18

Excretion
 Excretion 排泄

• Excretion is the removal of toxic waste products of

metabolism from the body.
 Excretion

• Metabolic waste include carbon dioxide, excess

water, bile pigments 胆汁色素 and waste products
that contain nitrogen (urea 尿素 , ammonia 氨 and
uric acid 尿酸 ).
 Excretion

• The accumulation of waste in the body interferes

干扰 with the proper functioning of cells.
Excretory organ: Lungs
Waste name: Exhaled air
Process of elimination: Respiration
Waste product: Carbon dioxide, excess water
Excretory organ: Skin
Waste name: Sweat
Process of elimination: Sweating / perspiration
Waste product: Heat, mineral salts, urea and excess water
Excretory organ: Liver
Waste name: Excess amino acids
Process of elimination: Deamination
Waste product: Urea
Excretory organ: Kidney
Waste name: Urine
Process of elimination: Urination
Waste product: Urea, excess water, mineral salts and
nitrogenous waste (uric acid)
 Test yourself
Urine Sweat Exhaled air
Excess
water
Carbon
dioxide
Excess
minerals
Urea
 Test yourself
Urine Sweat Exhaled air
Excess ✔ ✔ ✔
water
Carbon ✔
dioxide
Excess ✔ ✔
minerals
Urea ✔ ✔
 The important of excretion
• Removes harmful nitrogenous waste substances
such as urea.
• Removes excess substances such as water and
mineral.
• Removes carbon dioxide from the deoxygenated
blood.
• Maintains the body in a healthy condition.
• Controls the blood concentration and the
amount of water and mineral salts in the body.
 Human urinary system

Kidney 肾脏
• Excretory organ that
removes waste like
urea, excess water
and mineral salts
from the blood.
 Human urinary system
Renal artery 肾动脉
• The blood vessel 血管
that bring waste
products to the kidney.

Urethra 尿道
• The tube that brings
urine from the urinary
bladder to the penis 阴
茎 for removal.
 Human urinary system
Aorta 背大动脉
• The main blood vessel
that brings blood from
the heart to the kidney.

Renal vein 肾静脉

• The blood vessel that
brings blood without
waste products from the
kidney.
 Human urinary system
Ureter 输尿管
• The tube that carries
urine from the kidney
to the urinary bladder.

Urinary bladder 膀胱
• Temporary storage
for the urine before
being removed.
Kidney structure and function

• There are two

kidneys, which are
reddish-brown and
bean-shaped.
 Kidney structure and function

• It is located towards the back of the abdominal cavity

腹腔 .
• The right kidney is placed at a slightly lower level than
the left kidney in order to accommodate the largest
gland/organ of the body, the liver.
Kidney structure and function

• The kidney filters

excess water and
waste (urea) from
blood to form
urine.
Kidney structure and function
• Attached to the kidney
are the ureter, renal
artery and renal vein.
• The artery supplies the
kidney with oxygen and
nutrients (with waste
product).
• The renal vein channels
deoxygenated blood
away from kidneys.
Structure and function of parts in the kidney
Capsule/convex 被膜
• Thin, transparent
membrane that
surrounds the kidney.
Renal cortex 皮层
• Outer layer.
• Contains Bowman’s capsule 鲍氏囊
and glomeruli (plural) 肾小球 .
• Dark brown because of the large
network of blood capillaries from
the glomeruli.
Structure and function of parts in the kidney
Renal medulla 髓层
• Inner layer.
• Lighter in colour.
• Contains Loop of Henle 亨利氏环
and collecting ducts 收集管 .

Renal pyramids 肾锥体

• Cone-shaped areas in the
renal medulla.
• Opens into a cavity called
the pelvis 肾盂 yú.
Structure and function of parts in the kidney
Pelvis 肾盂
• Collects urine.
• Found at the top of the ureter.

Ureter 输尿管
• Peristalsis and gravity carries
urine to the bladder.
Structure and function of parts in the kidney
肾单位
 Formation of urine
• The blood is filtered
as it passes through
glomerulus 肾小球
in the kidneys.
 Formation of urine
• Useful substances in the filter such as glucose,
amino acid and water will be reabsorbed.
• Useless waste such as urea, uric acid, excess water
and mineral salts will form urine.
 Formation of urine
• Urine flows into
urinary bladder
through ureter and
temporarily stored
inside.
• When a certain
volume is reached, the
muscles of the bladder
wall contract and
urine will be excreted
through the urethra.
 Formation of urine

