Circulatory system

Heart

Wall of the heart consist of 3

major layer
:* endocardium : inner =
-1hm endothelium -1
supporting CT

{
.

middle =

myo layer of smooth

elastic muscle .
+ CT

outer sub endocardial that with

:
layer CT =

merged the

myocardium cardiac muscle

.
fibers that modred
this
for impulse
conducting -

are also located in

layer .

*
myocardium :* The thickest layover .

consist of muscle
*
mainly cardiac . c spiral arrangements
* thicker in the ventricles .

caspecihly left )
lubricant fluid to
secret prevent
Friction .

mesothelium
simple by
CT
* epicardium :
* squamous supported loose

containing blood vessels and nerves .

* vicent layer of pericardium

* parietal layer lining the pericardium .

* deposit of adipose tissue .

the heart
Cardiac skeleton :* Dense irregular CT :
basically anywhere in .

functions Anchoring the heart valves

* : 1 . and
supporting .

2-
Providing insertions for cardiac muscles .

electrical insulation
coordinate the heartbeat Acting
3.
Helping .
l
between atria and ventricles )
Conducting system of the heart

within the subendocardial and

* layer adjacent myocardium .

* modified cardiac muscle cells cnot n e rve,

*
generate and propagates wave of deportation .

consist of
*
sinoatrial node CSA node
, pacemaker)
the atrial wall the
located in
right near
superior cava

(
* ve n a .

* mass of cardiac muscle cells with smaller sizes .

fewer myotibrils .

fewer intercalated disk .

-1
atrioventricular node CAV node , )
* located in the floor of the right atrium near the AV valve

(
I
AV bundle lot his / →

-
I

network
↑

'

sub endocardial conducting .

* usually called Purkinje fibers .

pale fibers larger than adjacent contractile fibers

staining
.

* -

* with sparse myotibrils and much glycogen .

* Nerves of the heart :

cells present
syn pathetic
the
parasympathetic nerve in
* and

region near the SA and AV nodes .

* Afferent free nerve

ending presents between
 Tissue of the vascular wall .

Epithelium
* :
specialized epithelium
* : acts as
semipermeable barrier between blood and interstitial fluid .

elongated with the toward the flow

* =
squamous .

polygonal .

long axis

of blood .

* : presents a
nouthromboyenic surface , control local blood clot .

vascular tone and blood flow by secreting

* =

regulate
endothelin 1 ACE : to stimulate contraction
,

of smooth muscle .

{ No
,

to stimulate relaxation of smooth muscle

, pwstacydin = .

* =
Important for information and local immune
response .

in venules ,
it induce WBC to undergo twinsendothelial
migration .cat site of injury or infection)

P -
selectin is expressed rapidity on the luminal surface

Weibel with
when -
Palate bodies ( elongated granules ] fuse

cell membrane CP - selectin B for activate the white blood cell .

)
.

endothelial cells also secretes interleukin ,

affect local WBC
darning information .

of WBC and cells for

* -
secretes growth factors ( including proteins for proliferation
vascular wall I

1- VEGF :* stimulate vesculogenesis Coronation of vescular from embryonic mesenchyme .

from
* promote angiogenesis
l
promote capillary sprouting and outgrowth
vessels
existing .

both stimulate endothelial cell to recruit smooth muscle

2.
Anyeopoietins : in
process ,

and fibroblast form the other tissue of the vascular wall

to
.

Smooth Muscle Fibers :* occur in the walls of all vessels larger than
capillaries .

* arrange helically in
layers .

* In arterioles : connected gap by junctions .

and
permit
the blood
vasoconstriction / vasodilation to regulate pressure .
Connective Tissue
fibers :* found sub endothelial layer between smooth muscle layer
1-
Collagen in . .

and the outer

in
covering .

to expand
2. Elastic fibers : *
provide the
resiliency needed for vessels .

* major component in
large arteries .

lamitlae
* forms in
large arteries .

Wall of small and

artery rems . (3 tunica )

endothelium subeudottelirl layer smooth muscle

Intima :* +
of loose CT + sometimes
fibers
.
.

include internal elastic lamma ethm layer composed of elastin

* in
artery : .

with holes better diffusion

.

allowing .

Media concentric smooth muscle

:
* chiefly of layer of helically arranged .

* ela-ti-ibe.es/iamilaeIa-ibeb.pw-eyyans interposed between

smooth
the muscle cells he> produced by
cells
.

muscle
Thicker Artery
.

* in

Adventitia mostly consist of I elastic fibers

CT
collagen
+
:* .

continues and bounded to the witch the blood vessels

*
organs
run .

* contain Vasu ✓usorum vessels of vessels ) , large veins

usually have mote .

* contain vasomotor nerve ( unmyelinated autonomic 1 ,

release vesoconstrictor
norpihephrme .
Arteries usually have more

* Thicker m Years .
Vasculature .

branch
Elastic arteries .
* : aorta .

pulmonary artery +
largest .

blood to small arteries

carry
-

* :

* : also called conducting arteries .

