Pericardium a Heart

"' Short note on

pericardium -

Am :

Fibro serous sac in middle mediastinum gt . encloses the

heart and roots g vessels Gt consists
great -

g
two
parts :

fibrous pericardium

÷÷÷÷÷÷
Peniarth o

(b , serous
pericardium cavity
÷÷.
rismpei.a.am
.

" . ..

ex layer
shaped outer fibrous sac around the
Diaphragm
heart blood vessels
and roots
g great .

level sternal
-

g t lies at the
g angle fuses with where it
the Tunica adventitia og
pulmonary trunk and
ascending
aorta .

(b) Serous pericardium in the inner double -

layered sac
y
membrane 9 t consists
serous .

g
two
layers :

and inner
an outer
parietal layer
- 1-1
visceral
layer .

Parietal
pericardium Epicardium
• The
potential space
between the two
layers is called
Pericardial
lubrication
cavity . It contains
only a
film g serous
fluid
for .

② Short note on transverse sinus

7 serous
pericardium .

it horizontal
Am 9
embryonic life is
:
n a recess serous
,
g
pericardium between the arterial and venom ends
g
heart tube Gt develops due to
degeneration g
.

Dorsal Mes astrium

og
.

gn Adult life .
it lies behind the
Ascending aorta and
pulmonary trunk and in
front g superior vena cava

and pulmonary veins

superior .
 Boundaries
ANTERIOR :
Ascending Aorta &
Pulmonary
Them
} .

POSTERIOR Superior vena

upper
: Cava ,

Left Atrium
margin g &
superior
Pulmonary Veins .

Pericardial
ON EACH SIDE :
cavity .

Applied
•

During cardiac
surgery ,
a
temporary tubes
ligature passed is

through the transverse sinus The g . heart and

inserted into
lung machine great
arevessels
g
heart
and then
Ligature is
tightened .

Short note Pericardium

(3) on the
oblique sinus D .

Narrow membrane behind

Am : sac
g
serous
left atrium .

due to into
It
develops absorption g
pulmonary
veins

left Atrium . get in

formed by reflected party
Parietal
pericardium .

Boundaries
•
ANTERIOR : Visceral pericardium covering the posterior
atrium
surface g left
.

• Posterior : Parietal
pericardium lining the
posterior surface
D fibrous pericardium .

•
Right SIDE : Pericardial reflection along with the
right
pulmonary veins and
inferior vena cava .

•
Left SIDE :
Reflection 7 pericardium along with
 left pulmonary veins .

. ABOVE : Pericardial reflection along the

upper margin
9 Left Atrium .

Functions
•
gt permits the free pulsation g Left Atrium .

. Gt
suspends the heart in
pericardial Cavity .

Applied
in Pericarditis : It in the
inflammation g
serous
pericardium .

The
pain g pericarditis in
referred to
Epigastrium .

a Pericardial Effusion

141 Enumerate the contents g

Pericardium .

Am : on Heart
b' vessels
(
coronary
cel
Ascending aorta

id ,
pulmonary trunk
Lower half superior vena Cava .

cel g

f- i Terminal part g inferior vena Cava .

Cgi Terminal parts g

pulmonary veins .

A pen Beat its clinical

⇐ I Define Apex & &
significance .

outermost lowermost heart

Ans : A
pen
: gt in the e conical
part g formed
ventricle
by Left .

•
gt is situated in the left 5th intercostal 9cm lateral to
space ,

the mid sternal line I just medial to the mid clavicular Line .

A
pen
beat
/ Cardiac
pulse :

• Gt in the lowermost & outermost thrust is the heart

against the

chest wall in the

region g deft pre
con diam
during systole .
 •
gn the adults it ,
is
felt in the 5th intercostal space .
9cm lateral to
the mid sternal line , just medial to mid dare :c near line .

In the children it in
felt in the
left 2nd / 3rd intercostal
space
•
, ,

just lateral to midday :c near Line .

( 61 Right Atrium cat General features

lbs
Development } Describe .

'" Internal
features .

thus : GENERAL FEAT VIES

chamber heart which blood
. It in the
right upper g , receives venom

from all
parts g body through :

( al
Superior vena Cava ( sve)
b,
( Inferior vena Cava (Ivc)
(c)
Coronary sinus .

blood into the ventricle

• gt
pumps right .

DEVELOP MII'T
4 , sinus venarum

•
smooth posterior part develops from right horn
g sinus venous -

Rough anterior
part develops from primitive atrial chamber .

Is pectinate
part
INTERNAL FEATURES
interior atrium divided into smooth
• The
g right in
posterior part &

anterior part
rough .

• smooth posterior part presents the following features :

cis
Opening g superior vena cava at its
upper
end .

His
opening g inferior vena cava at its lower end . It is
guarded
by rudimentary
a value called
Eustachian.name/Yalue g Inf .

elena Canea .

between the and

ciii , opening g coronary sinus opening g Iue

night At orifice Guarded by coronary sinus .

