BIO 122 Animal Physiology

REFLEX
Catacutan J., Francia J., Kunting A., Manuel K., Puño D.
INTRODUCTION
REFLEX
● Involuntary response to a
stimulus

● Protective mechanism
Monosynaptic Reflex Arc
Sense Organ
Receptor
Afferent/Sensory Neuron
Afferent Nerve; sensory signals
Efferent/Motor Neuron
Efferent Nerve; instructional signals
Effector Organ
Muscle

Interneuron (Central Synapse)

*The brain will receive the sensory input while the reflex
Connects sensory and motor neuron is being carried out and the analysis of the signal takes
Located in the brain and spinal cord place after the reflex action.
Polysynaptic Reflex Arc
One or more interneurons
Connect sensory and motor neurons

Reciprocal Activation and Inhibition

simultaneous activation and
inhibition of flexor and extensor muscles

Behavioral complexity
Evolution of polysynaptic reflex arcs
allowed for more complex behaviors
Spinal Cord
Classification of Reflexes
● Somatic Reflex
○ reflex arc formed by somatic
nerve fibers
○ involves skeletal muscles

● Visceral Reflex
○ Autonomic reflexes
○ Reflex arc formed by autonomic
nerve fibers
Type Erlanger-Gasser Diameter Myelin Conduction Associated sensory receptors Proprioceptors Mechanoreceptor Nociceptors and
Classification (µm) velocity s thermoreceptors

Ia Aα 13-20 Yes 80–120 m/s Primary receptors of muscle ✔

spindle

Ib Aα 13-20 Yes 80–120 m/s Golgi tendon organ

II Aβ 6-12 Yes 33–75 m/s Secondary receptors of muscle ✔

spindle
All cutaneous mechanoreceptors
III Aδ 1-5 Thin 3–30 m/s Free nerve endings of touch and ✔
pressure
Nociceptors of neospinothalamic
tract
Cold thermoreceptors

IV C 0.2-1.5 No 0.5-2.0 m/s Nociceptors of

paleospinothalamic tract
Warmth receptors

Somatic Sensory Neuron Fibers

Type Erlanger-Gasser Diameter Myelin Conduction Associated muscle
(µm) velocity fibers
Classification

α Aα 13-20 Yes 80–120 m/s Extrafusal muscle fibers

β Aβ

γ Aγ 5-8 Yes 4–24 m/s[28][29] Intrafusal muscle fibers

Motor Neuron Fibers

Monosynaptic Reflex Arc:
Stretch Reflex
Stimulus: Stretching of Skeletal Muscle

Sense Organ: Muscle Spindle

Afferent Neuron: Ia and Ib sensory fibers

Efferent Neuron: ⍺,β and motor

neurons

Effector Organ: Skeletal Muscle

Response: Contraction of the Muscle

being stretched (e.g Knee-Jerk Reflex)
OBJECTIVES
Objectives
Observe the reflex action of a toad

Identify the differences of reflex actions

between toads in different conditions
Normal
Single-pithed
Double-pithed

Determine characteristics of reflexes

Reflex Time
Synaptic Delay
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample Preparation
One toad was designated to be tested
normally and afterwards single pithed.

The other toad was designated to be tested

single pithed beforehand, and afterwards
double pithed.

Each of the tests were made on the normal,

single and double-pithed toads.
Resting Posture
The normal, spinal and double-pithed toad
were tested for resting posture by placing
the toad on a flat surface

The configuration of the body and position

of the head, eyes, legs, forelegs and
hindlegs were noted. The respiratory rate of
the toad was then identified by counting
the number of nostril opening.
Righting Reflex
The motion and position of the head, eyes, legs, forelegs
and hindlegs were noted in the conditions to be
mentioned.

The toad is placed on its back on a toad board and its

ability to right itself was observed.

The toad is then placed ventral side down while the

board is being revolved horizontally or tilted, as the
righting mechanism was then observed.
Swimming Movements
The swimming movements in water, the
climbing movement onto a board and the
righting movement of the toad in water
were then observed
Evidence of Sight and Hearing

The blink or protective eye reflex of the

toad was tested by bringing a tip of a probe
closer and closer to the toad’s eye until it
finally blinks. The auditory-palpebral reflex
was then tested by producing a loud sound
until the toad blinks
Muscular Tension
The firmness of the muscle on the thigh and
lower leg was then observed.

