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Housing Analysis

Foundation PT CUM MAINS

WORK-SHEET
Part - 7
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HOUSING AND URBAN AFFAIRS
INTRODUCTION:
The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs is the apex authority of Government of India at the national
level to formulate policies, sponsor and support programme, coordinate the activities of various Central
Ministries, State Governments and other nodal authorities and monitor the programmes concerning all the
issues of housing and urban affairs in the country.
Economic development and urbanisation are closely linked. Cities in India are emerging as the country’s
engines of economic growth, with a contribution of more than 60 per cent to GDP. As per Census of India,
2011, India’s urban population is now 377 million which shows a 31 percent increase from 2001. The
Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganized Sector by the National
Commission on Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector brought out in August 2007 (NCEUS, 2007) reveals
that in 2004-05, out of India’s total workforce, 92 percent worked in the informal economy. The urban
informal sector comprises a large part of the unorganized non-agriculture sector. Low levels of education
and skill in the unorganized sector workers have resulted in their inability to access the opportunities offered
by emerging markets. This underscores the criticality of skills up-gradation for better livelihoods
opportunities in urban areas.
Most of the poor are involved in informal sector activities where there is a constant threat of eviction,
removal, confiscation of goods and almost non-existent social security cover. Even when segments of the
urban population are not income-poor, they face deprivation in terms of lack of access to sanitary living
conditions and their well-being is hampered by discrimination, social exclusion, crime, and violence,
insecurity of tenure, hazardous environmental conditions and lack of voice in governance.
The dimensions of urban poverty can be broadly divided into three categories: (i) residential vulnerability
(access to land, shelter, basic services, etc.); (ii) social vulnerability (deprivations related to factors like
gender, age and social stratification, lack of social protection, inadequate voice and participation in
governance structures, etc.) and (iii) occupational vulnerability (precarious livelihoods, dependence on
informal sector for employment and earnings, lack of job security, poor working conditions, etc.). These
vulnerabilities are inter-related. Amongst the urban poor, there are sections subject to greater vulnerability in
terms of the above classification; these include women, children, and the aged, SCs, STs, minorities and
differently-abled persons who deserve attention on a priority basis.
The Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation had been implementing a Centrally Sponsored
Scheme Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) since 1997 which has been restructured as
Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana - National Urban Livelihoods Mission since September, 2013. The NULM
has been under implementation w.e.f. September 24, 2013 in all district headquarters (irrespective of
population) and all the cities with population of 1 lakh or more.

NATIONAL URBAN LIVELIHOOD (NULM) MISSION:

To reduce poverty and vulnerability of the urban poor households by enabling them to access gainful self-
employment and skilled wage employment opportunities, resulting in an appreciable improvement in their
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livelihoods on a sustainable basis, through building strong grassroots level institutions of the poor. The
mission would aim at providing shelter equipped with essential services to the urban homeless in a phased
manner. In addition, the Mission would also address livelihood concerns of the urban street vendors by
facilitating access to suitable spaces, institutional credit, social security and skills to the urban street vendors
for accessing emerging market opportunities.
Values

 Ownership and productive involvement of the urban poor and their institutions in all processes
 Transparency in programme design and implementation, including institution - building and capacity
strengthening
 Accountability of government functionaries and the community
 Partnerships with industry and other stakeholders and
 Community self-reliance, self-dependence, self-help and mutual-help

Strategy

 Building capacity of the urban poor, their institutions and the machinery involved in the
implementation of livelihoods development and poverty alleviation programmes through
handholding support
 Enhancing and expanding existing livelihoods options of the urban poor
 Building skills to enable access to growing market-based job opportunities offered by emerging
urban economies
 Training for and support to the establishment of micro-enterprises by the urban poor – self and group
 Ensure availability and access for the urban homeless population to permanent 24- hour shelters
including the basic infrastructural facilities like water supply, sanitation, safety and security
 Cater to the needs of especially vulnerable segments of the urban homeless like the dependent
children, aged, disabled, mentally ill, and recovering patients etc., by creating special sections within
homeless shelters and provisioning special service linkages for them
 To establish strong rights-based linkages with other programmes which cover the right of the urban
homeless to food, healthcare, education, etc. and ensure access for homeless populations to various
entitlements, including to social security pensions, PDS, ICDS, feeding programmes, drinking water,
sanitation, identity, financial inclusion, school admission etc., and to affordable housing
 To address livelihood concerns of the urban street vendors by facilitating access to suitable spaces,
institutional credit, social security and skills to the urban street vendors for accessing emerging
market opportunities.

