EXCRETION

UITSKEIDING
• A large number of chemical reactions are continuously
taking place in the body cells.
• The sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur
in a cell is known as metabolism.
• Talle chemiese reaksies vind voortdurend in die
liggaaamselle plaas.
• Die somtotaal van al die chemiese reaksies wat in ‘n
sel plaasvind, staan bekend as metabolism.
• During metabolism, waste products such as carbon dioxide, excess
water, salts and nitrogenous wastes (e.g. urea, uric acid and
creatinine) are formed.
• These waste products must be removed continuously because they
will poison the cells and inhibit normal functioning if allowed to
accumulate.
• Gedurende metabolisme, word afvalstowwe soos
koolstofdioksied , oortollige water, soute, stikstofhoudende
afvalprodukte (bv. ureum, uriensuur en kreatinien) gevorm.
• Hierdie afvalstowwe moet voortdurend verwyder word, want
indien dit sou ophoop sal dit die selle vergiftig en die normale
funksionering van die selle belemmer
Definitions to remember
• Diffusion: Movement of particles from an area of a high
concentration to an area of low concentration
• Osmosis: Movement of water from an area of high water
concentration to an area of low water concentration
through a partially permeable membrane
Definisies om te onthou
• Diffusie: Beweging van deeltjies van ‘n gebied met hoë
konsentrasie tot ‘n gebied met lae konsentrasie.
• Osmose: Beweging van water van ‘n gebied met hoë water
konsentrasie tot ‘n gebied met lae water konsentrasie deur
‘n gedeeltelik deurlatende membraan.
• Active transport: Movement of particles across a
membrane using energy provided by ATP. Low - High
• Aktiewe vervoer: Beweging van deeltjies oor ‘n membraan
deur energie te gebruik wat deur ATP verskaf. Laag - Hoog
• Egestion – the removal of undigested food solid waste from
the digestive tract in the form of faeces = defecation
• Egestie Die verwydering van onverteerde voedsel of soliede
afval vanuit die spysverteringskanaal in die vorm van feses =
defekasie
• Excretion – the removal or elimination of metabolic waste
from an organisms body
• Secretion – the release of useful substances that are
produced by cells or glands for important functions e.g.
digestive juices, enzymes, saliva, hormones and milk.
• Ekskresie / Uitskeiding – die verwydering van metaboliese
afvalstowwe vanuit ‘n organisme se liggaam
• Sekresie / Afskeiding – Dit is die afskeiding van nuttige
chemiese stowwe, wat deur die selle of kliere geproduseer
word vir belangrike funksies, bv spysverteringsappe,
ensieme, speeksel, hormone en melk
• Metabolism chemical reactions that take place within every
cell of the body. these can be building up (anabolic) or
breaking down (catabolic) reactions
• Renal relates to the kidney
• Deamination break down of amino acids
• Metabolisme chemiese reaksies wat in elke liggaamsel
plaasvind; dit kan opbouende (anaboliese) of afbrekende
(kataboliese) reaksies wees
• Renale met betrekking tot die niere
• Deaminasie: afbreek van aminosure
 DIFFERENT EXCRETORY ORGANS
VERSKILLENDE UITSKEIDINGSORGANE
Colon: Faeces containing
bile pigments, excess
mineral salts
• In humans, the metabolic waste products diffuse out the cells, via
the tissue fluid that surrounds them, to the blood in the blood
vessels.
• The waste products are transported in the blood to several
excretory organs, which have the ability to remove these waste
products from the bloodstream and release them out of the body.
• By die mens diffundeer die metaboliese afvalstowwe vanuit die
selle, via die omringende weefselvloeistof, na die bloed in die
bloedvate.
• Die afvalstowwe word in die bloed na ‘n verskeidenheid
uitskeidingsorgane vervoer, wat oor die vermoë beskik om hierdie
afvalstowwe uit die bloedstroom te verwyder en na buite uit te
skei.
• LUNGS – excrete carbon dioxide and water vapour
• LONGE – skei koolstofdioksied en waterdamp uit

• KIDNEYS and BLADDER – excrete urine.