Muscular tension was then identified by

pulling on the hindlegs of the toads until a
counter pull is produced and if the leg goes
back to its flexed position
Jumping Behavior
The general form of the jumping behavior
of the toad was observed and noted.
Flexion-withdrawal Reflex
By inducing pain on the toes of the toad, a
flexion-withdrawal reflex was then
identified it present.
Temperature Changes
The left and right foot of the toad was then
dipped in cold and hot water to the effect
of temperature on reflex
Sexual Behavior Reflex
The toad was then turned upside down as
its belly was stroked. The clasp reflex of the
male toad and the quieting response of the
female were differentiated and identified if
present.
Wipe Reflex
Tissue paper with 15% acetic acid was
placed on the rear end of the toad. Once
the toad attempts to remove the tissue, the
direction of movement of the leg was then
determined.
Reflex Action and Reflex Time
Using the single-pithed toad, the long toe of the right
foot was immersed in increasing concentrations of HCl
(0.05%, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%).

1% of sodium bicarbonate was used in between each

varying concentration for 1 min. Foot withdrawal time
was then determined for each solution.

The long toe of the left foot was then immersed in a 1%

procaine solution after being dipped in the
concentration of HCl which gave the best reflex time and
action. The reflex time for a foot withdrawal before 2
minutes was then identified
Spontaneous Activities
Other activities excluding the ones tested e
were also identified
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESTING POSTURE
Resting Posture
Face and eyes: Forward and inclined
horizontally from the surface

Axis of the body: Pointed at an angle

horizontal to the surface

Limbs: Adducted toward the main axis

Resting Posture is maintained via the

Righting Reflex for Posture and
Equilibrium
RESPIRATION
Respiration
Stimulus: Expansion of the
lungs
● Pulmonary stretch
receptors initiates the
Hering-Breuer reflex

Stimulus: Levels of oxygen

carbon dioxide in the
blood
Respiration
Sense Organ:
● Pulmonary stretch
receptors are found on the
bronchi/bronchioles of the
lungs
● Chemoreceptors in the
brain, aorta and carotid
arteries
Respiration
Sensory Centers:
Voluntary: Cerebral cortex
Sends impulses to the respiratory motor
neurons via the corticospinal tracts

Involuntary: Pacemaker cells

of the medulla
Activate motor neurons in the cervical and
thoracic spinal cord
Respiration
Sensory Neurons:

Vagal afferent fiber: triggered by

pulmonary stretch receptors

Branches of the
chemoreceptors in aorta and
aortic bodies: sends impulses to
the brain
Respiration
Efferent Neurons:
Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
neurons
● Composed mainly of inspiratory
neurons
● sends impulses to the diaphragm and
external intercostal muscles
Ventral respiratory group
(VRG) neurons
● Sends inspiratory impulses to
laryngeal & pharyngeal muscles,
diaphragm and intercostal muscles
● Sends expiratory impulses to
diaphragm and intercostal muscles
Respiration
Efferent Neurons:

Cervical motor neurons

Activate the diaphragm

Thoracic spinal cord motor

neurons
Activate external intercostal muscles
Respiration
Efferent Neurons:
Phrenic nerve
Vagus nerve (X) Innervates the diaphragm
Parasympathetic control of lung
Intercostal nerves (Ventral
Facialis rami of the thoracic spinal
Activate m. depressor mandibulae and m. nerve)
subhyoideus Innervates the external intercostal
muscles
Respiration
Effector Organs:

● Smooth muscles in the

lungs
● Skeletal muscles:
diaphragm, external
intercostal muscles, neck
muscles
Respiration
Response
Response:

Activation of Hering-Breuer
reflex: reduced respiratory rate

Levels of CO2: frequent and

deep breathing; slow and
shallow breathing
RIGHTING REFLEX
Equilibrium and Posture Maintenance
Righting Reflex
Stimulation:
● The frog was placed ventral
side up on a wooden board
Righting Reflex
Sense Organ:
● Vestibular Apparatus in the ears
○ Formed by three semicircular
canals
■ Crista ampullaris in the
semicircular canals Vestibular apparatus from
■ Macula in the Otolith https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/86
organ /4086-004-EA855487.jpg