.
 Ivi Foramina vena rum mini arum
( minute openings g venae Cordis
minima e
,
the numerous small veins
present in the wall g
all

g heart
the chambers .

an Interxenon tubercle ( of dower ) : a small projection on the

posterior wall g atrium int below the

opening g
Stc .

Rough anterior part presents the following features :

cis Crista terminalis : Muscular

Ridge extending from Right side
sue to the
right side Ivc
g g
.

ciii Mmculi :
pectinate
These are transverse which arise
ridges ,

from crista terminalis and forward and downward run

toward the Ail

orifice for insertion .

f- s Describe the Sterno costal surface g the heart in brief .

Am : The Sterno costal surface g the heart faces forward upward ,

e

to the left .

. It has 3 borders i. e
Right ,
inferior .
and left ; which separates
and
it from base ,
diaphragmatic surface ,
left surface ,
respectively .

.
It in
formed by : -

ca ' Anterior surface g the right atrium 2 right auricle .

bi Anterior surface g ventricle ( 2b rd )

I
right
A small strip y the anterior ventricle
←
surface g left a
left
auricle .
 Features :

g Arti ventricular sulcus (coronary ) parses downward

Anterior
part &
•

to the the roots g tenets to the

night from might g great junction
g Right inferior border
e . gt contains trunk 9 right coma
.IQ?fy
.

Anterior interment n'cala downward parallel to the

groove passes
•
.

border heart contains anterior inter ventricular

left g
& branch
and cardiac
og the left coronary artery great vein .

Relations :

•
Covered
by pericardium .

•
Anterior margins od both
lungs and
pleurae .

Posterior 3rd to
.

surface og body g
the sternum and 6th costal
both side
cartilages
og
.

Applied
.
Area g superficial cardiac dullness .

During open
-
heart
surgery .
the sterno costal
surface in
exposed by
incising the
pericardium .

181 Describe the arterial

supply y
heart in
brief .

heart and
Am : The in
supplied by two
coronary
arteries ,
right left ,

which arise
from the
ascending aorta .
 Right coronary artery .

anterior
. It in smaller than
left coronary artery It arises from .
the
descends in
aortic sinus g
ascending aorta and the
right anterior

part g coronary sulcus up

to the
function g
right and
inferior
margins y heart
.

BRANCHES

branches Marginal artery

•

Larry 1 is
inter ventricular
ciii Posterior Artery .

Smaller branches nodal

cis SA
artery in 60%
•
cases

his Right conns

Artery .

ciii Unnamed branches to

,
the
right atrium &
left
ventricle .

theft coronary artery :

.
It in
largeraortic
than
right coronary artery from
.
It arises the
left
posterior sinus .

It
passes
to the
left between the pulmonary
trunk and left auricle .

BRANCHES

Larger branches cis Anterior interventricular / left anterior

descending Artery
Diagonal Artery
Iii , HAD)

diii
circumflex Artery
Smaller branches
•
i is
deft con us
A .

ciii Unnamed branches to the left atrium and

left
ventricle
Applied
.

cis
Angina pectoris gt occur. due to
narrowing arteries
leading
g
coronary
-

to the ischemia g cardiac muscle .

ciii Myocardial Infarction LMI ) : sudden

blockage og one
g major branches
og coronary
arteries
leading to ischemia and necrosis .

-
Gt presents as : -

ca )
sinking pain > 30 min .

( b, Nausea ,
shortness
g
breath ,
sweating .
&
tachycardia .

as Pain radiates to left shoulder left side , g arm

,
and forearm .
191
Brief the venom
drainage y Heart .

blood from the heart drained

Am : The venous is
by the
following
veins ;
la, Great cardiac vein .

cbs small cardiac vein

← Posterior vein
g left ventricle .

atrium
( di
oblique vein g left
(e,
Right marginal vein -

f Anterior cardiac
'
vein

Igt Venae
Cordis minima e -

• The
first 6 veins drain into the
atrium through coronary sinus
right .

• Anterior cardiac veins drain

directly into
Right Atrium .

• The Venae cordis minima e

(Thebes Ian vein ) drain venom

blood from endocardium

g all chambers g the heart and

open directly into

cavity g respective chambers .

short note
do , on
Coronary sinus .

gt wide in the posterior part

Am : in a venous channel
lying g
between the base
company
sulcus and the
diaphragmatic surface
og
heart .

. It
opens
into the posterior wall
g right atrium , left to the

opening g inferior vena cava .

Tributaries :

•
Great cardiac vein .

. Small cardiac vein .

 • Posterior vein D left ventricle .

atrium
•
Oblique vein
g left .

Right marginal vein .

Enumerate dilation
1111 the
embryonic g primitive heart tube and
name the structures derived from them in a tabular
form .

heart tube
Am : The
primitive presents 5 dilatation . From cranial
to caudal these,
are :

Lai Tsun cus arteriosus

( bi Bue bus cordis .

Ici Primitive ventricle

cdi Primitive atrium .

(e) Sinus Xenos us .

⑥ *
ediotes ( med notes . in )