of cluster sampling technique.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers gathered data by having an interview

questionnaire to the Farmers that are available during the data

gathering. The researchers collected the data after the interview

by means of survey questionnaire and after collect the data the

researcher checked, tallied, interpreted and analyse the data

that gathered.