Entrepreneurship in TVET

Dr. Suresh Kumar Dhameja

 CONTENTS
ENTREPRENEUR AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

VALUE INNOVATION

FOUR ACTION FRAMEWORK FOR

PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN TVET

CONCLUSION
ENTREPRENEUR AND
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
SOMEONE’S LIFE HISTORY
This was a man who failed in business at the
age of 21
Was defeated in a legislative race at age 22
Failed again in business at 24
Overcame the death of his sweetheart at 26
Had a nervous breakdown at age 27
Lost a congressional race at age 34
Lost a senatorial race at age 45
Failed in an effort to become Vice-President at
age 47
Lost a senatorial race again at age 49
Finally, was elected the President of United
States at age 52
WHO IS AN ENTREPRENEUR ?
I am often asked how to define an
Entrepreneur. My first answer is anyone
Who has five qualities:
First : Motivation beyond monetary incentives
Second : The ability to do work one doesn’t like as
effectively as the work that one likes
Third : Needs little sleep and takes a few holidays
Fourth : Never worries about a pension
Fifth : Is not afraid to lower one’s standard of living
TYPES OF ENTREPRENEURS-I
INNOVATIVE ENTREPRENEUR: Such entrepreneurs
introduce new products, new services or new
methods of production or discover new markets or
reorganize the enterprise.

Entrepreneur is an innovator who implements change

within the markets through carrying out of new
combinations
- JOSEPH SCHUMPETER
TWO MAIN TYPES OF INNOVATIONS

1. Technical or product innovations

2. Business process innovations

 “Innovation is the specific tool of the
entrepreneur”
PETER F. DRUCKER

“Businesshas only two basic functions –

marketing and innovation.”
PETER F. DRUCKER
Innovation = Creativity X Risk Taking

(developed by J. L. Baird, "The Innovation

Equation")
 CARDIAC ANALYZER
Mr R Jerry Raj
Nechalath, Guruvayrappan College PO
Iringallur, Kozhikode, Kerala, India

It’s a small wearable instrument that can be worn by a

patient using a special kind of belt and it will monitor the
entire function of the heart. The real time ECG will be
displayed on the screen continuously and if exist any
defect it will record the defective portion of ECG and at
the same time alert the patient also. When the heart load
exceeds the normal limit it will give warning to the
patient. This instrument is able to monitor entire function
of the heart. It is able to alert the patient before the
imminent heart attack.
 TECHNOPRENEUR
While an entrepreneur is a person who
identifies an opportunity, converts it into a
product or service, estimates earnings &
profit and builds a successful business
with it

A technopreneur starts out with nothing

but an ‘idea’

He defies existing practices and systems

and thinks of doing things differently
He creates a product or a solution that
uses technology to change the way
something was traditionally done

For Example: The founders of UBER

thought (idea) of a different way to call a
cab, used the power of technology (built
a GPS integrated app) and completely
changed the economics of the taxi / cab
industry
Technopreneurship generally begins with
the customer experience and works
backward to arrive at the technology to
provide that customer experience.

INSTAGRAM for example was born out of

the end-user’s need to not only take
pictures but also to share these pictures
on a real-time basis

Facebook, WhatsApp, Viber, Messenger

Technopreneurship is a new breed of
entrepreneurship. It involves coming
together of people who are intelligent,
driven, creative, tech-savvy, passionate
and have an appetite for calculated risk.

This is seldom a one-man show – the

success of technopreneurship hinges on
how well the team functions together
Technology is an integral part of
technopreneurship

Technopreneurs digitate.

Digitate means Digitization, disruption,

think big but start small, strategize with
tactics, testing prototype, implement,
sprint with success and finally scale up.
TYPES OF ENTREPRENEURS-II
IMITATIVE OR ADOPTIVE ENTREPRENEUR: Such
entrepreneurs don’t innovate; they copy
technology or technique of others.

FABIAN ENTREPRENEUR: Such entrepreneur

hesitate in experimenting with any change in
their enterprise. They change only when
there is a serious threat to the very existence
of the enterprise.