* : Thick tunica media in wich elastic lammae alternate with layers

{ of smooth muscle fibers .

A lot of reticular fiber

developed with smooth muscle cells
.

Tunica intima well

* is
many
=
,

in the sub endothelial connective tissue

.

* : Internal elastic lamina is located between intima and the media .

* :
the adventitia is much thinner than the dediu .

* =

press
the blood after ventricle relax to maintain the uniform blood
endothelia flow
cells
* Atherosclerosis .
1 :

ti
distinctionat
oxidizing LDLS .

2 :

fatty streaks :
foam cells [ lipids filled micro
phages )
ti accumulated with tree LDLS .

3 :
fibro fatty plaques : mixer of smooth muscle +
collagen
atheromas ) foam cells
↓,
( +
lymphocytes + debris +
.
. .
.
. .
.

Arterial structure
may cause Aneurism :
( bulges of
artery )
sensory .

Carotid sinus -

_ * baroteceptors .

monitoring blood pressure .

media thinner
*
is
allowing greater distention
,
.

from CNIX
* aduentita contain
very sensory nerve ending glossopharyngeal)
similar aortic arch
* structure present in are supplied by CN ✗ c vagus ,

carotid bodies
Aoyi , bodies
:*
chemoreceptors monitoring :
[ COD [ Oz ] levels .PH
.

* located in the wall of carotid sinus and a☐tic arch .

* are
pawn ganglia with rich capillaries .

surrounds and filled with dense

capillaries
core
cells
-

*
glomus
satttite cells )
containing neurotransmitters
vesicles .
( supported by
* ion channels the glomus cell in
release transmitters to respond
coal acidosis
hypoxia ( Iowa ) hypercapnia [hight
. . . .
.

transmit to the brain

*
sensory branches of the CNI glossa / pharyngeal to )

adjust .
Muscular and blood
Artery :
* des tribute blood to the
organs help regulate pressure .

the smooth the

cdestributiny artery > by controlling
muscle in media .

endothelial
the intima thin sub endothelial layer
* has and a
prominent internal

elastic lamina .
+ various amount of elastic lamillae .

* external elastic lamina is present only in

large muscular arteries .

* Adventitia connective tissue contains lymphatr.ca/iHiaties-

Vh .
c
may penetrate to outer media )

folded between endothelial cells IEL

( slightly lamina + few CT and .

Arterioles :

the smallest branches less than diameter lumen

* artery .
oil mm in .

about as wide as the wall thick .

" "
*
beginning of the micwvesculatuvec where the exchange occurs

* thin sub endothelial, absent elastic laminae ,

media consist of unwary arranged smooth muscle .

thin adventitia .

* town anastomosing network surround the parenchymal cell of the

organ

* smooth muscle act as

spirchtet and produce periodic blood
"
"
of
flow into capillaries cmostly closed ,
because muscle tone
,
1

Alternative microvascular pathway :

blood through the copilliary bed or

go directly
Aterio venous shunt * can
go

through plexus expend more heat

the
{ through
=

to
.

venous .

shunt heat
:
expend less .

*
is for thermoregulation by the skin .

* innervate by /
sym pamsyn nerve .

Portal system * blood flow through 2

capillary beds separated by
portal vein .

* allowed hormone or neutvients carried directly from

bed to capillary bed

capillary 1 2 .

ex :
hypatia portal system of the liver
hypothalamic hypopheaseal portal system
-
the in

anterior pituitary gland .

 Capillary beds * network of
capillaries .
regulate matabolic
exchange .

smooth muscle
branches

¥¥⇐¥iH
I * supplied by metareriles ( terminal arteriole )

channels ( small branches )

drianched into throughare venous .

meteorites thwughfare * metarteriole muscle cells act as

precapillary sphincters .

channels
endothelial cells willed
* capillaries composed of simple layer up and
surmounted
by basement membrane .

* specialized from molecular deftusion and tanscytosis .

lot tight junction control

*
capillary cells have a of to
penniab
classtied
* basicity to 3. type :

continuous capillaries .

* : have
many occluding junction between
slightly overlapping endothelial cells .

most type and it's found muscles connective tissue

* common in = .

lung .

direction with vesicles tissue

* tmnscytosis in both .
exocrine
glands .
nervous .

Fenestrated capillaries .

* have
a sieve - like structure .
the endothelial cells are penetrated by fenestration .

* some fenestration is covered by thin diaphmm of proteoglycans .

* the basement membrane covert the fenestration .

*
founded in
organs with
rapid interchange kidney : .
intestine , choroid
plexus .
endocrine

glands
capillaries sinusoids
.

Discontinuous .
C

maximal exchange
* permit
.

irregular intercellular cleft

endothelium has large portomtion without
diaghmm and .

* found in liver , spleen ,

endocrine ,
and bone marrows .