● Proprioreceptors
● Retina of the eyes
Righting Reflex
Sensory Neuron:
● Vestibular apparatus
○ During angular acceleration, the
cupula inside the crista is
pushed by the endolymph to the
hair cells.
Vestibular apparatus from
○ The hair cells then stimulates
https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/86
the neurons that innervate /4086-004-EA855487.jpg
them
Righting Reflex
Effector Neuron:
● Motor neurons from the Median
Motor Column (MMC) innervating
the axial musculature
Righting Reflex
Effector Organ:
Axial musculature, such as the
postural muscles in the trunk

Retrieved from
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.338
9/fneur.2012.00042/full
Righting Reflex
Response:
● Movement of postural
muscles to correct posture

Toad Response
Normal : rights itself, stays upright
Single Pithed : little to no movement
Retrieved from
Double Pithed : no movement https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.338
9/fneur.2012.00042/full
SWIMMING and JUMPING MOVEMENTS
SWIMMING MOVEMENT
SWIMMING MOVEMENT

Stimulation:
● Hydrostatic pressure
SWIMMING MOVEMENT

Sense Organ:
● Mechanoreceptors on
skin
SWIMMING MOVEMENT

Centers:
● Cortical association
areas
● Lateral cerebral
hemispheres
● Pre-motor and motor
cortex
SWIMMING MOVEMENT

Tracts:
● Corticospinal and
corticobulbar tracts
SWIMMING MOVEMENT

Target Organ:
● Muscles on limbs
SWIMMING MOVEMENT

Response:
● Toad swims
JUMPING MOVEMENT
JUMPING MOVEMENT

Stimulation:
● Presence of predator
or prey
JUMPING MOVEMENT

Sense Organ:
● Mechanoreceptors on
the skin
● Eyes
JUMPING MOVEMENT

Centers, Tract and Target

Organ are all the same with
swimming.
JUMPING MOVEMENT

Response:
● Toad jumps
BLINK REFLEX
BLINK REFLEX

Stimulation:
● Irritation of the cornea or
of the conjunctiva
BLINK REFLEX

Sense Organ:
● Cornea
● Conjunctiva
BLINK REFLEX

Afferent Neuron:
● Trigeminal Nerve (V)
○ Opthalmic branch
■ Nasociliary nerve

Center:
● Pons
BLINK REFLEX

Effector Neuron:
● Facial Nerve (VII)
○ Temporal and
zygomatic branches
BLINK REFLEX

Effector Organ:
● Orbicularis oculi
BLINK REFLEX

Response:
● Blinking
AUDITORY REFLEX
AUDITORY REFLEX

Stimulation:
Acoustic reflex threshold
● Lowest level of sound
intensity of a certain
frequency
AUDITORY REFLEX

Sense Organ:
● Organ of Corti
○ Hair cells
AUDITORY REFLEX

Afferent Neuron:
● Vestibulocochlear
Nerve (VIII)
○ Auditory nerve
AUDITORY REFLEX

Effector Neuron:
● Facial Nerve (VII)
AUDITORY REFLEX

Effector Organ:
● Stapedius muscle
● Tensor tympani muscle
AUDITORY REFLEX

Response:
● Contraction of
stapedius and tensor
tympani muscles
AUDITORY REFLEX

Response:
General Acoustic Reflex
● Blinking
● Movement away from
direction of source
● Jerking of Body
COCHLEOPALPEBRAL REFLEX
COCHLEOPALPEBRAL
REFLEX
Stimulation:
Acoustic reflex threshold
● Lowest level of sound
intensity of a certain
frequency
COCHLEOPALPEBRAL
REFLEX
Sense Organ:
● Organ of Corti
○ Hair cells
COCHLEOPALPEBRAL
REFLEX
Afferent Neuron:
● Vestibulocochlear
Nerve (VIII)
○ Auditory nerve
COCHLEOPALPEBRAL
REFLEX
Effector Neuron:
● Facial Nerve (VII)
○ Temporal and
zygomatic branches
COCHLEOPALPEBRAL
REFLEX
Effector Organ:
● Orbicularis oculi
COCHLEOPALPEBRAL
REFLEX
Response:
● Blinking
MUSCULAR TENSION
MUSCULAR TENSION
Description:
Muscle Tone
● Resistance of a muscle to
stretch
○ Hypertonic (spastic) muscle;
high resistance to stretch
○ Flaccid muscle; little resistance
to stretch
MUSCULAR TENSION