DRONE ENTREPRENEURS: Such entrepreneurs

are characterized by a diehard conservatism
and may even be prepared to suffer the
losses.
TYPES OF ENTREPRENEURS-III
SOCIAL ENTREPRENEUR:A social
entrepreneur is someone who
recognizes a social problem and uses
entrepreneurial principles to organize,
create, and manage a venture to bring
social change
THREE KEY COMPONENTS

The Problem

A sustainable
solution

Social change
If a coca-cola can sell billions of sodas
and McDonald’s can sell billion of
burgers, why can not Aravind sell
millions of sight-restoring operations.

Dr Govindappa Venkataswamy
Founder, Aravind Eye Hospital
Dr V Retired in 1978 at age of 57

Set up Hospital foundation in Chennai (India)

Added a medical research foundation

Added an institute of community

ophthalmology

¾ of surgeries free of cost

Dr. V set about designing a model where
revenues from a paid – service stream
coupled up with high levels of efficiency
could offset the costs of providing free
service.

It include revenues from patients who pay

and income from sales of Aravind’s
intraocular device unit

I don’t run a business I give people their

sights. Secret of success is high efficiency,
self sufficiency …….Dr. V
The housekeeping and paramedical staff are
mostly girls recruited from near by villages.

Patients start coming in as early as 4 am

No appointment even the paid ones

Hospital starts working 5 am Monday to

Saturday
Aravind Eye Care System
We want to Go Global (set myself a target
of eradicating needless blindness)….Dr. V

Awards
Padma Shri
The Helen Keller International Award

Dr. V’s vision and leadership got him

accolades from around the world.
 Case Study of
Albina Ruiz

oversees employs
projects in more than
600 metric 20 cities 150
tons of people
garbage and
daily serves
waste over 3
collection million
in residents.
Peru
run by
Albina
Ruiz
Prof. Muhammad Yunus, Grameen Bank

• Was honored with the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006

• Helped poor rural women of Bangladesh to stand on
their own feet by setting up micro enterprises
• Previously he was Professor of economics where he
developed the concept of

• Micro credit- low -income clients

• Micro financing- savings, money
transfer services, insurance

• Written Books- Banker of Poor,

Grameen Bank, Creating a world without poverty
VALUE INNOVATION
Value Innovation: The Cornerstone of Blue Ocean Strategy
 Value Innovation

• Value Innovation is created in the region

where a company’s actions affect both the
cost structure and value to buyers

• Cost savings are made by eliminating and

reducing the factors an industry
competes on

• Buyer value is lifted by raising and

creating elements the industry has never
offered

• Over time, costs are reduced further as

scale economies kick in due to the high
sales volumes that superior value generates
 REDUCE
Which factors should
be reduced below the
industry’s standard?

ELIMINATE CREATE
Which factors that the A New Which factors should
industry takes for Value be created that the
granted should be Curve industry has never
eliminated? offered?

RAISE
Which factors should
be raised above the
industry’s standard?

The Four Actions Framework

Value Innovation
 FOUR ACTION FRAMEWORK FOR
ENTREPRENEURSHIP PROMOTION IN
TVET
 CREATE REDUCE

•Multi-Level Strategy for •Theory Component of

entrepreneurship Promotion Curriculum

•Awareness About New •Conventional Project Work

Opportunities and Improving
ICT Skills

RAISE ELIMINATE
•Professional Competence
•Mindset towards Wage
•Industry Participation Employment

•Post- Diploma in •Obsolescence of Machines

Techno-preneurship and Equipment
 Strategy 1: Create 1: Multi-Level Strategy
for Entrepreneurship Promotion

STEP I: Stimulating entrepreneurship

STEP II: Identification of potential
entrepreneurs
STEP III: Comprehensive Inputs on
entrepreneurship
STEP IV: In-plant training
STEP V: Incubation facility
STEP V: INCUBATION FACILITY

TVET institutes must set up a Technology

Business Incubator for generating
entrepreneurs.

The facility should be provided for one to

two years (full third year and preferably a
year after the graduation also)

Similarly efforts should be made for

producing social entrepreneurs. We need
people who can solve societal problems.
Technology Business Incubation
Business incubation is a dynamic process of
business enterprise development. Incubators
nurture young firms, helping them to survive
and grow during the startup period when they
are most vulnerable.
 Why Incubate Businesses ?
Businesses (like any other systems of nature)
follows stages of
•Conception
•Development
•Adulthood
•Maturity….
…facing more risk at initial stages
 Why Incubators ?

