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 Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

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 Meeting between 2 or
more bones to allow
movements.

Study of joints:-
arthrology

Joints are classified according to the

connecting elements between the
articulating bones.

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 Fibrous

Types of
joints

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 Fibrous Synovial
‫الليفية‬ ‫الزاللية‬
Cartilaginous
‫الغضروفية‬
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 The bones are*
connected by fibrous
tissue with little or no
.movements

Syndesmosis Suture Gomphosis

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•Between skull bones.
•No or very little
movement.
•Ossify by age.

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 ‫وتدى‬ Maxilla

Mandible

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 Periodontal
ligament

Root of tooth
In sockets

Gomphosis:-
•Joint between a tooth and its socket in a bone.
•The tooth and the bone are connected by
periodontal ligament(fibrous)
•Movement at this joint is a pathological
condition.
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•Joint between tibia and
fibula & between radius
and ulna.
•Connected by
interosseous ligament or
interosseous membrane.
•Slightly movable.

.N.B ‫المرتبط‬
Inferior tibiofibular
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 Gomphosis

Syndesmosis Suture

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 Primary
The bones Secondary
are connected either by hyaline
cartilaginous
-: or cartilaginous
fibrocartilage, there are 2 types
joints joints

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 1ry cartilaginous
joint

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 Primary cartilaginous
joint
•Bones are united by
hyaline cartilage.
•e.g. epiphyseal plate.
•They allow no
movement.
•The joint ossifies at a
certain age.

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 Secondary
cartilaginous joints

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 Secondary
cartilaginous joints
•The articular surfaces
are covered by hyaline
cartilage.
•The bones are united by
fibrocartilage.
•They are present in the
median plane of the body.
•The range of movement
is limited.

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Types of
joints

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 Structure of
Synovial joints

Capsule

N.B. Synovial= ‫زالل&ى‬

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 Meniscus
(‫)غضروف هالل&ى‬

Disc
Intra-articular
structures
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 The articulating bones are*
covered with hyaline
.cartilage
They are separated by*
.joint cavity
The joint cavity is*
surrounded by fibrous
.capsule

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 The capsule is lined with*
synovial membrane that
secrets synovial fluid to
.facilitate movement
The joint is supported by*
.fibrous ligaments
The joint cavity may*
contain intra-articular
.structures
.They allow free movement*

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 Uniaxial joints

Types of
Biaxial joints
Synovial
joints

Multi-axial
joints
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 Uniaxial
joints Humerus ‫رزية‬

Hinge joint-1
e.g. elbow joint

Radius
Ulna

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 Uniaxial joints
2-Pivot joint

Bony pivot ‫محور‬surrounded

by a bony ring.

ULNA

Radius

e.g. Atlanto-axial joint

e.g.radioulnar joint

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 Biaxial joints

1-Bicondylar
joint

Temporomandibular J.

Knee joint
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 Biaxial joints
2-Ellipsoid
joint

e.g. Wrist joint.

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 Biaxial joints 2 concavo-
convex surfaces
3-Saddle joint
e.g.carpometacarpal
joint of thumb

‫سرجية‬

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 Multi-axial joints
Ball &socket

e.g. hip joint

e.g. shoulder joint

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 Radius
Plane ulna

Joints

‫مستوية‬

e.g. carpal
joints

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• Uniaxial joints :- hinge-pivot.
• Biaxial joints :- ellipsoid –saddle-
bicondylar.
• Multi-axial :-
I. all & socket.e.g.hip and shoulder
joints.
II.Plane.
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 Shape of the
articular bones

. Ligaments

Tone of the muscles

around the joint

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 Striated &
Involuntary

Striated &
Voluntary

Non striated &

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 Skeletal muscles
•Skeletal muscles form the
main bulk of our bodies.
( form 50% of B.W.)
•They represent the red flesh
of the body
• They are under the control
of the will ( Voluntary )
• They produce movements
of the skeleton.

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 Skeletal muscles

•They are called striated

because microscopically, they
show alternating light and dark
bands.