Stimulus:
● Stretching of Skeletal
Muscle
MUSCULAR TENSION
Sense Organ:
● Muscle Spindle
detects changes in the
length of muscle
MUSCULAR TENSION
Afferent Neuron:
● Ia sensory fibers
● Ib sensory fibers
MUSCULAR TENSION
Effector Neuron:
● ⍺ motor neurons
● β motor neurons
● motor neurons
MUSCULAR TENSION
Effector Organ
● Skeletal Muscles
MUSCULAR TENSION
Response:
● Contraction of the Muscle
being stretched

Toad Response
Normal : firm muscles, resists
forced stretching
Single Pithed : less muscle tone and less
forelimb response
Double Pithed : no muscle tension and no
withdrawal
FLEXION-WITHDRAWAL REFLEX
FLEXION-WITHDRAWAL
REFLEX
Description
● Polysynaptic reflex
○ Reverberating circuit
○ Recruitment of motor neurons

● Protective reflexes
○ Protect the body from
nociceptic (harmful) stimuli
FLEXION-WITHDRAWAL
REFLEX
Stimulation:
● Noxious Stimuli
○ Pain
■ Mechanical pressure
○ Temperature
■ Exceeding 45 degrees
celsius or by severe cold
○ Chemicals
■ Highly acidic and irritants
FLEXION-WITHDRAWAL
REFLEX
Sense Organ:
● Nociceptors in skeletal
muscles ; free nerve
endings
○ Thermal (CMR1, CR1,VRL-1)
○ Mechanical
○ Chemical
FLEXION-WITHDRAWAL
REFLEX
Sensory Neuron:
● Type III or Aδ sensory
fibers; fast signaling
● Type IV or Group C sensory
fibers; slow signalling
FLEXION-WITHDRAWAL
REFLEX
Effector Neuron:
● ⍺ motor neurons
● β motor neurons
● motor neurons
FLEXION-WITHDRAWAL
REFLEX
Effector Organ
Skeletal Muscles
FLEXION-WITHDRAWAL
REFLEX
Response:
● Flexor Muscle Contraction
● Inhibition of extensor muscles
● Extension of the opposite limb

Toad Response
Normal : withdrawal of any limbs
Single Pithed : withdrawal of hindlimb
only
Double Pithed : no withdrawal of any limb
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR REFLEX
Clasping Behavior
Stimulus:

● Rubbing of the belly

● Sexual behavior during
mating season
● Prominent behavior in
males
Clasping Behavior
Sense Organ:

● Sternal skin
● Ventral surface of forelimbs

● Allows secretion of sex

hormones (i.e.
testosterone)
Clasping Behavior
Sensory Neuron:

● CNS hormone
concentrating sites
○ Posterior medulla
Clasping Behavior
Efferent Neurons:

● Motor nucleus of cranial

nerves IX-X (stimulated by
posterior medulla)
Clasping Behavior
Effector Organs:

● Flexor and extensor

muscles of the brachial arm
○ Antagonistic
● Flexor muscles overcome
extensor muscles
○ Flexor muscles are
closer to sternal skin
Clasping Behavior
Response

● “amplexus”
● Toad clasps onto object
● Prevents female from
moving too much
WIPE REFLEX
WIPE REFLEX
Stimulation:
● Tissue dipped in 15% acetic
acid was placed on the
abdominal area of the toad
WIPE REFLEX
Sense Organ:
● Nociceptors on the skin on
the back or abdomen of
toad
WIPE REFLEX
Sensory Neuron:
● Ventral Ramus
○ Innervates the skin of
the stomach/ abdomen
● Dorsal Ramus Retrieved from
○ Innervates the skin http://digital-world-medical-school.net/01.%20
Medical%20School/1.%201st/09.%20Regional
covering the back of the %20Gross%20Anatomy/04.%20Back/07.%20S
pinal%20Roots,%20Spinal%20Nerves,%20and
frog %20Rami/Spinal%20Roots,%20Spinal%20Nerv
es,%20and%20Rami.html
WIPE REFLEX
Effector Neuron:
● Motor neurons in the
Ventral ramus

Retrieved from
http://digital-world-medical-school.net/01.%20
Medical%20School/1.%201st/09.%20Regional
%20Gross%20Anatomy/04.%20Back/07.%20S
pinal%20Roots,%20Spinal%20Nerves,%20and
%20Rami/Spinal%20Roots,%20Spinal%20Nerv
es,%20and%20Rami.html
WIPE REFLEX
Effector Organ:
● Hindlimb of frog

