Name:_________________________________________________

Blk:__________ Date:_____

I. WRITE USING CAPITAL LETTERS.
II. NO ERASURES.
III. FINAL ANSWER SHOULD BE WRITTEN ON THE SPACE PROVIDED:




5.

K 1.

i
d


2.

6.



3.

7.





4.



8.

Urethra A Renal
Cortex

B Renal
Medulla

C Renal Column

D Renal
Pyramid
1 Kidney
2 Inferior Vena Cava E Renal Sinus
F Renal Papilla
3 Right
Ureter
G Capsule

4 Urinary
Bladder
of Kidney

5 Adrenal
H Nephrons

Gland? (yata?)
I Collecting Duct
6 Abdominal
Aorta/aorta ?
7 Left Ureter J Papillary Duct

K Minor Calyx

L Major
Calyx

M Renal
Pelvis

1 Proximal Convoluted

Nephron
NAME THE STRUCTURE BELOW: ___________ Tubule 8
2 Efferent
Arteriole
Distal Convoluted
tubule
Glomerulus
3

4 Bowman's
Capsule
9
Collecting
5 Afferent Arteriole duct

Loop of Henle
IDENTIFY THE GIVEN STRUCTURES. WRITE YOUR ANSWERS INSIDE 6
THE BOX.
7
Peritubular
Capillaries

DI KO SURE ITONG FLOW

Given the identified structures above, trace the route of urine: from urine formation, up to excretion to external environment:

Bowman's Proximal Loop of Distal COLLECTING

GLOMERULUS Convoluted
Capsule Convoluted Henle
Tubules
TUBULES
Tubule

Major and Minor

Calyces Renal Pelvis URETER Urinary Bladder Urethra
 Identify the structures involve in the renal blood supply:





























1 Renal Artery 5 Interlobar Arteries 9 Peritubular Capillaries 13 Interlobar Vein

2 Segmental Artery 6 Afferent Arteriole 10 Vasa recta 14 Renal Vein

3 Interlobar Artery 7 Glomerulus 11 Interlobular Vein

4 Arcuate Artery 8 Efferent Arteriole 12 Arcuate Vein

 RENAL BLOOD FLOW:

What is renal fraction?
Normal amount of Renal blood flow (RBF) per minute:
Normal amount of Renal plasma flow (RPF) per minute:
Region of the blood that receives most of RBF:

ENUMERATE the 3 determinants of RBF: (Renal vascular pressure and resistance) these will determine an increase or decrease in RBF
1.
2.
3.




A. KIDNEY
Posterior Wall of abdomen outside peritoneal cavity
1. Where are the kidneys located in the body? _______________________________________________
2. What is the medial indention on the kidneys called? _____________________________
HILUM
3. What glands sit on top of the kidneys? _____________________________
Adrenal Gland
4. What tissue is found in the renal capsule? ___________________
5. What is the function of the renal capsule? _________________________________________________
protects delicate inner renal structures
6. What are the 3 regions that make up a kidney? _____________________________________________
renal cortex, renal medulla , renal pelvis
7. What vessel branches off the aorta and brings blood into the kidneys? __________________________
8. What vessel returns filtered blood to the inferior vena cava? ___________________________________
9. What is the MAJOR FUNCTION OF THE KIDNEY? _____________________________________________________________________________
10. Ions regulated by the kidney:_______________________________________________________________________________________________
11. What are the metabolic waste products from the blood excreted by the kidney thru urine formation?
12. How much percentage of glucose can be synthesized by the kidney?
13. The following are the 3 hormones secreted by the kidneys. Identify the situation/stimulus where our kidneys need to synthesize these hormones:
1. RENIN:_________

