TYPE OF JOINTS

What is a joint

 A site where two or more bones come

together, whether or not movement occurs
between them, is called a joint.
 Structural classification
Based on type of connecting tissue and presence or
absence of joint cavity:

1. Fibrous: composed of intervening fibrous tissue with no

joint cavity. Immovable or slightly movable.

2. Cartilaginous: articulating bones are united by cartilage

(hyaline or fibrocartilage) with no joint cavity.

3. Synovial: articulating bones are separated by a fluid-

filled joint cavity.
Fibrous Joints
 The articulating surfaces of the bones are joined
by fibrous tissue and thus very little movement is
possible.

 The sutures of the vault of the skull and the

inferior tibiofibular joints are examples of fibrous
joints.
Cartilaginous Joints
 Cartilaginous joints can be divided into two
types:
 Primary cartilaginous joint is one in which

the bones are united by a plate or a bar of

hyaline cartilage.
 Thus, the union between the epiphysis and the
diaphysis of a growing bone, that between the
costochondral joints and the manubrium sterni are
examples of such a joint. No movement is
possible
 Synovial joint -
plane

Primary
cartilaginous joint
Synovial joint -
plane

Primary
cartilaginous joint
Primary
cartilaginous joint

Synovial joint –
plane

Hyaline cartilage
 A secondary cartilaginous joint is one in which the
bones are united by a plate of fibrocartilage and the
articular surfaces of the bones are covered by a thin
layer of hyaline cartilage.
 Examples are the joints between the vertebral bodies and the
symphysis pubis.
 A small amount of movement is possible.
Cartilaginous joints
1.Primary (Synchondroses)

2.Secondary (Symphyses)
Synovial Joints

 The articular surfaces of the bones are

covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage
separated by a joint cavity.

 This arrangement permits a great degree of

freedom of movement.
 The cavity of the joint is lined by synovial
membrane, which extends from the margins
of one articular surface to those of the other.
 The synovial membrane is protected on the
outside by a tough fibrous membrane
referred to as the capsule of the joint.
 The articular surfaces are lubricated by a
viscous fluid called synovial fluid, which
is produced by the synovial membrane.
 In certain synovial joints, for example, in the
knee joint, discs or wedges of fibrocartilage
are interposed between the articular surfaces
of the bones. These are referred to as
articular discs
 The degree of movement in a synovial joint is
limited by the shape of the bones
participating in the joint, the coming together
of adjacent anatomic structures (e.g., the
thigh against the anterior abdominal wall on
flexing the hip joint), and the presence of
fibrous ligaments uniting the bones.

 Most ligaments lie outside the joint capsule,

but in the knee some important ligaments, the
cruciate ligaments, lie within the capsule.
 Synovial joints can be classified according to
the arrangement of the articular surfaces
and the types of movement that are
possible
Plane joints
 In plane joints, the apposed articular surfaces
are flat or almost flat, and this permits the
bones to slide on one another.

 Examples of these joints are the

sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints.
Ball-and-socket joints
 In ball-and-socket joints, a ballshaped head
of one bone fits into a socketlike concavity
of another.
 This arrangement permits free movements,
including flexion, extension, abduction,
adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation,
and circumduction.
 The shoulder and hip joints are good
examples of this type of joint
Hinge joints

 Hinge joints resemble the hinge on a door,

so that flexion and extension movements are
possible.

 Examples of these joints are the elbow, knee,

and ankle joints.
Pivot joints

 In pivot joints, a central bony pivot is

surrounded by a bony–ligamentous ring,and
rotation is the only movement possible.
 The atlantoaxial and superior radioulnar joints
are good examples
Ellipsoid / Gliding joints

 In ellipsoid joints, an elliptical convex

articular surface fits into an elliptical concave
articular surface.
 The movements of flexion, extension,
abduction, and adduction can take place, but
rotation is impossible.

 The wrist joint is a good example

Saddle joints
 In saddle joints, the articular surfaces are
reciprocally concavoconvex and resemble a
saddle on a horse’s back.
 These joints permit flexion, extension,
abduction, adduction, and rotation.
 The best example of this type of joint is the
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.
Condyloid joints

 Condyloid joints have two distinct

convex surfaces that articulate with two
concave surfaces.
 The movements of flexion, extension,
abduction, and adduction are possible
together with a small amount of rotation.
 The metacarpophalangeal joints or
knuckle joints are good examples
Functions of the components of the
synovial joints
 Synovial cavity allows a joint to be freely movable
 Ligaments hold bones together in a synovial joint
 Articular Capsule
 A sleeve-like capsule encloses the synovial cavity
 The articular capsule is composed of two layers
 an outer fibrous capsule
 an inner synovial membrane
 Synovial Fluid
 The synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid
 Functions to reduce friction by:
 lubricating the joint
 absorbing shocks
 supplying oxygen and nutrients to the cartilage
 removing carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from the cartilage
Embryology

 Joints, comprising bones and connective

tissue, are embryologically derived from
mesenchyme.
 The bones either develop directly through
intramembranous ossification or indirectly
through endochondral ossification.
 During direct development, the
mesenchymal cells differentiate into bone-
producing cells.
 During indirect development, the
mesenchymal cells first differentiate into
hyaline cartilage, which is then gradually
displaced by bone.
 The connective tissue of the joint arises from
the mesenchymal cells between the
developing bones.
Factors Affecting Contact and Range for Motion at
Synovial Joints
 Arrangement and tension of the muscles
 Muscle tension reinforces the restraint placed on a joint by its
ligaments , and thus restricts movement
 Contact of soft parts
 The point at which one body surface contacts another may
limit mobility
 Movement be restricted by the presence of adipose tissue
 Hormones
 Flexibility may also be affected by hormones
 Relaxin increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis and
loosens the ligaments between the sacrum and hip bone
toward the end of pregnancy
 Disuse
 Movement may be restricted if a joint has not been used for an
extended period
Structures Associated with the
Synovial Joint
 Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs
 Lined with synovial membranes
 Filled with synovial fluid
 Not actually part of the joint
 May or may not communicate with the joint
cavity
 Tendon sheath
 Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
Clinical Forms of Arthritis
 Osteoarthritis
 Most common chronic arthritis
 Probably related to normal aging processes
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 An autoimmune disease – the immune
system attacks the joints
 Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation
of certain joints
 Often leads to deformities
Aging and Joints

 Aging
 May result in decreased production of synovial fluid
 The articular cartilage becomes thinner
 Ligaments shorten and lose some of their flexibility
 Osteoarthritis is partially age-related
 Stretching and aerobic exercises are helpful in
minimizing the effects of aging
 Help to maintain the effective functioning of
ligaments, tendons, muscles, synovial fluid, and
articular cartilage
Valgus & Varus deformity

 A valgus deformity is a condition in which the

bone segment distal to a joint is angled
outward, that is, angled laterally, away from
the body's midline.
 The opposite deformation, where the twist or
angulation is directed medially, toward the
center of the body, is called varus.
Arthroplasty - a surgical procedure to restore the
function of a joint
Arthroscopy
 It’s a procedure for diagnosing and
treating joint problems. A surgeon inserts a
narrow tube attached to a fiber-optic video
camera through a small incision — about the
size of a buttonhole
Joint Dislocation
 A dislocation is a separation of two bones
where they meet at a joint.
Joint position sense
 The ability of a person to perceive a
presented joint angle.
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