Urine consists of:
- excess water
- mineral salts
- nitrogenous waste products (urea, uric acid and creatinine).
• NIERE en BLAAS – skei urine uit.
Urine bestaan uit:
- oortollige water
- minerale soute
- stikstofhoudende afvalstowwe (ureum, uriensuur en kreatinien)
• LIVER and intestines – excretes urea and bile pigments.
- Urea is transported in the blood to the kidneys and is
excreted in urine.
- Bile pigments pass into the small intestine and are excreted
as bile salts in the faeces.
• LEWER en ingewande – skei ureum en galpigmente af.
- Ureum word met die bloed na die niere vervoer en saam
met urine uitgeskei.
- Galpigmente beland in die dunderm en word as galsoute
saam met feses uitgeskei
• SKIN – excretes sweat via the sweat glands.
Sweat mainly consists of:
- excess water
- salts
- small amount of urea
• VEL – Skei sweet af deur die sweetkliere
Sweet bestaan hoofsaaklik uit:
- Oortollige water
- Soute
- Klein hoeveelheid ureum
E-Boek
E-Book
Question: Name and discuss the metabolic waste products and their
origin / how it formed.
• CO2 is formed as a product of cellular respiration.
• Excess water is formed as a product of cellular respiration, as well as
from the intake of fluids and food.
• Urea is formed in the liver from deamination of excess amino acids.
Vraag: Noem en bespreek die metaboliese afvalprodukte en hul
oorpsrong / hoe dit gevorm het.
• CO2 word as ‘n produk van selrespirasie gevorm
• Oortollige water word as produk van selrespirasie, asook deur die
inname van vloeistowwe en voedsel, gevorm.
• Ureum word deur deaminasie van oortollige aminosure in die lewer
gevorm.
• Uric acid is the end product of metabolism of nucleic acids.
• Creatinine is formed from creatinine phosphate in the cells.
• Bile pigments are formed in the liver during the breakdown
of haemoglobin.

• Uriensuur is die eindproduk van die metabolisme van

nukleïensure.
• Kreatinien word uit kreatinienfosfaat in die selle gevorm.
• Galpigmente word gedurende die afbreek van hemoglobien
in die lewer gevorm
HOME WORK
• Act 1 pg 242-243
• Act 2 pg 244
E-Book /E-Boek

The kidney performs the following four main functions of the urinary system
• Osmoregulation – regulation of levels of H2O in body fluids
• Excretion – removal of nitrogenous waste e.g. urea
• Regulation of pH of body fluids
• Regulation of salt concentration of body fluids
Die niere voer die volgende vier hooffunksies van die urienstelsel uit:
• Osmoregulering – regulering van die H2O-vlakke in
liggaamsvloeistowwe
• Uitskeiding – verwydering van stikstofafval, bv. ureum
• Regulering van die pH van liggaamsvloeistowwe
• Regulering van die soutkonsentrasie van liggaamsvloeistowwe
Build of the urinary system Bou van die urienstelsel
Urinary system consists of: Urienstelsel bestaan uit:
Two kidneys Twee niere
Two ureters Twee ureters
The bladder Die blaas
The urethra Die uretra
Two types of blood vessels Twee tipes bloedvate
- the renal arteries - nierslagaar
- renal veins - nieraar
 Nierslagaar

Nier

Nieraar
Ureter
ENTER BLADDER

Blaas

Uretra EXIT BLADDER

Teken en benoem / Draw and label

Skei hormone af

Sien 4 hoof funksies

Secrete hormones

See 4 main functions

Location of Kidneys:
• The two kidneys occur in the abdominal cavity
• on either side of the vertebral column, half-way down the back
• just under the ribcage / below the diaphragm.
Ligging van Niere:
• Twee niere kom in die abdominale holte voor
• aan weerskante van die werwelkolom, in die helfte van jou rug
• net onder die ribbekas / onder die diafragma.
Blood supply to kidney
• Blood carrying waste products but rich in oxygen, is taken to the
kidneys by the renal artery which branches off the aorta
• The blood is filtered by the kidney.
• Deoxygenated blood, purified of metabolic waste products, is
transported away from the kidneys via the renal veins.
Bloed toevoer na die nier
• Suurstofryke bloed, met afvalstowwe, word deur die nierslagaar, ‘n
vertakking van die aorta, na die niere vervoer.
• Die bloed word deur die niere gefiltreer.
• Gedeoksigineerde bloed, gesuiwer van metaboliese afvalstowwe,
word deur die nierare van die niere af weggevoer.
• The ureter (a tube) extends from each kidney and
opens separately into the bladder.
• The bladder is a thin walled muscular sac in which
urine is temporarily stored.
• Vanaf elke nier strek ‘n buis, die ureter, wat elkeen
afsonderlik in die blaas open.
• Die blaas is ‘n dunwandige spiersak waarin urine
vanaf die blaas na buite.
• The urethra is a tube that transport urine from the
bladder to the exterior (outside).
• At the base of the bladder, is a sphincter muscle
which controls the flow of urine to the urethra.
• ‘n Enkele buis, uretra, vervoer urine vanaf die blaas na
buite
• ‘n Sluitspier, aan die basis van die blaas, beheer die
vloei van urine na die uretra
EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY
• Dark red, bean-shaped organ with the concave side facing the
vertebral column.
• Kidney weigh between 115 and 170 grams, +/- 11 cm long.
• The renal artery enters the kidney and the renal vein and ureter leave
the kidney at an indentation called the hilum.