Alternate Incubators
mechanisms

Funding
Funding
Training
Information Training
Infrastructure Information
Infrastructure
Mentoring x Mentoring
Networking x Networking
 Concept
People + Idea
Access Access
To Money To Market

TBI Infrastructure Support

Knowledge Access to
& Networks
Expertise
Successful Venture
SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP
PROMOTION IN SELECTED
COUNTRIES
 INDIA
TATA SOCIAL ENTERPRISE CHALLENGE

The Tata Social Enterprise challenge is a joint

initiative of the Tata Group with the Indian
Institute of Management Calcutta. It started
in 2012.

The Challenge endeavours to find India’s most

promising early stage social enterpreneurs,
and create an ecosystem for social
entrepreneurship – encouraging sustainable,
scalable and measurable social Impact.
The Business plan contest (B-Plan Contest)
invites social entrepreneurs who have an early
stage venture (not older than three years) or a
promising idea with a plan that could create
sustainable social impact in India.

The Tata Social Enterprise Challenge is being

supported by some of the biggest Venture
Capitalists in the Social Entrepreneurship
space.
GET CASH REWARDS
Grant upto INR 250,000

GET INCUBATED
At IIM Calcutta Innovation
Park

GET MENTORED
By India's most renowned
Social Entrepreneurs

GET FUNDED
By India's biggest Social
Venture Funds
SANTA CLARA UNIVERSITY’S (CALIFORNIA)
GLOBAL SOCIAL BENEFIT INCUBATOR

It connects entrepreneurs with successful

Silicon Valley executives, academic
leaders, and mentors to build social
ventures with strong business models. 

It is a capacity building programs for

leaders of social benefit enterprises.

Helps entrepreneurs build their social

businesses.
 THE ECHOING GREEN FELLOWSHIP

MISSION: We discover emerging social

entrepreneurs and invest deeply in the growth
of their ideas and leadership. Over 30 years,
we've built a broad, dynamic ecosystem to
support these leaders as they solve the world’s
biggest problems.

Through their two-year, full-time Fellowship,

they find people working on a plan to make the
world better in a big way. Then they help them
become impactful leaders by connecting them
with the tools, resources, and communities
they need to bring their ideas to life.
Provide seed funding to a diverse group
of the world’s most promising social
entrepreneurs.

A stipend paid in four equal installments

over two years ($80,000 for individuals;
$90,000 for partnerships).

Funding offered to for-profit

organizations is in the form
of recoverable grants.
 ASHOKA
Bill Drayton identified the concept
of Ashoka

“Social entrepreneurs are the

essential corrective force. They
are system-changing
entrepreneurs. And from deep
within they, and therefore their
work, are committed to the good
of all.”- Bill Drayton
Ashoka Fellows are the world's leading social
entrepreneurs. They champion innovative new ideas that
transform society's systems, providing benefits for
everyone and improving the lives of millions of people.

Ashoka has appointed more than 3500 fellows in 93

countries across the world

These follows work in 6 Broad fields

Learning
Youth development
Environment
Health
Human rights
Economic development
Ashoka itself gets these grants from
various sources as cooperates, business
entrepreneurs and individuals.

Brought electricity to Rural Brazilian

communities.
SKOLL AWARD FOR SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURS

The Skoll Award is

given to those social
entrepreneurs whose
proven innovations
have demonstrated
impact on some of the
world’s most pressing
problems.
Strategy 1:Create 2: Awareness About New
Opportunities and Improving ICT Skills

Entrepreneurs world-wide are

pushing the frontiers of innovation.
New changing technologies are:

1. Artificial Intelligence, Machine

Learning and Expert System (AIML)

2. Augmented Reality expanding

virtual reality extending the physical
world as we know (AR)
3. Blockchain beyond bitcoins,
distributed ledger and decentralised
data base (BC)

4. The Internet of Things (IoT). This is

something that has already reached
our living rooms with amazon’s alexa,
echo etc.