ATAL MISSION FOR REJUVENATION AND URBAN TRANSFORMATION

(AMRUT):
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Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) was launched in June 2015 by PM
Narendra Modi under the Government of India. The AMRUT scheme is an initiative to provide basic civic
amenities to the urban areas to improve the quality of life with major focus to the poor and the
disadvantaged.
It is implemented by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.

Components of AMRUT:
1. capacity building
2. reform implementation
3. water supply and management of sewerage and septage
4. Drainage of stormwater
5. Improvement in urban transport facilities
6. Development of green spaces and parks.

Objectives:
The AMRUT Scheme focuses on establishing an infrastructure for ensuring adequate sewage networks and
water supply in the urban areas through the implementation of the urban revival projects. The first state to
submit State Annual Action Plan under the AMRUT scheme was Rajasthan. Various other schemes like
Swachh Bharat Mission, Housing for All 2022 and the local state schemes related to water supply, sewerage
and infrastructure can also be linked to the AMRUT scheme.

The main objectives of the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) are:
• To ensure a proper supply of water and a sewage connection in every household.
• To develop green and well maintained open spaces and parks to increase the amenity value of the
cities.
• To reduce pollution by switching to public transport or through the construction of non-motorized
transport facilities such as walking and cycling.
• Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) aims in covering around 500
cities that are having a population of over one lakh with notified municipalities.

Categories of cities:
The Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation aims in covering around 500 cities that are
having a population of over one lakh. To be selected under the AMRUT Scheme, the cities/towns falls under
the following categories:
1. All the cities and towns that are having a population of one lakh or above as per the census of 2011
with notified municipalities and also including the civilian areas.
2. All the capital cities or towns of States/ UTs that are not falling under the above criteria.
3. The cities or towns that are classified as Heritage Cities by the Ministry of Housing and Urban
Affairs under the HRIDAY Scheme.
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4. Thirteen cities and towns that fall on the stem of the main rivers and having a population of more
than 75,000 but less than 1 lakh.
5. Ten Cities belonging from the hill states, islands and tourist destinations. Only one city from each of
these states can be selected under the AMRUT scheme.

Smart Cities Mission:

The Smart Cities Mission is an innovative and new initiative by the Government of India to drive economic
growth and improve the quality of life of people by enabling local development and harnessing technology
as a means to create smart outcomes for citizens.
The Mission will cover 100 cities and its duration will be five years from 2015 to 2020. The Mission is
implemented by the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD). SCM will be operated as a Centrally
Sponsored Scheme (CSS) where in the central Government proposes to provide financial support up to Rs.
100 crore per city per year. An equal amount, on a matching basis, will have to be contributed by the
State/ULB.
Smart Cities Mission Strategy:
1. Pan-city initiative in which at least one Smart Solution is applied city-wide
2. Develop areas step-by-step – three models of area-based developments
3. Retrofitting,
4. Redevelopment,
5. Greenfield
Core Infrastructure Components:
• Adequate water supply,
• Assured electricity supply,
• Sanitation, including solid waste management,
• Efficient urban mobility and public transport,
• Affordable housing, especially for the poor,
• Robust IT connectivity and digitalization,
• Good governance, especially e-Governance and citizen participation,
• Sustainable environment,
• Safety and security of citizens, particularly women, children and the elderly, and
• Health and education.

The Smart City Mission will be operated as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) and the Central
Government proposes to give financial support to the Mission to the extent of Rs. 48,000 crores over five
years i.e. on an average Rs. 100 crore per city per year. An equal amount, on a matching basis, will have to
be contributed by the State/ULB; therefore, nearly Rupees one lakh crore of Government/ULB funds will be
available for Smart Cities development.
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Comprehensive development occurs in areas by integrating the physical, institutional, social and economic
infrastructure. Many of the sectoral schemes of the Government converge in this goal, although the path is
different. There is a strong complementarity between the AMRUT and Smart Cities Mission in achieving
urban transformation. While AMRUT follows a project-based approach, the Smart Cities Mission follows an
area-based strategy.

Similarly, great benefit can be derived by seeking convergence of other Central and State Government
Programs/Schemes with the Smart Cities Mission. At the planning stage itself, cities must seek convergence
in the SCP with AMRUT, Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), National Heritage City Development and
Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY)- External Website that opens in a new window, Digital India, Skill
development, Housing for All, construction of Museums funded by the Culture Department and other
programs connected to social infrastructure such as Health, Education and Culture.

