BLOOD

COMPOSITION, RED BLOOD CELL COUNT, AGGLUTINATION

REACTION, CLOTTING AND CLOTTING FACTORS, RESPIRATORY
PIGMENTS, BUFFER ACTION
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF TERMS

BLOOD PLASMA FORMED ELEMENTS

- Connective tissue - Aqueous portion of - Red blood cells

that transports the blood containing (erythrocytes), white
gases and nutrients dissolved nutrients, blood cells
to tissues of the electrolytes, (leukocytes) and
body albumins, platelets
fibrinogens and
- Homeostatic other regulatory
functions includes proteins
maintenance of
blood pH and
immune responses
DEFINITION OF TERMS

ANTIBODIES COAGULATION BLOOD PIGMENT

- Part of blood’s - Clotting of blood - Red due to

immunological during times of hemoglobin present
defense; naturally
wound occurrence in the blood which
acquired from previous contains an iron
infections molecule
- Due to fibrinogen
- Causes agglutination and platelet action
- Bind oxygen to
erythrocytes
FURTHER DISCUSSION OF BLOOD
COMPONENTS AND FUNCTION
- Erythrocytes are biconcave and function for oxygen and carbon dioxide
transport, made in the bone marrow (erythropoiesis)

- Leukocytes are either granulocytes (eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils) or

lymphocytes (T or B) that function for immunological defense

- Platelets help in blood clotting

- Antibodies cause blood agglutination or the clumping of blood cells

- Homeostatic functions include maintenance of body pH and temperature,

nitric oxide transport, immune responses, transport etc
GOAL OF THE TO PROFILE HUMAN BLOOD AND
ITS PROPERTIES, MAINLY

EXPERIMENT CLOTTING TIME AND BLOOD

PIGMENT
MATERIALS AND
METHODOLOGY
ABO BLOOD TYPING
- No longer performed experimentally

- Done through a survey based on past medical records and experiments

AGGLUTINATION AND DETERMINATION OF
CLOTTING TIME
STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3

DROP BLOOD ON A CHECK FOR FIBRIN RECORD TIME OF FIBRIN

SLIDE FORMATION EVERY FORMATION
MINUTE
TESTING FACTORS THAT AFFECT
COAGULATION

*NOTE: 7, 8, and 9 were mixed thoroughly and 1% Calcium Chloride was added
BLOOD PIGMENT
STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4

ADD 1% OBTAIN BLOOD ADD CARBON OBSERVE

SODIUM AND MIX DIOXIDE BY COLOR CHANGE
CITRATE TO CONTENTS OF BLOWING
TEST TUBE TEST TUBE THROUGH A
*note initial color STRAW
RESULTS
ABO BLOOD TYPE
COAGULATION
INCREASE IN
DEEP RED → BRIGHT RED
CO2
DISCUSSION
BLOOD CELL COUNT

● HEMOCYTOMETRY
BLOOD CELL COUNT

INFANT MALE FEMALE

8-10 x 10^6 cells/ cu mm 5.4 x 10^6 cells/ cu mm 4.8 x 10^6 cells/ cu mm

BLOOD CELL COUNT

● HIGH ALTITUDE
○ DECREASE IN PO2 IN THE LUNGS → HYPOXIA

● MUSCULAR EXERCISES

● EMOTIONAL CONDITIONS

● INCREASED ENVT TEMPERATURE

 POLYCYTHEMIA OLIGOCYTHEMIA
DECREASE IN RBC COUNT
INCREASE IN RBC COUNT
ABSOLUTE: decrease in
ABSOLUTE: due to RBC
count
production
RELATIVE: due to the
RELATIVE: due to the loss
increase in blood plasma
of body fluids
volume
 LEUKOCYTOSIS LEUKOPENIA

INCREASE IN WBC COUNT DECREASE IN WBC COUNT

Antigens and Antibodies
-the antigens in your blood cells are recognized by your immune system
as SELF antigens