3.1. What is the specific structure in the kidney that can produced renin:_____________

2. ERYTHROPOIETIN:______________
3. 1,25 DIHYDROXY VIT D3:_______________________
 B. NEPHRON
Nephrons
1. What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney? ____________________
2. What 3 processes occur so the nephron can regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances to form urine?
_______________________________________________________________________
3. What are the 2 structures that make up a nephron? _________________________________________
Glomerulus & tubule
4. Which structure in a nephron is a knot of capillaries? ____________________________
Glomerulus ?
5. What are the 4 parts of the renal tubules?
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. The renal artery brings blood into the kidney to be filtered and continues to branch into smaller arteries. Which arteriole brings blood into the
glomerulus? ___________________________
7. Where is the glomerulus located in the kidney? _______________________
8. Almost any molecule smaller than 3 nm can pass freely through the capsule membrane. What is the process called by which water and dissolved
particles are forced through the capillary walls into the Bowman’s Capsule? _________________________________________
9. What materials are found in filtrate? ____________ _________________________________________________________________
10. Which vessel receives blood from the glomerulus after it’s been filtered? _________________________________________________
11. Components of Renal Corpuscle: __________________________________________________________________________________
12. DRAW AND LABEL THE RENAL CORPUSCLE:

BASIC RENAL PROCESSES IN URINE FORMATION:

ü GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
ü TUBULAR REABSORPTION
ü TUBULAR SECRETION
ü GLOMERULAR FILTRATION:
I. Define this process:
II. Characteristic of a glomerular filtrate:
III. These are the factors that will affect/determine the filterability in the glomerulus: explain briefly how will it affect filterability?

1. SIZE of _______________
2. Electrical Charge:
3. Protein Binding:

DETERMINANTS OF GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR) Define:

1. Filtration Coefficient

2. Glomerular Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (PGC)

3. Bowman’s Capsule Hydrostatic Pressure (PBC)

4. Glomerular Capillary Oncotic Pressure (ΠGC)

If the body needs an increase or decrease rate of filtration (GFR) AND RBF it can be controlled by 3 mechanisms, these are:

I. AUTOREGULATION OF GFR AND RBF

II. SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS CONTROL
III. HORMONAL AND AUTOCOID CONTROL OF RENAL CIRCULATION

. I. AUTOREGULATION OF GFR AND RBF

intrinsic mechanism in the kidney that keeps the RBF and GFR relatively constant despite marked changes in arterial blood pressure
Q:
1. HOW IS IT IMPORTANT in CONTROL of RENAL EXCRETION of water and solutes: ___________________________________
2. Where is the major site (blood vessel) of autoregulation:
3. IMPORTANCE of autoregulation: • 2. Mild or moderate sympathetic stimulation has
a. little influence on RBF and GFR:

b. Mild or moderate increase in activity

of renal sympathetic nerves

↓ RBF Vasoconstriction of Vasoconstriction of

II. SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS CONTROL afferent arteriole efferent arteriole
A. DIRECT effect to GFR/RBF is due to ACTIVATION OF____________________________ ↓ RPF ↓ PGC ↑ PGC
These will result to >>> ↑ ΠGC

↓ GFR Small rise in PGC

↑ GFR
 B. INDIRECT EFFECT TO GFR AND RBF:
a. Activation of SNS (sympathetic nerves) ALSO stimulate SECRETION of ___________________

III. HORMONAL AND AUTOCOID CONTROL OF RENAL CIRCULATION

The following HORMONES will cause blood vessel to:

3.1.1. NE and Epinephrine:
3.1.2. Endothelin:
3.1.3. ENDOTHELIAL DERIVED RELAXING FACTOR (EDRF, Nitric Oxide):
3.1.4. PROSTAGLANDINS (PGE2 , PGI2):
3.1.5. ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE (ADH, Vasopressin):
3.1.6. ADENOSINE:
3.1.7. TRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR (ANF):
3.1.8. ANGIOTENSIN II:

ü TUBULAR REABSORPTION and TUBULAR SECRETION

What is tubular reabsorption? Why is it important?

What is tubular secretion? Why is it important?

Identify the SEGMENTS of the RENAL TUBULE:

REABSORPTION AND SECRETION OF SUBSTANCES ALONG DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE NEPHRON

I. PROXIMAL TUBULE:
REABSORPTION: SECRETION:

SODIUM: ________% of reabsorption ORGANIC ACIDS

Type of transport use:
Examples:

Reabsorption can be increased by:

1.
2.