• Urine contains 95% water, about 2%

urea, a small amount of uric acid and
mineral salts
 Urethra Urinary Ureter
Heart bladder
尿道 膀胱 输尿管
心脏

Pelvis
肾盂 Collecting
Aorta Formation ducts
收集管
背大动脉 of urine Urine: 95% water,
about 2% urea, a
small amount of uric
Deoxygenated acid and mineral salts
blood without
waste products
Renal vein Reabsorption Useless waste
Renal artery 肾静脉 of useful
substances in
such as urea,
uric acid,
肾动脉 the filter such excess water
as glucose, and mineral
Filtration amino acid and salts will form
Blood with water urine
oxygen, waste of blood
product and
nutrients

Kidney Nephron
肾脏 肾单位
肾小球
Loop of Henle
亨利式环
鲍氏囊
 Osmoregulation 渗透调节
• Kidney can act as an osmotic regulator 渗透调节器 .
• Maintain the balance of water and salt in the body.
 Osmoregulation 渗透调节
• When there is insufficient
water in the body
• Drink less water
• Cellular respiration
weakened
• Weather hot and sweating
• Increase in the reabsorption
of water
• Concentrate and small
amount of urine form
• When the water in the body
increases
• Drink too much water
• Cellular respiration vigorous
• Weather cold and sweat less
• Reduce the reabsorption of
water
• Dilute and large amount of
urine form
 Kidney failure 肾功能衰竭
• Kidney failure happens when one or both
kidney fail to function normally.
• This could be due to infection, shock 突发性
or accident.
 Kidney failure
• Wastes like urea, creatinine 肌酐 , uric acid
and ammonium ions remain in the blood
instead of being excreted.
• An accumulation of these substances is toxic
to the human body. If not treated in time, it
could be fatal 致命 .
 Ammonia 氨 , NH3

Ammonium ion
Excess Amino
acid 氨基酸 铵 , NH₄⁺
Uric acid
尿酸
Urea
尿素

Creatinine
肌酐
Urine
尿液
 Kidney failure
• The treatments 治疗方法 available are either
dialysis 透析 or a transplant 移植 .
 Possible solutions to kidney failure
Dialysis 透析 (Artificial Kidney Machine 人工肾脏机 )
• Haemodialysis 血液透析 is the dialysis of blood.
• Eliminates 消除 excess salts and nitrogenous
wastes from blood.
• The machine only filters 过滤 , it does not absorb or
secrete.
 Possible solutions to kidney failure
Transplant 移植
• Major operation 大手术 .
• Replacement of failed or dysfunctional kidney
肾功能不全 with a healthy one.
• Problems include organ and tissue rejection 排斥 .
How a dialysis machine works
How a dialysis machine works
a) The patient’s blood
filtered through an
artificial membrane
in the dialysis
machine.
b) The blood from an
artery 动脉 in the
arm of the patient is
passed through the
dialysis tube.
 How a dialysis machine works
c) The tube is made up of semi-permeable membrane
半透膜 and is surrounded by a dialysis fluid 透析液 .
d) Waste products such as urea, excess mineral salts
and water diffuse out from the blood through the
semi-permeable membrane of the tube into the
dialysis fluid.
 How a dialysis machine works
e) These substances
are removed by the
dialysis fluid in the
dialyser 透析器 .
f) The cleansed blood
is then flowed back
into the vein of the
patient.
The importance of maintaining health kidney
The kidneys can be damaged by several factors.
Theses include:
• Consuming food that contain toxic substances
like mercury 汞 gǒng, lead 铅 and arsenic 砷 .
The importance of maintaining health kidney

• Infection by
microorganisms
such as bacteria
which usually
begins in the
urinary bladder.
The importance of maintaining health kidney
• Talking food that is high in salt and sugar will lead to
high blood pressure and diabetes. These diseases
may lead to kidney failure. A high concentration of
salts in the blood may also cause the formation of
kidney stones.
• Kidney injuries.
The importance of maintaining health kidney
To maintain a healthy kidney, we should:
• Drink plenty of plain water.
• Avoid consuming alcohol or drinking too
much carbonated drinks.
The importance of maintaining health kidney

• Reduce the consumption of food high in sugar

and salts.
• Avoid taking medicines that may harm the
kidneys or without doctors’ prescription 处方 .
 Skin
• Although many different systems coordinate 协
调 to maintain 维护 a regular body
temperature, it is the skin that is the key
structure involved in homeostasis.
Structure and function of the skin component

表皮层

真皮层

皮下脂肪层
Epidermis 表皮层
Epidermis 表皮层
• Consists of three layers.