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A. Parallel fibers C. Spiral
B. Oblique fibers

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 flat Fusiform
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 Flat:- short or long

Fusiform

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 Unipennate Bipennate Multipennate 2.Triangular
Circumpennate
‫محيطية الريش‬
1.Pennate (feather like)
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Unipennate
54 Bipennate Multipennate
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 Circumpennate
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 Temporalis

Oblique
(triangular)
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 Spiral Muscles

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A. Parallel fibers C. Spiral
I. Flat
II. Fusiform

B. Oblique fibers
I. Triangular
II. Pennate

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The proximal attachment of the muscle is called origin while
the distal attachment is called insertion. A muscle can act
from either its origin or insertion according to the needed
movement. Examples are the muscles of the limbs. They are
.characterized by rapid contraction

-:Attachment may be to
I.Bones& cartilage.
II.Skin& mucous
membrane.
III.Other muscle or
ligaments.

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 1. By tendon : the tendon is a long fibrous cord.
e.g. Tendocalcaneus.
2. By Aponeurosis : the Aponeurosis is a flat
fibrous
3. sheet. e.g. Aponeurosis of external abdominal
oblique.
4. By raphe : the raphae is a fibrous band
separates flesh muscles from each other. e.g.
pharyngeal muscles.
5. By fleshy fibers : e.g. popliteus
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 Aponeurosis

Tendon

Raphe

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By fleshy fibers
popliteus

Raphe

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1. Prime Mover( Agonist)
2. Synergist. ‫ال متأزره‬
3. Antagonist. ‫ا لمضاده‬

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The prime movers : are the muscles that initiate.1
.the movement; they are also called the agonist

The antagonist : are the muscles that produce the .2

.opposite action of the agonist

Synergists: muscles that assist the prime movers .3

.in action and control any unwanted movement

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 Gluteus Deltoid
maximus

Triceps

Rectus femoris

Lower limb Upper limb

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 The Skin

.The largest organ in the body*

Its thickness ranges from 1.5-*
.4.0 mm
It contains sweat & sebaceous*
.glands

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 Types of the
skin
Thin skin

Thick skin

Feet
Palm

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 Nerve supply of
the skin

Somatic sensory supply:-

.carries sensations

Autonomic nerve
supply:- to glands, blood
vessels & smooth
muscle connected to the
.hair follicle

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 Skin

Superficial
Subcutaneous
fascia tissue

Deep fascia

Muscle

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 Superficial fascia

Deep fascia

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• Present under the skin.
• Formed of areolar tissue & fat.
• Contains vs.& nerves of the skin.
• May contain muscles.
• Well developed in lower part of anterior abdominal
wall and limbs.
• Very thin on dorsum of hand & neck.
• The fat in this fascia……. Keeps the body temp. And
gives the body its rounded contour.
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 Thin superficial
fascia

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 No fat in superficial fascia

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• Lies under the superficial fascia.
• It is thin, dense & strong membrane.
• It clothes the muscles. It forms a tight sheath
around a limb.
• It sends septa to separate different muscle
groups.
• It may be absent !
• It keeps underlying structures in position.

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 Thin membranes , enclosing
spaces which contain little
.amount of serous fluid

Peritoneum

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 Pericardium

Pleura

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 Bursa

Testis

Tunica vaginalis

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 Synovial sheath

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Which of the following planes divide the
body into anterior and posterior parts ?
a.Median plane.
b.Coronal plane.
c.Transverse plane.
d.Paramedian plane.
e.Sagittal plane.

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All are long bones,except:

a.Humerus.
b.metacarpals.
c.Clavicle.
d.Radius.
e.Carpal bones.

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All the following bones are parts of
axial skeleton,except:
a. Clavicle.
b. Mandible.
c. Sternum.
d. Ribs.
e. Vertebrae.

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Growth of bone in length is due to
activity of :

a.Epiphysis.
b.Diaphysis.
c.Metaphysis.
d.Epiphyseal plate.
e.Periosteum.

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 • Which joints are fibrous joints :-
a- sutures.
b- syndesmosis.
c- hip.
d- All of the above.
e- A & B

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A joint between tooth and its bony
socket is:
a.Sutures.
b.Synovial.
c.Gomphosis.
d.Syndesmosis.
e.Symphysis.

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An example of 2ary cartilagenous
joint is :
a.Shoulder.
b.Knee.
c.Hip.
d.Intervertebral disc.
e.Inferior tibio-fibular joint.

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