BLOOD

By Dr. Manal Said

What is blood
 It is a red fluid contained in the
blood vessels and is pumped around
the body by the heart.

 Blood delivers necessary substances

to the body's cells — such as
nutrients and oxygen — and
transports waste products away
from those same cells.

 8% of total body weight

 Average volume of 5 liters in
woman and 5.5 liters in men.
Constituents of blood
Fluid=plasma Fluid part "plasma Cellular elements
55% of blood volume 45% of blood volume
Red blood cells
platelets
Cells
White blood cells

Erythrocytes

platelets

WBCs
 PLASMA

 It is the fluid portion

of blood.
Fluid=plasma
 Volume: 3.500 ml in a
70 Kg man (about 5%
of body weight).
 Colour: Yellow.
 pH: 7.4
Plasma composition
 1- water: 90% of the plasma
 2- plasma proteins
 3- inorganic constituents:1% as (Na+, Cl- , HCO3- ,
K+, Ca2+, Mg+ and others).
 remaining 2%
 4-Nutrients e.g. glucose, amino acids, lipids and
vitamins.
 5-Dissolved gases (O2 and CO2).
 6-Hormones.
 7-Waste products e.g. creatinine, bilirubin and
nitrogenous substances as urea.
Q1:What is serum
 It is the fluid remaining
after whole blood clots
and the clot is removed.
 Plasma ( ) clotting
factors
 The same composition as
plasma except that its
fibrinogen and clotting
factors II, V and VIII are
removed.
  
 Q2: What are the main plasma proteins

 Total plasma proteins 6-8 gm%

Albumin Globulin Fibrinogen Others
-Prothrombin
concentration 4-4.5 gm/dl 2.5 gm/dl 0.3 g/dl -clotting
factors
types - α1, α2,β1,β2 and -Hormones
γ globulins
Synthesis site liver α1, α2,β1,β2 : liver liver
liver

γ globulins:
lymphocytes

Size Very small large Large (400,000

(69,000 Da) Da)
function Osmotic viscosity Viscosity
 Q3:Functions of plasma proteins
 1- Production of effective osmotic pressure:
 Effective osmotic pressure regulates the passage
of water and diffusible solutes through the capillary
wall
 And maintain blood volume and interstitial fluid
volume constant.

What is the effective osmotic pressure?

How tissue fluid is formed?

 What shares in plasma osmolarity?

Main contributors:
1- Nacl (Main cation in ECF)
(crystalloids)
Nacl Plasma
proteins
Small contributors :
1- glucose
Nacl diffuse through E
3- proteins (colloids)
capillary wall C
What is the importance of plasma F
proteins in plasma osmolarity? Nacl ---------

Plasma proteins due to their relatively large

molecular size do not diffuse through the Not effective effective
capillary wall.

So, plasma proteins exert osmotic pressure

called the colloid osmotic pressure or the
effective osmotic pressure
cell
- Its value is 25mmHg
 Tissue fluid formation
(passage of water through the capillary wall)

Hydrostatic pressure Effective

Hydrostatic pressure
Effective (capillary pressure at Osmotic
(capillary pressure at
Osmotic arterial end 35 mmHg pressure
venous end 15mmHg
pressure (25mmHg
(25mmHg

filtration
Absorption
Tissue fluid

CELL
Hydrostatic pressure=filtering force osmotic pressure=absorbing force
Clinic
al poi
nt
Hypoproteinemia
 In liver diseases
 No plasma proteins
 Decrease fluid
absorption
 Increase tissue filtration
 Accumulation of fluid in
abdomen= Ascites
 Accumulation of fluid in
lower limb=lower limb
oedema
Q3:Functions of plasma proteins

2-Viscosity:
-Blood is 5 times viscid as
water
-Large plasma proteins as
globulin, fibrinogen
shares by 40% in viscosity
-Viscosity determines
peripheral resistance and
diastolic blood pressure
Q3:Functions of plasma proteins
 3- Clotting factor: as fibrinogen

 4- Defense as: gamma globulin

 5- Carrier: carry lipophilic substances as some hormones,

metals as iron, fatty acids
 6- carry carbon dioxide
 7-Buffering function:15% of the buffering capacity of the
blood.
 Protein reserve: can be used by the tissues for their protein
metabolism
Summary
 Serum is plasma without clotting factors
 Total plasma proteins 6-8 gm%
 All proteins are synthesized in liver except γ globulins in
lymphocytes
 Albumin: osmotic pressure
 Globulin: viscosity, immunity
 Fibrinogen: viscosity, clotting factor
 Prothrombin: clotting factor
 Liver disease: albumin decreases, no osmotic pressure,
fluid is not absorbed into the capillary, fluid leaves the
capillaries and go to the tissues leading to oedema