SULFUR REDUCTION IN OCEAN

Sulfur reduction constitutes as the major part of the sulfur cycle in

ocean. Sulfur cycle can be coined as a collective process by which
sulphur moves between rocks waterways and especially living
organisms. This process has existed on Earth since the beginning of
life. Such process is essential as they affect many minerals and also to
marine organisms as sulfur being a constituent of many proteins and
its oxidants or reductants can be used in microbial respiration.

Sulfur reduction is a process where sulfate is reduced to sulfide.

Sulfate can be reduced either bacterially or inorganically termed as
bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR) and thermochemical sulfate
reduction (TSR) respectively. The main products and processes for
both the processes is very similar. For both, the products or by-
products are as follows: H2S, CO2, carbonates, elemental sulfur and
metal sulfides. However there is difference in the two processes. In
BSR the main reactants are organic compounds and bacteria which
turns sulfate into sulfide whereas for the TSR it is branched n-alkanes.
Temperatures for both the process also differs as BSR happens at 0-
80°C whereas TSR happens around 100–140°C. BSR occurs in
shallow depths and also in oceans, seas and other sedimentary
environments whereas TSR occurs at reservoirs. Approximately, 10%
(of the total gas) of H2S is produced in BSR settings, whereas 90% of
the H2S is produced in TSR settings. Since we are talking about
reduction in ocean BSR is the process for such reduction. The sulfur
cycle of marine sediments is primarily driven by the dissimilatory
sulfate reduction (DSR) to sulfide by anaerobic microorganisms. This
process links the complex food web of organic matter degradation to
the terminal organic carbon oxidation to CO2. Most of the sulfide is
ultimately reoxidized back to sulfate, via diverse sulfur intermediates,
by geochemical or microbial reactions that involve oxygen, nitrate,
manganese and other potential oxidants.
Fig. Process of sulfur reduction in marine.

Organic matter deposited on the seafloor provides food for the benthic
communities, either at the sediment surface or upon burial into the
sediment layers below. Oxygen is available for respiration and
chemical reactions near the surface and through faunal burrows.
Beneath this mixed surface zone, marine sediments constitute an
anoxic world inhabited by anaerobic microorganisms. These
subsurface organisms become increasingly sparse with depth, yet they
account for half of all microbial cells in the ocean. Their energy
source in most of the seabed is the buried organic matter, which they
oxidize to CO2 and inorganic nutrients. Due to the high concentration
of sulfate in seawater (28 mm at an ocean salinity of 35), sulfate
generally penetrates meters down into the seabed and supplies the
sulfate reducing microorganisms (SRM) with an electron acceptor for
their respiration. As the sediment ages with increasing burial depth
beneath the seafloor, the remaining organic matter becomes steadily
more refractory to microbial degradation. The time-course of organic
matter degradation in the sediment, and thus of sulfate reduction rates
(SRR), can be described by the sum of several exponential decay
functions relating to different organic matter components, each of
which is being degraded by first-order kinetics. The sum of many
such functions may be modelled as a reactive continuum or may
empirically be described by a power law function. The latter does not
have a conceptual basis similar to the reactive continuum but was
found to describe experimental data on organic matter degradation
rates and rate constants over a broad time interval from days to
thousands of years.

References:
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_cycle
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6492693/
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