Cornified layer 角质层

• Contains keratin 角蛋白 ,
which is an effective
waterproof layer.
• Protects body from
microbial infection,
mechanical and
thermal damage.
Epidermis 表皮层

Granular layer 生长层

• Replaces dead cells
from the cornified
layer.
Epidermis 表皮层
Malphigian layer 色素层
• Cells undergo cell division
细胞分裂 .
• Contains melanin 黑色素
to protect genetic material
遗传物质 from begin
damaged by the UV
radiation 紫外线辐射 .
 Dermis 真皮层

Blood vessels 血管
• Involved in temperature
regulation 调节体温 .

Sebaceous glands 油脂腺

Secretes sebum 皮脂
which acts as a lubricant.
Dermis 真皮层
Sweat glands 汗腺
• Produces sweat, which
is an excretory
product as well as a
cooling agent.

Hair 毛发
• Involved in heat control.
 Dermis 真皮层
Erector muscles 竖毛肌
• Contracts 收缩 and relaxes
to control position of hair.

Receptors 接收器
• Detect changes such
as heat, temperature
and pressure.
 Dermis 真皮层
Elastic fibres
弹性纤维
• Has collagen
胶原 which
affects
elasticity 影
响弹性 of
skin.
Subcutaneous fat layer 皮下脂肪层
• Contain stored fat
and keep warm.
 Function of the skin
Function: Protection
Mode of action:
• Cushions 靠垫 skin from mechanical
damage 物理性损伤 .
• Insulates 绝缘 from thermal damage.
• Prevents chemical damage.
• Surface prevents bacterial infection.
 Function of the skin

Function: Water loss

Mode of action:
• Keratin 角蛋白 is an effective waterproof agent.

Function: Heat loss

Mode of action:
• Capillary 毛细管 network regulates heat loss from
body surface.
 Function of the skin
Function: Excretory organ 排泄器官
Mode of action:
• Removes urea, excess water and salts.

Function: Sensory organ 感觉器官

Mode of action:
• Sensory receptors allow skin to respond
to changes in the environment.
 Function of the skin

Function: Vitamin D
Mode of action:
• Produced when skin is exposed to sunlight.
Thermoregulation (Regulation of body temperature)
Normal body
temperature (37˚C)

Body temperature Body temperature

increases above 37˚C drops below 37˚C
• Thermoreceptors 感 • Thermoreceptors in
受器 in skin detect skin detect the drop
the increase in Transmit Transmit in external
external impulse impulse temperature.
temperature.
to to • Thermoreceptors in
Thermoregulatory hypothalamus
• Thermoreceptors in centre in hypothalamus detect the drop in
hypothalamus
detect the increase 下丘脑温度调节中心 blood temperature.
in blood
temperature. Transmit
impulse
to

Effectors 效应器
Warm environment (to remove excess heat)

Effector: Sweat glands 汗腺

• Sweat is secreted by sweat glands.
• Evaporation 蒸发 of sweat causes cooling.
Warm environment (to remove excess heat)
Effector: Smooth muscles
平滑肌 in arterioles 小动
脉
• Vasodilation 血管舒张
occurs.
• Arterioles relax.
• More blood flows
through the skin surface.
• More heat is lost by
radiation 放射 .
Warm environment (to remove excess heat)
Effector: Erector muscles 竖毛肌 in skin
• Hair is lowered as erector muscle relaxes.
• Does not trap air, reducing insulation 绝缘 .
 Warm environment (to remove excess heat)

Effector: Skeletal muscles 骨骼肌

• Skeletal muscles are not stimulated.
• No shivering 发抖 .
• No heat is produced.
 Warm environment (to remove excess heat)

Effector: Metabolic rate 代谢速率

• Reduction of metabolic rate reduces heat generated.
Cold environment (to reduce heat loss)

Effector: Sweat glands

• Absence of sweating.
Cold environment (to reduce heat loss)
Effector: Smooth muscles in
arterioles
• Vasconstriction 血管收缩
occurs.
• Arterioles contract 小动
脉收缩 .
• Less blood flows through
the skin surface.
• Less heat is lost by
radiation.
Cold environment (to reduce heat loss)
Effector: Erector muscles in skin
• Hair is raised as erector muscle contracts.
• Air around hair form a thick layer of insulation.
Cold environment (to reduce heat loss)

Effector: Skeletal muscles

• Skeletal muscles are stimulated.
• Shivering occurs.
• More heat is produced.
Cold environment (to reduce heat loss)

Effector: Metabolic rate

• Increase in metabolic rate.
• Presence of goose flesh 鸡皮疙瘩 and shivering.