5. 3D printing, Additive Manufacturing

and Embedded Manufacturing
(AM-3D) etc.
In addition, the earlier wave of
technologies like Cloud Computing,
Business or Digital Analytics
including Business Intelligence and
Big Data are still going strong

Are we making aware our TVET

students about these new
technologies?

Future opportunities belong to these

technologies.
TVET has to play an active role in
conserving the environment.

The measures could be through

waste utilization & minimization
techniques, Clean technologies,
Green productivity, Renewable
Energy, Disaster Management etc.
using power of technology.
Strategy 2: Raise 1: Professional Competence

Basic skills Enterprise skills

Technology use Entrepreneurship
Business Enterprise, Creativity
orientation Work readiness innovation Innovation
Planning & & work habits creativity skills
organizing
activities
Self-management

Learning
Interpersonal Learning, thinking
Thinking
& adaptability
Communication skills Analytical
skills
Team skills capability
Customer service & problem solving
Cultural Systems thinking
understanding Adaptability

The interpersonal (or The cognitive cluster with

social) cluster with
underpinning personal
attributes & values e.g.,
emotional intelligence,
self- understanding
underpinning personal
attributes e.g., willingness
to learn positive attitude
to change & mastery of
mental models
Strategy 2: Raise 2: Industry Participation

Relationship between TVET and Labour Market

Qualifications: Supply Side Qualifications: Supply Side

Initial Training
Employment
TVET System
Further Training

Training and Working Working and Training

 Experience of USA
Today all American universities have became
research universities. Teaching and research
in these universities is linked to enterprise

Science Parks, Incubators, and Innovation

Centres are very popular and successful
schemes jointly implemented by
industry-university and government in USA.

This leads to creation of new technology, new

products, and new processes which results in
employment and income generation.
 Case Study of Philippines

Dualtech started in the Philippines

(Manila in 1982 and in Canlubang
Estate in 1991)

as a social development project

to help alleviate the widespread
poverty in the Philippines

through vocational education and

training programs adapting the German
Dual Training System to local
conditions.
Strategy 2: Raise 3 : Post Diploma in
Technopreneurship

A technology based programme primarily

focuses on training and development need
of potential entrepreneurs in a specific
technology area

For example, Electronics &

Communication, Instrumentation,
Bio-technology, IT, Computer Hardware,
Food Processing, Bio-medical Equipment,
Glass & Ceramics, Herbs & Medical Plants
Processing, Leather, Plastic, etc.
Strategy 2: Raise 3 : Post Diploma in
Technopreneurship

TVET Institutions can start Post Diploma

Programmes in Technopreneurship in
areas of their expertise. This programme
should have strong ICT orientation.

These programmes may be of one-year

duration

Even, some of the TVET institutions can

collaborate to launch such programmes by
synergising their efforts.
TECHNOPRENEURSHIP PROMOTION
IN SELECTED COUNTRIES
 INDIA

TECHNOPRENEUR PROMOTION PROGRAMME

(TePP)

TIFAC (Technology Information,

Forecasting and Assessment Council)
along with DSIR implemented TePP to
provide support to individuals/ startup
companies to convert their scientific
idea/ concept into working model/
prototype.
• It is a mechanism to encourage independent
innovators to become technology based
entrepreneurs.

• It was the first programme in India

supporting individual citizens directly

• The range of innovators supported includes

semi-literate farmers at one end to
scientists/ engineers on the other. The
prototypes developed range from a simple
device like coconut breaker at one end to
sophisticated hydrogen generator at the
other.
• Among many success stories a notable one
is the wining of the prestigious Ashden
Awards, also known as the Green Oscar, by
Mr. Ramesh Kumar Nibhoria in 2005 for his
innovation ‘solid biomass fired efficient
furnace’.

• The award is given by the Ashden

Foundation of UK.