Challenges:
• This is the first time, a MoUD programme is using the 'Challenge' or competition method to select
cities for funding and using a strategy of area-based development. This captures the spirit of
'competitive and cooperative federalism'.
• States and ULBs will play a key supportive role in the development of Smart Cities. Smart
leadership and vision at this level and ability to act decisively will be important factors determining
the success of the Mission.
• Understanding the concepts of retrofitting, redevelopment and greenfield development by the policy
makers, implementers and other stakeholders at different levels will require capacity assistance.
Major investments in time and resources will have to be made during the planning phase prior to
participation in the Challenge. This is different from the conventional DPR-driven approach.
• The Smart Cities Mission requires smart people who actively participate in governance and reforms.
Citizen involvement is much more than a ceremonial participation in governance. The participation
of smart people will be enabled by the Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) through increasing use of ICT,
especially mobile-based tools.

The India Smart Cities Challenge- External Website that opens in a new window is a competition designed
to inspire and support municipal officials as they develop smart proposals to improve residents' lives. 100
cities will compete in the first round - with the best proposals receiving funding from the Ministry of Urban
Development.

Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY) :

HRIDAY scheme was launched on 21st January 2015 for the development of heritage cities. This scheme
aimed to preserve and revitalise heritage cities of India to reflect their unique character. It also encourages
the development of an aesthetically appealing, accessible, informative and secured environment in heritage
cities. The HRIDAY Urban Development Scheme has been implemented by the Ministry of Housing and
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Urban Affairs and is being implemented with quantifiable goals similar to the implementation of the Smart
City Scheme on a mission mode.

The focus of HRIDAY is the development of core heritage infrastructure by the Ministry of Housing and
Urban Affairs for areas near heritage sites approved after identification by the Ministry of Culture.
Development of infrastructure like approach roads, drainage, footpaths, electrical wiring, landscaping,
sanitation, street lights, water supply, waste management and allied citizen services such as tourist
conveniences, security etc. are some of the major focus areas of the scheme.

HRIDAY completed 4 years in January 2019 and has an outlay of funds pegged at Rs.685758 crore. The
initially planned outlay was Rs 500 crore. Out of this projects worth about Rs 422 crore have been approved,
and projects worth Rs 140. 14 crores have been completed.

Cities under HRIDAY scheme:

1. Ajmer
2. Amravati
3. Badami
4. Gaya
5. Mathura
6. Puri
7. Varanasi
8. Velankanni
9. Warangal
10. Dwarka
11. Kanchipuram
12. Amritsar

Objectives of HRIDAY
The official HRIDAY Scheme statement sets out the following quantifiable goals for urban development in
heritage cities:

• Planning, developing and implementing infrastructure keeping in mind sensitivities of heritage,

including service delivery and development of infrastructure in core areas of historic cities.
• Preserve and renovate heritage so that tourists can connect with each heritage city’s unique nature.
• Develop a heritage asset inventory of cities documenting built, cultural, living and natural heritage as
a basis for urban planning, growth, planning of services and their delivery.
• Enhancement of basic services focussing on sanitation like public toilets, water taps, security like
street lights and in improving tourist facilities.
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• Create linkages between cultural facilities and tourism along with the conservation of heritage and
capacity building of local industries based on heritage.
• Adaptive maintenance of urban heritage, including rehabilitation using appropriate technology for
retrofitting historic buildings with modern conveniences. Establishment of public-private partnership
for preserving and maintaining historic buildings is also part of this goal.
• Promotion of economic activities to enhance avenues of employment among people living in and
around the heritage sites. This includes skill development among them and making public and
cultural spaces accessible.
• Making cities informative using modern ICT tools and making cities secure using modern security
devices like CCTV etc.
• Increase access to heritage sites by developing roads, adopting the universal design, GIS mapping of
historical locations and building a digital record of the heritage etc.

National Mission on Sustainable Habitat

• Governed by the Ministry of Urban Development.