Diagram of Frog, dorsal side Retrieved from

http://anatomyid.com/labeled-diagram-of-h
and-of-frog/
WIPE REFLEX
Response:
● Extension reflex action or
Flexion Reflex action of the
hindlimb

Diagram of Frog, dorsal side Retrieved from

http://anatomyid.com/labeled-diagram-of-h
and-of-frog/
REFLEX ACTION and TIME
Flexion-Withdrawal Reflex
FLEXION-WITHDRAWAL
REFLEX
Description
● Polysynaptic reflex
○ Reverberating circuit
○ Recruitment of motor neurons

● Protective reflexes
○ Protect the body from
nociceptic (harmful) stimuli
Reflex Action and
Time

Stimulation:
● Nociceptic stimuli: Addition
of HCl in increasing
concentrations
Reflex Action and
Time

Sensory Organ:
● Chemical nociceptors in the
skeletal muscle
Reflex Action and
Time

Chemical Nociceptors
● Acid Sensing Ion Channels (ASICs)
cation channels expressed principally
in neurons and that are activated by
protons.

● The sensitivity of ASICs to acidosis

and their distribution in primary
sensory neurons points to a
significant role of these channels in
acid nociception
Reflex Action and
Time

Chemical Nociceptors
● Higher extracellular proton
concentration outside the neurons
induces entry of protons causing
depolarization and firing of action
potentials
Reflex Action and
Time

Sensory Neuron:
● Dorsal Root Fibers
○ Aδ sensory fibers; fast
signaling
○ Group C sensory fibers;
slow signalling
○ Cell bodies are in the
dorsal root ganglion
Reflex Action and
Time

Effector Neuron:
● Ventral Root Fibers
○ ⍺ motor neurons
○ β motor neurons
○ motor neurons
Reflex Action and
Time

Effector Organ:
● Skeletal muscles in the
hindlimb
Reflex Action and
Time

Response:
● Flexor Muscle Contraction
● Inhibition of extensor muscles

Stronger nociceptic stimuli

(higher HCl concentration)
● stronger and faster reflex action
Reflex Action and
Time
Procaine
● inhibits the influx of sodium through
the voltage gated sodium channels
Inhibition of Sodium Influx
● prevents the development of an
action potential,
● inhibiting signal conduction and
prolonging the arrival of an action
potential inducing the flexor reflex
(withdrawal) action
● Increases threshold of reqquired
proton concentration for
depolarization
SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITIES
SPONTANEOUS
ACTIVITIES
Description
● Controlled by the Brain
● Destruction of brain (single or double
pith) results to a decrease or
cessation of spontaneous activities

Normal frog: capable of spontaneous

activity
Single Pithed Frog: cessation of
spontanenous activity
Double Pithed Frog: cessation of
spontaneous activity
SYNAPTIC FATIGUE
Synaptic fatigue
● Results in the temporary inability of neuron to fire
and transmit an input signal
● Caused by temporary depletion of synaptic vesicles
that houses neurotransmitters due to high frequency
neuronal stimulation
INHIBITION OF REFLEXES
Reflex Inhibition
● Interneurons
○ Located at the spinal cord and
some are at the brain
○ Damaging the interneurons in
that region will render the reflex
arc non-functional

● Afferent and Efferent Neurons

○ Severing the afferent and
efferent neurons will inhibit
reflex activity
Reflex Inhibition
● Interneurons
○ Located at the spinal cord and
some are at the brain
○ Damaging the interneurons will
render the reflex arc
non-functional

● Afferent and Efferent Neurons

○ Severing the afferent and
efferent neurons will inhibit
reflex activity
Reflex Inhibition
● Inhibitory Neurotransmitters of CNS on
Skeletal Muscles
○ Aminobutyricacid (GABA)
○ Serotonin
(5-hydroxy-tryptarnine)
○ Glycine
○ Dopamine

● Binding of inhibitory neurotransmitters

influence the postsynaptic neuron
balancing excitation and preventing
firing of action potentials via inhibiting
ion flow
Additional Notes on Inhibition
of Reflex Experiment
Reflex Inhibition
During the righting reflex, if you tie the
limbs of the toad and dorsally place the
frog on the board, what will happen to
the reflex time?