• "Promoting Innovations in Individual

Start-ups and MSME" (PRISM) is the new
name for TePP.
 NEPAL
• Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) USA
in June 2018 launched the MIT Global Startup
Labs (GSL) in Nepal with Kathmandu University
and Ncell, as a part of Ncell’s Corporate Social
Responsibility. (Ncell, is a privately owned mobile
network operator in Nepal)

• It’s an intensive 7-week innovation boot camp led

by 4 MIT instructors, where the students develop
startup projects – from ideation stage to
execution of technology startups.
The program focuses on mobile and internet
technologies and is structured so that students
are exposed to the commercial possibilities of
technologies.
The program is implemented in two phases,
wherein 35 selected students first undergo
intensive training to accelerate and refine their
digital ideas, and in the second phase, team up to
turn their ideas into viable products and
businesses.
An ecosystem of resources, mentorship,
inspiration, and opportunities is brought together
by MIT, KU, and Ncell.
We are delighted to partner with MIT and KU to
bring the MIT GSL program to Nepal. This is in
line with our vision to help nurture
‘technopreneurship’ spirit among young talent
through innovation.

This collaboration reflects Ncell’s strong

commitment towards facilitating further
development of an ecosystem with
‘technopreneurs’ playing a pivotal role for the
socio-economic advancement of Nepal.

Suren j. Amarasekera, MD, Ncell Pvt Ltd

MIT global startup labs has trained
nearly 3000 budding entrepreneurs
in 25 countries to become leaders
in the new information economy in
their home countries as well as
internationally.
 SRI LANKA

• Starting 2018, UNDP has partnered with

the National Youth Services Council, Cisco
and Citi to conduct e-learning programmes
in 20 locations across Sri Lanka to
develop the entrepreneurial skills of youth.
Thus, providing them with the ability to
positively contribute towards the
economy.

• Branded as ‘Technopreneurship for social

change’ it combines technology and
entrepreneurship to strengthen the
knowledge on ICT skills among youth.
• It is designed to cover key areas
such as starting a business,
marketing communication tools,
e-business, outsourcing services
and identifying business expansion
opportunities.

• An added feature of this programme

is training on ‘Financial Literacy for
Young Entrepreneurs’, facilitated by
Citi staff who volunteer as resource
persons.
 OUR VERY OWN BUSINESS

“We grew up with the idea, that we

would follow in our parent’s footsteps,
or seek employment in the public or
private sector. Never did we have the
idea of starting our own business”

Sanduni dilshani
(who was one of the 50 computer course
students engaged at the NYSC vocational
training centre in Elpitiya)
STRATEGY 3: REDUCE 1: THEORY
COMPONENT OF CURRICULUM

Skills development is an essential

element in improving the employability,
self-employability, productivity and
competitiveness of graduates.

There is a need to reduce the theory

component in the curriculum and increase
the practical/skill component in all TVET
programmes.
STRATEGY 3: REDUCE 2: CONVENTIONAL
PROJECT WORK

Venture oriented project work can be

given to some students. Students who
have potential and desire to become
entrepreneurs may be helped in
identifying suitable projects through
market surveys and then preparing
business plans for these ventures.
STRATEGY 4: ELIMINATE 1: MINDSET
TOWARDS WAGE EMPLOYMENT

Individuals with entrepreneurial mindsets

are often drawn to opportunities,
innovation and new value creation.

The key to improving entrepreneurial

skills and mindsets lies in the way
teaching is designed and offered.

The institutes must focus on creating

challenging teaching that encourages risk
taking.
STRATEGY 4: ELIMINATE 2: OBSOLESCENCE OF
MACHINES AND EQUIPMENTS
TVET institutions must make concerted
efforts in modernizing the machines and
equipments and the budding entrepreneurs
should be allowed to make use of them to
satisfy their creative appetite.
There are many other factors which need to
be addressed so that the TVET institutions
can better promote entrepreneurship.
Some of these factors are: Lack of industrial
exposure among teachers, lack of proper
infrastructural support, lack of leadership
skills at Principal level and inadequate
industrial content in curriculum.
CONCLUSION
Inadequacy of entrepreneurship in developing
countries is an inhibiting factor for growth
acceleration of the country.

There is a need to inculcate entrepreneurial skills

and competencies in TVET graduates.

Application of the Four Action Framework, as

outlined in this presentation, in TVET system (with
necessary modifications at Program and country
level) would give entrepreneurial movement a much
needed boost resulting in emergence of
technopreneurs and social entrepreneurs.
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