• Manifold agenda mission because it looks at energy efficiency within buildings, waste disposal from
these buildings and betters the public transport system.
• Plans to make urban areas more climate friendly and less susceptible to climate change by a multi-
pronged approach to mitigate and adapt to it.
Functions and Goals-

• To create and adopt a more holistic approach for solid and liquid waste management, ensuring their
full potential for energy generation (conversion of solid waste into energy), recycling, reusing and
composting.
• To encourage alternative transport systems and establish fuel efficiency standards and reduce fuel
consumed per passenger travel by the provision of pedestrian pathways.
• To provide for adoption and creation of alternative technologies mitigating climate change and to
encourage community involvement for it.
• Creation of one building code for the entire nation.
• A system to enforce law and order.
• Establish financial incentives based on green rating.
• Reduce need for pumping of water, proper treatment of waste water and use of better designed
toilets.
• Promote use of natural gas and alternative & renewable fuels.
• Comprehensive urban renewal master plan proposals with sustainable designs.
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MOTOR VECHILES AMENDMENT BILL,2019:
The Bill seeks to amend the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 to provide for road safety. The Act provides for
grant of licenses and permits related to motor vehicles, standards for motor vehicles, and penalties for
violation of these provisions.
Compensation for road accident victims: The central government will develop a scheme for cashless
treatment of road accident victims during golden hour. The Bill defines golden hour as the time period of up
to one hour following a traumatic injury, during which the likelihood of preventing death through prompt
medical care is the highest. The central government may also make a scheme for providing interim relief to
claimants seeking compensation under third party insurance. The Bill increases the minimum compensation
for hit and run cases as follows: (i) in case of death, from Rs 25,000 to two lakh rupees, and (ii) in case of
grievous injury, from Rs 12,500 to Rs 50,000.
Compulsory insurance: The Bill requires the central government to constitute a Motor Vehicle Accident
Fund, to provide compulsory insurance cover to all road users in India. It will be utilised for: (i) treatment
of persons injured in road accidents as per the golden hour scheme, (ii) compensation to representatives of a
person who died in a hit and run accident, (iii) compensation to a person grievously hurt in a hit and run
accident, and (iv) compensation to any other persons as prescribed by the central government. This Fund
will be credited through: (i) payment of a nature notified by the central government, (ii) a grant or loan made
by the central government, (iii) balance of the Solatium Fund (existing fund under the Act to provide
compensation for hit and run accidents), or (iv) any other source as prescribed the central government.
Good samaritans: The Bill defines a good samaritan as a person who renders emergency medical or non-
medical assistance to a victim at the scene of an accident. The assistance must have been (i) in good faith,
(ii) voluntary, and (iii) without the expectation of any reward. Such a person will not be liable for any civil
or criminal action for any injury to or death of an accident victim, caused due to their negligence in
providing assistance to the victim.
Recall of vehicles: The Bill allows the central government to order for recall of motor vehicles if a defect in
the vehicle may cause damage to the environment, or the driver, or other road users. The manufacturer of
the recalled vehicle will be required to: (i) reimburse the buyers for the full cost of the vehicle, or (ii) replace
the defective vehicle with another vehicle with similar or better specifications.
National Transportation Policy: The central government may develop a National Transportation Policy, in
consultation with state governments. The Policy will: (i) establish a planning framework for road transport,
(ii) develop a framework for grant of permits, and (iii) specify priorities for the transport system, among
other things.
Road Safety Board: The Bill provides for a National Road Safety Board, to be created by the central
government through a notification. The Board will advise the central and state governments on all aspects
of road safety and traffic management including: (i) standards of motor vehicles, (ii) registration and
licensing of vehicles, (iii) standards for road safety, and (iv) promotion of new vehicle technology.
Offences and penalties: The Bill increases penalties for several offences under the Act. For example, the
maximum penalty for driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs has been increased from Rs 2,000 to
Rs 10,000. If a vehicle manufacturer fails to comply with motor vehicle standards, the penalty will be a fine
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of up to Rs 100 crore, or imprisonment of up to one year, or both. If a contractor fails to comply with road
design standards, the penalty will be a fine of up to one lakh rupees. The central government may increase
fines mentioned under the Act every year by up to 10%.
Taxi aggregators: The Bill defines aggregators as digital intermediaries or market places which can be used
by passengers to connect with a driver for transportation purposes (taxi services). These aggregators will be
issued licenses by state Further, they must comply with the Information Technology Act, 2000.

