By

Prof.Dr. Seham Hassan

 Intended Learning
L Outcomes
O
By the end of this lecture , the student will be able to:
 Define a joint .

 Classify the joints according to structure (fibrous,

cartilaginous and synovial ).
 List the sub-classification of each type .
 Describe the construction of synovial joints.
 Locate different types of joints in the body.
 Recognize the Factors of the stability of joints
Definition of a Joint
It is the site of meeting
between 2 or more bones or
between a bone & cartilage
to allow movements.
According to their structure (connecting
elements between the articulating bones):
1- Fibrous ( Synarthroses): immovable
2- Cartilaginous:
Allow limited movements.
3- Synovial ( Diarthroses): are freely
movable joints
 They are classified according to the tissue between the
articulating bones into.

Fibrous joint Cartilagenous joint Synovial

joint.

Primary Secondary
 1-Fibrous joints
The articular surfaces are connected by
strong fibrous tissue.
No movements are permitted.
Types of fibrous joint

Sutures(ossifies
Sutures with age)
The 2 opposing bones are connected by sutural ligament
Syndesmosis (do not ossify)
It usually allows slight movement
 Gomphosis(do
Gomphosis not ossify)
It is a peg-and-socket joint to fix teeth in their alveolar
sockets.
 2- cartilaginous joints

Primary cartilaginous jointSecondary cartilaginous j

( Symphysis)

Immobile, &the bones are The bones are covered by

united by hyaline cartilage hyaline cartilage &united by
&ultimately ossifies
fibrocartilage. Ossifies rarely,
and found in midline joints
Primary cartilaginous joint

Ri
bs
Epiphyseal plate

Does not permit movement.

Ossifies with age.
Secondary cartilaginous joint

Vertebral
Body

Vertebral
Body

Midline joints
Symphysis Menti
(In fetal mandible)
Symphysis Pubis

Midline joints
 Synovial Joints
Characteristics of the joint:
•The joint is surrounded by fibrous
capsule.
Synovial
•The articular surfaces are covered by membrane

hyaline cartilage.
•Synovial membrane lines the fibrous
capsule and the non articular bony
parts.
Synovial
•The joint has a cavity filled with fluid

synovial fluid for facilitating

•Accessory
supporting
ligaments may be
present either
outside the joint
or inside it.

•The Joint cavity

may contain intra-
articular
fibrocartilagenous
structures:
a) menisci

menisci
 Intracapsular cartilagenous structure:

b) Articular discs. c)Labrum

•Tendons pass within the
capsule of the joint e.g.
tendon of long head of biceps
Into 3 types according to:
•The number of axes along which
the movements occur.
•Each type is subdivided according
to The shape of articular surfaces.
Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial
 Hinge joints Pivot joints
Occurs along Occurs along
a horizontal axis a vertical axis
 Pivot joint
bony pivot & ring of bone
resemble the hinge of the door and ligament
 Ellipsoid Saddle joints Bicondylar joints
(condloid) joints
Concavo-convex
A condyle articulate
surface articulates
with an
with a Convex
ellipticaldepression
concave one
Condyloid joint Saddle joint
(Carpometacarpal of the thumb)
Bicondylar joints
Plane joint:
formed of flat gliding
surfaces. They permit
slight movement in all
directions
e.g. Acromi- clavicular
joints & between
carpal bones.
1- Tone of the surrounding Muscles.

2- Capsule & the strength

of ligaments.

3- Shape of articular bones.

(The contractile element of the body
responsible for movement)
 Intended Learning
L Outcomes
O
By the end of this lecture , the student will be able to:

•Identify different types of muscles: skeletal, smooth

& cardiac.
• Recognise the arrangement of muscle fibers in
skeletal muscles.
• Recognise the different ways of attachment of
skeletal muscles
 The muscles are 3 types:

•Cardiac muscles
•Skeletal muscles.
•Smooth muscles.
Cardiac muscle Involuntary
controlled by
autonomic
Smooth muscle nervous system

voluntary
Skeletal muscle
controlled by
(aka striped or
somatic nervous
striated muscle)
system
 They form about 50% of body weight
They produce movements of the skeleton
 Origin

N.B. In contraction, the

insertion approximate
the origin.
insertion
According to the arrangement of the
muscle fibers in skeletal muscles:
(1-Parallel fibers)
1- Parallel fibers
1-Strap (Sartorius).

2-Fusiform (Biceps).

3-Quadrate (Quadratus femoris).

2- Oblique fibers:
fibers
b)Triangular
a)Pennate
2-Oblique fibers
1- Unipennate (Flexor pollicis longus).

2- Bipennate (Rectus femoris)

3- Multipennate (Deltoid)
4- Circumpennate(Tibialis
anterior):: Muscle fibers surround a
central tendon
 Tibialis anterior.

Dorsal
Interossei

Bipennate
b- Triangular (Temporalis).
5-Spiralized Temporalis
(supinator, trapezius)
By tendon By fleshy fibers
By raphe By aponeurosis
 Action of Muscles
1- Prime movers ( Agonist)
are responsible for initiation of particular movement
2- Antagonists (Opponents)
Muscle which oppose the prime movers.

3- Synergists
Muscles that assist the prime movers
and control the undesired movements.
The connective tissue covering of
muscles:
1-Epimysium: covering the entire
muscle.
2-Perimysium: covering each bundle
of the muscle.
3-Endomysium: covering each fibre
of the muscle.
Smooth ms
In the wall of of the blood vessels
&viscera
e.g.. Gastrointestinal T.

spindle- shape with large central, single nu

Cardiac muscles
They are striated
involuntary
muscles that form
the myocardium of
the heart