- Reflex time may slow down

- Limbs may be used in righting
reflexes (i.e. cat righting reflex)
- Without limbs, it resorts to other
means of movement which may not
be as efficient
Reflex Inhibition
Does placing NaCl on the optic lobe of
the toad affect reflex time of the left foot
in 0.3% HCl ? Why?

- “[there is] great loss of

reflex-irritability which is the uniform
result of stimulation with sodium
chloride the optic lobes or optic
thalami of the frog’s brain [...]”
(Setschenow, 1875)
- Stimulates the vagus nerve that http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.188
depresses reflex irritability 0.sp000081/pdf
Reflex Inhibition
Does removing the cerebral hemispheres
affect reflex time of the left foot in 0.3%
HCl? Why?

- Removal of cerebral hemispheres

may reduce normal motor functions
(motor cerebral cortex)
- Noted a “reversal in reflex reaction”
in guinea pigs (Brown, 1911)

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/expphysiol.1
911.sp000100/pdf
Reflex Inhibition
Does removing the optic lobe affect
reflex time of the left foot in 0.3% HCl?
Why?

- Removal of optic lobe may affect

visual sensations and may result to
blindness
- Reflex due to acid (which requires
motor functions) does not need this
portion of the brain, however.
TOAD RESPONSES
 Reflex/ Movement Normal toad Spinal toad Double-pithed toad

Resting Posture Upright, forelimbs and hindlimbs Forelimbs unresponsive and Spread flat on flat surface
flexed and supports body cannot support body, hindlimbs
flexed and supports body

Respiratory Rate 120 breaths per minute, lower floor of Irregular breathing, no Irregular breathing, no movement
mouth moves movement of nostrils and no of nostrils and no throat
throat oscillations oscillations

Righting Reflexes

a. toad turned over Rights itself via twisting of whole Remains on dorsal side, little to Remains on dorsal side, no
body, forelimb first, 1 second response no attempt to right itself occurs attempt to right itself occurs

b. toad turned around on a horizontal Stays upright and turns itself to a Little to no movement No movement
plane certain direction, resists spinning
movement

c. toad is turned till head lies on Stays upright and turns itself towards Little to no movement No movement
perpendicular plane the direction of a flat surface
Swimming Movements

a. Swimming behavior Alternate movement of forelimbs and Uncoordinated limb movements, No movement
kicking of hindlimbs on water, uses hind sinks
limbs to propel itself on water,
breaststroke style

b. Climbing behavior Uses forelegs to climb onto toad board Cannot climb up No climbing attempt

c. Righting movement in water Twists whole body, foreleg first, to right Unable to twist its body, dorsal No movement
itself to its swimming position side on water surface

Sight and Hearing Reflex

a. Blink/Protective Eye Reflex Closes eyelid as probe is put near and in Eyelid do not close No blink reflex
contact with eye

b. Auditory-Palpebral Reflex Jumps in response to proximal and loud No response to loud sound No auditory reflex
sound
Muscular Tension

a. Muscle Tonus Muscle is firm and resists forced Less muscle tonus and response No tension on its limbs,
stretching of limbs on forelimbs, normal resisting No withdrawal of limbs after
b. Limb Reflexes Limb resists forced stretching, returns response on hindlimbs stretching
resting bent position Forelimbs are not returned to
c. Extensor Reflex resting position, hindlimbs have
normal responses
d. Flexor Reflex

Jumping Behavior Uses hindlegs to propel itself forward Unable to jump Unable to jump
and, forelimbs are extended and pointed
backwards while in mid air, either
forelimb or belly will strike the ground
first

Pain Response/Flexion-Withdrawal Withdraws limb where pain is applied Withdrawal only happens on No flexion withdrawal response
Reflex hindlimb from pain
Response to Hot Water Withdraws left hindlimb after 3 Weaker withdrawal compared No withdrawal of hindlimb
seconds and 1 second for right hindlimb to normal condition, same reflex
time

Sexual Reflexes

a. Clasp Reflex Forelegs are drawn to medially to clasp No movement of forelegs for No clasping reaction
stroking finger clasping

b. Quieting Reflex Body becomes bloated Body becomes bloated No response

Wipe/Scratch Reflex Attempts to wipe off area where acetic Slower attempt to wipe off area No response
acid is applied, tries to remove paper where acetic acid is applied
with acid

Spontaneous Activity - - -
Thank you!