HOUSING:
The housing industry of India is one of the fastest growing sectors. A large population base, rising income
level and rapid urbanization leads to growth in this sector. In the Federal structure of the Indian polity, the
matters pertaining to the housing and urban development have been assigned by the Constitution of India to
the State Governments. However, the Union government is responsible for formulation and implementation
of social housing schemes. Our section on housing highlights various initiatives and schemes implemented
by government for rural, urban and EWS housing.
Houses have been classified as permanent, Semi permanent or Temporary based on the type of material
use in construction of wall and roof. Nearly 99 million of the 187 million houses are of Permanent category,
58 million semi-permanent and 35 million temporary.
Nearly 22 million of the temporary houses have been reported as ‘Serviceable’ while the balance 13 million
are ‘Non serviceable’ depending on whether the wall of house was ‘mud’, unburnt bricks or wood’ or ‘grass’
thatch, bamboo, etc., or plastic or polythene.

NATIONAL URBAN HOUSING AND HABITATION POLICY,2007

About Policy
• The National Urban Housing & Habitat Policy 2007 seeks to promote various types of public-
private partnerships for realizing the goal of “Affordable Housing For All’ with special
emphasis on the urban poor.
• The Policy intends to promote sustainable development of habitat in the country with a view to
ensuring equitable supply of land, shelter and services at affordable prices to all sections of society.
Given the magnitude of the housing shortage and budgetary constraints of both the Central and
State Governments, the National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy, 2007 focuses the spotlight on
multiple stake-holders namely, the Private Sector, the Cooperative Sector, the Industrial Sector
for labour housing and the Services/ Institutional Sector for employee housing. In this manner, the
Policy will seek to promote various types of public-private partnerships for realizing the goal of
"Affordable Housing for All".
• The formulation of the National Housing Policy is an ongoing process which started in 1986. Last
time policy was revised in 1998. Since then there have been major changes in Habitat and Human
Settlement issues. Particularly, the urban housing sector has been facing emerging challenges with
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regard to availability of affordable shelter, growth of slums, and gaps in provision of basic
services to the urban poor.

Salient features of the National Urban Housing & Habitat Policy are:
Focus of the Policy is on affordable urban housing with special emphasis on the urban poor.
Role of Housing and provision of basic services to the urban poor has been integrated into the objectives of
the Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM).
 Special emphasis has been laid on Scheduled Castes / Tribes / Backward Classes / Minorities,
empowerment of Women within the ambit of the urban poor.
 The Policy focuses on a symbiotic development of rural and urban areas in line with the
objectives of the 74th Constitution Amendment Act.
 Within the overarching goal of "Affordable Housing for All," emphasis has been laid on urban
planning, increase supply of land, use of spatial incentives like additional Floor Area Ratio (FAR),
Transferable Development Rights, etc., increased flow of funds, healthy environment, effective solid
waste management and use of renewal sources of energy.
 Encouraging Integrated townships and Special Economic Zones.
 10-15% of land in every new public/private housing projects or 20-25% FAR whichever is greater to
be reserved for EWS/LIG Housing through appropriate spatial incentives.
 Private Sector to be permitted land assembly within the purview of Master Plans. Action Plans for
urban slum dwellers and special package for cooperative housing, labour housing and employees
housing is to be prepared.
 States to be advised to develop 10 years perspective plan for housing of EWS/LIG.
 Policy gives primacy to provision of shelter to urban poor at their present location or near their work
place.
 Approach will be in-situ slum rehabilitation. Relocation will be considered only in specific cases.
 Micro finance institutions to be promoted at state level to expedite flow of finances to urban poor.
 Model municipal laws to be prepared by the Central Government.
 Detailed city maps to be prepared based on GIS, aerial survey and ground verification.
 Use of proven cost effective technology and building materials to be encouraged.
 Development of mass rapid transit system at sub-regional level envisaged.
 Green cover for cities to be encouraged for balanced ecological development.
 All States to be encouraged to develop a "Habitat Infrastructure Action Plan" for all cities with a
population of over one lakh.