-if foreign antigens are discovered in your body, ANTIBODIES will be made
AGGLUTINATION
-the clumping together in suspension of antigen-bearing cells or particles in the
presence of specific antibodies
-basis of classifying blood into different blood types
ABO BLOOD GROUP
RH FACTOR
-refers to the presence of the D antigen on the surface of the membrane of the
red blood cells
COAGULATION
- Blood loss is prevented by the process of coagulation

- Hemostatic process wherein a platelet plug forms to prevent further bleeding

- Network of fibers made up of fibrin trap additional RBCs and other platelets to
form a blood clot

- Thrombin was first converted to prothrombin in the presence of calcium ions

under the action of thromboplastin

- Simultaneously, in the presence of thrombin, fibrinogen is converted to fibrin

- Two pathways start the coagulation process: intrinsic and extrinsic

pathways.
FACTORS AFFECTING COAGULATION

* Von Williebrand factor -

carries of factor VIII, which
increases its half life
FACTORS AFFECTING COAGULATION
COTTON FIBERS PARRAFIN WAX EMPTY TEST TUBE

- simulates fibrin fibers -simulates undisturbed

- Negative charges in the
lining of blood cells
glass activate clotting
- surface area for
-slower rate factors
coagulation and
attachment - moderate rate

- faster rate
CONTINUOUS STIRRING
- longer clotting time
- decrease rate of coagulation
- when blood flow is reduced, coagulation rate increases

TEMPERATURE
-rate of blood coagulation increases until 40 degrees, decrease until 55 degrees,
no coagulation after that
- cold temperature → constrict → less blood loss
ANTICOAGULANTS
- HEPARIN

- blood thiner

- binds with antithrombin III, accelerating inactivation

- SODIUM OXALATE

- sequester calcium ions needed

- toxic, insoluble byproduct calcium oxalate

- SODIUM NITRATE

- sequester calcium ions needed

Increase clotting time:
- Deficiencies in vitamin K and other clotting factors
- Low fibrinogen
- Lupus inhibitors
- Trauma
Decrease clotting time:
- Cancer
- Inflammatory diseases
- Thrombosis
BLOOD PIGMENTS
● RESPIRATORY PIGMENTS

○ HEMOGLOBIN
■ Fe-containing protein; contains four heme group which can combine
with one oxygen molecule

○ HEMOCYANIN
■ Copper (Cu)-containing proteins; one hemocyanin molecule contains
two Cu atoms and can combine with one oxygen molecule
BLOOD PIGMENTS
● RESPIRATORY PIGMENTS

○ CLOROCRUORIN
■ contains Fe protein; one oxygen molecule combines with each of the
4 heme groups

○ HEMERYTHRIN
■ Iron (Fe)-containing protein; one hemerythrin molecule contains
several Fe atoms and each oxygen molecule can combine with 2 or
3 Fe atoms
BLOOD PIGMENTS

PIGMENT DEOXYGENATED OXYGENATED

HEMOGLOBIN DARK RED BRIGHT RED

HEMOCYANIN BLUE WHITE OR COLORLESS

HEMERYTHRIN BROWNISH PURPLE

CHLOROCRUORIN GREEN GREEN

HEMOGLOBIN
● CONTAINS IRON-CONTAINING PORPHYRIN PROSTHETIC
GROUPS CALLED HEMES ASSOCIATED WITH A
TETRAMERIC PROTEIN
HEMOGLOBIN-OXYGEN AFFINITY
● ELEVATED TEMPERATURE

● ORGANIC PHOSPHATE LIGANDS

● DECREASE IN PH

● INCREASE IN CO2
INCREASE IN
CO2 BRIGHT RED → DEEP RED
THEORETICAL
INCREASE IN PCO2
● DECREASE IN PH

○ + WATER → CARBONIC ACID

● CARBAMINO COMPOUNDS

○ -NH2 GROUPS
BLOOD BUFFER SYSTEM
● pH 6.8 - 8.0

● NEUTRALIZATION OF EXCESS ACIDS AND BASES

● PROTEIN PLASMA BUFFER

○ amine groups and carboxyl groups attached in the amino acids

● PHOSPHATE BUFFER

○ linked to the production of urine

● BICARBONATE BUFFER
CONCLUSION