Water Reabsorption:________% of reabsorption URIC ACID

Type of transport use:

Glucose and Amino Acid: _______% of reabsorption UREA

Type of transport use:

Peptides and Proteins

Type of transport use
1. By small peptides:
2. By larger peptides:

UREA

OTHER FUNCTION of PROXIMAL TUBULE:

 II. LOOP of HENLE
Descending Thin Limb
• highly permeable to water
• about 20% of filtered water is
_____________ in the loop of Henle
and almost all of this at this segment
• osmolality of tubular fluid equilibrates
with the surrounding hypertonic
peritubular fluid
• solutes become ____________ within
the tubule
• secretes:_________________
• relatively low permeability to solute
III. DISTAL TUBULE
EARLY distal tubule:
o low permeability to: _________and
__________
o active Na+ ______________ through
the Na+-Cl- symport
o combination of low water permeability
and active reabsorption of Na+ and Cl-
results in:
__________ in the osmolality and
electrolyte concentration of the tubular
fluid in this segment
o considered a diluting segment
o reabsorption of K+ also occur in this
segment
Thin Ascending Limb Thick Ascending Limb
• highly permeable to: • negligible permeability to:
____________
______________________ • low permeability to:
which diffuses passively from lumen to ________________
peritubular space due to their high
concentration gradient • capable of active reabsorption of:
_________________
+ -
• 25% of the filtered load of Na , Cl and
+
K are reabsorbed in this segment
• moderately permeable to: through the:______________symport
_______________________ + -
• Na and Cl reabsorption in the thick
ascending limb into the interstitium is
which diffuses passively from peritubular
responsible for water reabsorption in
space to lumen
the descending limb
LATE distal tubule Medullary Collecting Duct
Functional characteristics :
o almost completely impermeable to: o reabsorbs < 10% of filtered: _________
_______________
o
+ +
reabsorbs Na and secretes K under the o final site for processing of urine
control of: _________________ functional characteristics:
+
o secretes H ions by an active hydrogen- permeability to water is controlled by ADH level
ATPase mechanism ↑ ADH will:
o permeability to water is controlled by:
anti-diuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin)
____water reabsorption
o - ↑ ADH tubular segment ____urine volume
becomes:_________________ ____solute concentration in urine
o permeable to urea
o - ↓ ADH tubular segment o urea is ____________into the medullary
becomes:_________________
o made up of principal cells and intercalated interstitium where it help increase the
cells osmolality of the interstitium THIS WILL
Function of principal cell: RESULT TO: ______________ urine
__________________ o capable of secreting _________ions
Function of intercalated cell:
against a large concentration gradient
_________________
 2 Basic Requirements for The Formation of a Concentrated Urine

1. High levels of ADH

- increases the permeability of the distal tubules and collecting ducts to water
o determines the water permeability of the late distal tubules and the collecting ducts
o determines urea permeability of the inner medullary collecting ducts and papillary ducts
o determines whether the kidney will excrete a dilute or a concentrated urine:

INCREASE ADH WILL: DECREASE ADH WILL:

______water permeability ______water permeability
______reabsorption of water in collecting duct ______reabsorption of water in collecting duct
______urine volume ______urine volume
______ (concentration of urine) ______ (concentration of urine)
______ plasma osmolality ______ plasma osmolality
______ blood volume ______ blood volume
______ blood pressure ______ blood pressure

2. High osmolality of the renal medullary interstitial fluid

- provides the osmotic gradient necessary for water reabsorption to occur in the presence of high levels of ADH

****Concentrated urine is formed by the continued excretion of solutes by the tubules while water reabsorption is increased in the presence
of ADH this will results in the excretion of a small volume of concentrated urine.

Formation of a Diluted Urine

o fluid leaving the ascending loop of Henle and early distal tubule is always:_________________, regardless of the level of ADH
o the mechanism for the formation of a diluted urine is the continued reabsorption of solutes from the distal segments of the tubular system with
little or no reabsorption of water in the absence of ADH, this results in the excretion of a ______________( what is the characteristic of urine)

Obligatory Urine Volume:

o This refers to the minimum volume of urine that must be excreted per day to remove the 600 mOsm of solute wastes produced by the
body per day.
o equals ________ml if the maximal concentrating ability of the kidney is about 1200 mOsm/day