Action Plan.
• State/UT Action plans to focus on accelerated flow of funds. State / UT level policy to provide
road map for institutional, legal and financial incentives. Preparation of 15-20 years perspective
plans in the form of City Development Plans (CDPs) based on spatial planning at the city level.
• Setting up of a High Level Monitoring Committee for periodic review and implementation of the
Policy and for making amendments, modifications wherever considered necessary.
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Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban)
The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) Programme launched by the Ministry of Housing and Urban
Poverty Alleviation (MoHUPA), in Mission mode envisions provision of Housing for All by 2022, when
the Nation completes 75 years of its Independence. The Mission seeks to address the housing requirement of
urban poor including slum dwellers through following programme verticals:
1. Slum rehabilitation of Slum Dwellers with participation of private developers using land as a
resource
2. Promotion of Affordable Housing for weaker section through credit linked subsidy
3. Affordable Housing in Partnership with Public & Private sectors
4. Subsidy for beneficiary-led individual house construction /enhancement.
Beneficiaries:
The mission seeks to address the housing requirement of urban poor including slum dwellers.
Note: A slum is defined as a compact area of at least 300 people or about 60 - 70 households of poorly
built congested tenements in unhygienic environment usually with inadequate infrastructure and
lacking in proper sanitary and drinking water facilities.
 Beneficiaries include Economically weaker section (EWS), low-income groups (LIGs) and Middle
Income Groups (MIGs). (The annual income cap is up to Rs 3 lakh for EWS, Rs 3 to 6 lakh for LIG
and Rs 6 to18 lakhs for MIG. EWS category of beneficiaries is eligible for assistance in all four
verticals of the Missions whereas LIG and MIG categories are eligible under only Credit linked
subsidy scheme (CLSS) component of the Mission.)
 For identification as a EWS or LIG beneficiary under the scheme, an individual loan applicant will
submit self-certificate/ affidavit as proof of income.
 A beneficiary family will comprise husband, wife, unmarried sons and/or unmarried daughters.
 The beneficiary family should not own a pucca house either in his/her name or in the name of any
member of his/her family in any part of India to be eligible to receive central assistance under the
mission.
 States/UTs, at their discretion, may decide a cut-off date on which beneficiaries need to be resident
of that urban area for being eligible to take benefits under the scheme.
At the slum decadal growth rate of 34%, the slum households are projected to go upto 18 million. 2 million
non-slum urban poor households are proposed to be covered under the Mission. Hence, total housing
shortage envisaged to be addressed through the new mission is 20 million.

Scope
“Housing for All” Mission for urban area is being implemented during 2015-2022 .
Mission will be implemented as Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) except for the component of credit
linked subsidy which will be implemented as a Central Sector Scheme.
Mission with all its component has become effective from the date 17.06.2015 and will be implemented upto
31.03.2022.
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Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act, 2014
Introduction:
“Street vendors constitute an integral part of our urban economy. Street vending is not only a source of self-
employment to the poor in cities and towns but also a means to provide ‘affordable’ as well as ‘convenient’
services to a majority of the urban population, especially the common man.
Given the pace of urbanization and the opportunities presented through the development of urban areas, the
growth of street vendors’ population is likely to have an upward trend. It is vital that these vendors are
enabled to pursue their livelihoods in a congenial and harassment free atmosphere.
Features:
1. The Provisions of the Act are aimed at creating a conducive atmosphere where street vendors, are
able to carry out their business in a fair and transparent manner, without the fear of harassment and
eviction.
2. The Act provides for constitution of a Town Vending Authority in each Local Authority, which is
the fulcrum of the Act, for implementing the provisions of the Act.
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3. The TVC is required to have representation of officials and non-officials and street vendors,
including women vendors with due representation from SC, ST, OBC, Minorities and persons with
disabilities.
4. 40% members of the TVC will be from amongst street vendors to be selected through election,
of which one-third shall be women.
5. To avoid arbitrariness of authorities, the Act provides for a survey of all existing street vendors, and
subsequent survey at-least once in every five years, and issue of certificate of vending to all the
street vendors identified in the survey, with preference to SC, ST, OBC, women, persons with
disabilities, minorities etc.
6. All existing street vendors, identified in the survey, will be accommodated in the vending zones
subject to a norm conforming to 2.5% of the population of the ward or zone or town or city.
7. Where the number of street vendors identified are more than the holding capacity of the vending
zone, the Town Vending Committee (TVC) is required to carry out a draw of lots for issuing the
certificate of vending for that vending zone and the remaining persons will be accommodated in any
adjoining vending zone to avoid relocation.
8. Those street vendors who have been issued a certificate of vending/license etc. before the
commencement of this Act, they will be deemed to be a street vendor for that category and for the
period for which he/she has been issued such certificate of vending/license.
9. It has been provided that no street vendor will be evicted until the survey has been completed and
certificate of vending issued to the street vendors.
10. It has also been provided that in case a street vendor, to whom a certificate of vending is issued, dies
or suffers from any permanent disability or is ill, one of his family member i.e. spouse or dependent
child can vend in his place, till the validity of the certificate of vending.
11. It is proposed to provide for recommendation of the TVC, as a necessary condition for relocation
being carried out by the local authority.
12. Relocation of street vendors should be exercised as a last resort.
13. The Local authority is required to make out a plan once in every 5 years, on the recommendation of
TVC, to promote a supportive environment and adequate space for urban street vendors to carry out
their vocation.
14. The thrust of the Act is on “natural market”, which has been defined under the Act. The entire
planning exercise has to ensure that the provision of space or area for street vending is reasonable
and consistent with existing natural markets.Thus, natural locations where there is a constant
congregation of buyers and sellers will be protected under the Act.
15. There is a provision for establishment of an independent dispute redressal mechanism under the
chairmanship of retired judicial officers to maintain impartiality towards grievance redressal of street
vendors.
16. The Act also provides for promotional measures to be undertaken by the Government, towards
availability of credit, insurance and other welfare schemes of social security, capacity building
programmes, research, education and training programme etc. for street vendors.
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17. Section 29 of the Bill provides for protection of street vendors from harassment by police and other
authorities and provides for an overriding clause to ensure they carry on their business without the
fear of harassment by the authorities under any other law.
The Act is aimed at creating a conducive atmosphere for street vendors to do their business in dignity and is
likely to help in giving livelihood protection to about 1 crore families.

Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act (RERA),2017:

Introduction
 Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act (RERA) is an act passed by the Parliament in 2016
that came into effect fully from 1st May, 2017.
 It seeks to protect home-buyers as well as help boost investments in the real estate sector by bringing
efficiency and transparency in the sale/purchase of real estate.
 The Act establishes Real Estate Regulatory Authority (RERA) in each state for regulation of the real
estate sector and also acts as an adjudicating body for speedy dispute resolution.

Objectives of RERA:
 Enhance transparency and accountability in real estate and housing transactions.
 Boost domestic and foreign investment in the real estate sector.
 Provide uniform regulatory environment to ensure speedy adjudication of disputes.
 Promote orderly growth through efficient project execution and standardization.
 Offer single window system of clearance for real estate projects.
 Empower and protect the right of home buyers.

Key Provisions of Real Estate Regulation Act

 Establishment of state level regulatory authorities- Real Estate Regulatory Authority (RERA): The
Act provides for State governments to establish more than one regulatory authority with the
following mandate:
 Register and maintain a database of real estate projects; publish it on its website for public viewing,
 Protection of interest of promoters, buyers and real estate agents
 Development of sustainable and affordable housing,
 Render advice to the government and ensure compliance with its Regulations and the Act.
 Establishment of Real Estate Appellate Tribunal- Decisions of RERAs can be appealed in these
tribunals.
 Mandatory Registration: All projects with plot size of minimum 500 sq.mt or eight apartments
need to be registered with Regulatory Authorities.
 Deposits: Depositing 70% of the funds collected from buyers in a separate escrow bank account
for construction of that project only.
 Liability: Developer’s liability to repair structural defects for five years.
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 Penal interest in case of default: Both promoter and buyer are liable to pay an equal rate of interest
in case of any default from either side.
 Cap on Advance Payments: A promoter cannot accept more than 10% of the cost of the plot,
apartment or building as an advance payment or an application fee from a person without first
entering into an agreement for sale.
 Defines Carpet Area as net usable floor area of flat. Buyers will be charged for the carpet area and
not super built-up area.
 Punishment: Imprisonment of up to three years for developers and up to one year in case of agents
and buyers for violation of orders of Appellate Tribunals and Regulatory Authorities.

UN HABITAT (United Nations Programme for Human Settlements)

UN-Habitat maintains its headquarters at the United Nations Office at Nairobi, Kenya. UN-Habitat works
for a better urban future. Based in over 90 countries, we promote the development of socially and
environmentally sustainable cities, towns & communities. UN-Habitat strives for adequate shelter with
better living standards for all.
Urbanization is happening at a phenomenal rate. Half the world's population now live in cities, and this is
projected to increase to two-thirds by 2050. Cities face massive environmental, socio-economic and
spatial challenges. Although they can be a hub for economic development, cities can also exacerbate
inequalities. Today many urban residents lack water, sanitation, energy and public transport. With no land
security, many cannot access affordable, adequate homes, jobs, schools and health care.

UN-Habitat, the United Nations Programme for Human Settlements, was mandated by the UN General
Assembly in 1978 to address issues of urban growth. We collaborate with governments and local partners
to define the urban vision of tomorrow.

At UN-Habitat, we believe cities can solve many of the challenges our world faces. As a centre of
excellence and innovation, we support countries and cities in taking advantage of the opportunities
urbanization offers. Our high impact projects combine world-class expertise and local knowledge, and
provide achievable, customizable and scalable solutions to the toughest urbanization problems. We want to
ensure cities become inclusive and affordable drivers of economic growth, social development and
environmental change.

Asia Pacific Ministerial Conference on Housing and Urban Development (APMCHUD)

 The Asia Pacific Ministerial Conference on Housing and Urban Development (APMCHUD) is an
inter-governmental mechanism for collaboration and cooperation in the field of housing and urban
development among the Asia Pacific countries.
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 Established under the aegis and support of UN-Habitat, APMCHUD is a consultative mechanism on
the promotion of sustainable development of Housing and urban Development in the Asia-Pacific
Region.
 APMCHUD is composed of the Biennial Ministerial Conference, the Bureau and the Secretariat.
APMCHUD is represented by the Hon’ble Ministers of Housing and Urban Development of the Asia
Pacific countries.
 The Bureau of APMCHUD elected by the Biennial Conference of Ministers responsible for Housing
and Urban development holds office until the next Conference. The permanent Secretariat of
APMCHUD is hosted by India in New Delhi.
 Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MoHUPA), Government of India is the nodal
Ministry and Housing and Urban Development Corporation Ltd. (HUDCO) is the nodal institution
on behalf of the MoHUPA.
 The Bureau of APMCHUD meets approximately 4 times a 2 years, inter-alia, to take stock of
progress of various activities.
 The current meeting scheduled in Quito is the 4th meeting of the 5th Bureau of APMCHUD. The
5th Bureau of APMCHUD is represented by the Republic of Korea (Chair), Hashemite Kingdom of
Jordan, Republic of India, Republic of Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Republic of Iraq,
Republic of Maldives, Independent State of Samoa, and Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka.

COALITION FOR DISASTER RESILIENT

INFRASTRUCTURE(CDRI):
The CDRI is proposed to be launched at the UN Climate Action Summit in New York, USA on 23rd
September 2019. Organized by the UN Secretary General, this event will bring together the largest number
of Heads of States to generate commitments for combating the effects of climate change and resulting
disasters, and will provide the high-level visibility required for the CDRI.

About CDRI:
 Establishment of the International ‘C.D.R.I.’ along with its supporting Secretariat office in New
Delhi;
 Establishment of the Secretariat of the CDRI as a Society under The Societies Registration
Act,1860 in New Delhi as ‘CDRI Society’ or similar name as per availability.
 The memorandum of association and by-laws of the ‘CDRI Society’ will be prepared and
finalized by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA).
 In-principle approval for Government of India support of Rs. 480 crore (approx. USD 70 million) to
CDRI for a corpus required to fund technical assistance and research projects on an on-going basis,
setting up the Secretariat office and covering recurring expenditures over a period of 5 years from
2019-20 to 2023-24.
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Impact:

The CDRI will serve as a platform where knowledge is generated and exchanged on different aspects of
disaster and climate resilience of infrastructure.
It will bring together technical expertise from a multitude of stakeholders. In doing so, it will create a
mechanism to assist countries to upgrade their capacities and practices, with regard to infrastructure
development in accordance with their risk context and economic needs.
This initiative will benefit all sections of society. Economically weaker sections of society, women and
children, are the most vulnerable to the impacts of disasters and hence, will be benefitted from the
improvement of knowledge and practice in creating disaster resilient infrastructure.
It will also benefit all areas with high disaster risk.( In India, the north-eastern and Himalayan regions are
prone to earthquakes, coastal areas to cyclones and tsunamis and central peninsular region to droughts.)

Innovation:
There are many initiatives on different aspects of disaster risk reduction and many initiatives on
infrastructure development in different in a range of countries with different disaster risk and development
contexts.
A global coalition for disaster resilient infrastructure would address concerns that are common to
developing and developed countries, small and large economies, countries at early and advanced stages of
infrastructure development, and countries that have moderate or high disaster risk. Few concrete initiatives
work at the intersection of Sendai Framework, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Climate Change
Adaptation with a focus on infrastructure. Focus on disaster resilient infrastructure would simultaneously
address the loss reduction targets under the Sendai Framework, address a number of SDGs and also
contribute to climate change adaptation. Hence, there is a clear niche for a Global Coalition for Disaster
Resilient Infrastructure.

All the best

JAI HIND
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Class explanation- mind map
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