UITWENDIGE BOU VAN DIE NIER

• Donkerrooi, boontjievormige organ, waarvan die konkawe kant na
die werwelkolom gerig is
• Nier weeg tussen 115 en 170 gram elk, +/- 11 cm lank
• Aan die konkawe kant is die hilum, ‘n induiking waar die nierslagaar
die nier ingaan en die nieraar en ureter die nier verlaat.
• Kidneys are enclosed by a layer of fat
(adipose tissue), which:
- Protects the kidneys against mechanical injuries
- Insulates kidneys
- Keeps kidneys in position.
• Niere word omring met vetlaag
(vetweefsel) wat:
- Die nier beskerm teen meganiese beserings
- Die nier isoleer
- Die nier in posisie hou
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY – MACROSCOPIC (can see
with naked eye)
• The kidney is surrounded by the renal capsule, a connective tissue
membrane - helps with protection against infections.
• Directly under the renal capsule is the cortex, a reddish-brown
region due to bloodvessels

INWENDIGE BOU VAN DIE NIER – MAKROSKOPIES (kan met blote

oog sien)
• Die nier word omring met die nierkapsel, ‘n bindweefselvlies - vir
beskerming teen infeksies.
• Direk onder die nierkapsel is die korteks, rooibruin gedeelte agv die
bloedvate
• The inner region of the kidney, the medulla, is lighter in colour
and contains tubes which are arranged in groups (the renal
pyramid).
• The pyramid formed by group of tubes, broad base facing the
cortex
• The apex (point) of each pyramid is known as the renal papilla.
• Die medulla is die binneste gedeelte van die nier – ligter van
kleur agv buisies
• Die nierpiramide word gevorm deur ‘n groep buisies, breë basis
na die korteks gerig.
• Die apeks (punt) van elke nierpiramide staan bekend as die
nierpapil.
• The tubes in each renal papilla open into a common renal
calyx.
• The renal calyxes open into the widened region of the ureter,
known as the renal pelvis.
• Renal pelvis then become the ureter that enters the bladder.
• By elke nierpapil open die buisies in ‘n gemeenskaplike
nierkelk.
• Die nierkelke open in die verwyde gedeelte van die ureter
bekend as die nierbekken.
• Die nierbekken vorm dan die ureter wat tot in die blaas
beweeg.
 nierkapsel
nierpapil
Teken en
benoem korteks nierslagaar
nieraar
Draw and
label medulla
hilum
nierbekken

nierkelk ureter

nierpiramiede

Lengtesnee deur die nier

Home work
• E-book – pg 210
• E- book – pg226 Q 1.4 & 1.5
The structural and functional unit of the kidney – Terminology
• Nephron the microscopic functional unit of the kidney
• Podocytes specialised cells lining the Bowman’s capsule in the kidney
• Afferent arteriole blood vessel bringing blood from the renal artery
into the bowman’s capsule of the nephron and forming the glomerulus

Die strukturele en funksionele eenheid van die nier- Terme

• Nefron die mikroskopiese, funksionele eenheid van die nier
• Podosiete gespesialiseerde selle wat die Bowmankapsel in die nier
uitvoer
• Afferente arteriool bloedvat wat bloed neem van die nierslagaar na die
Bowmankapsel van die nefron en die glomerulus vorm
• Efferent arteriole blood vessel taking blood from the glomerulus and
into the peritubular capillary
• Glomerulus a dense capillary network in the Bowman’s capsule of the
kidney
• Bowman’s capsule a cup-shaped structure surrounding the glomerulus
• Malpighian body made up of the glomerulus plus Bowman’s capsule

• Bowmankapsel ‘n kelkvormige struktuur wat die glomerulus omring

• Malpighiliggaampie bestaan uit die glomerulus en die Bowmankapsel
• Efferente arteriool bloedvat wat bloed neem van die glomerulus na die
peritubulêre kapillêres
• Glomerulus ‘n digte kapillêre netwerk in die Bowmankapsel van die nier
• Proximal convoluted tubule the folded portion of the nephron that lies
between Bowman's capsule and the loop of Henle
• Distal convoluted tubule the folded portion of the nephron between the loop
of Henle and the collecting tubule.
• Peritubular capillaries tiny blood vessels, supplied by the efferent arteriole,
that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between
blood and the inner lumen of the nephron
• Proksimale kronkelbuis die gekronkelde deel van die nefron wat tussen die
Bowmankapsel en die boog van Henle lê
• Distale kronkelbuis die gekronkelde deel van die nefron tussen die boog van
Henle en die versamelbuis
• Peritubulêre kapillêres bloedvaatjies, afkomstig van die efferente arteriool,
wat langs die nefrons geleë is en herabsorpie en sekresie tussen die bloed en
binneste holte van die nefron moontlik maak
Internal structure (microscopic)
• Each kidney is made up of +/- 1 million nephrons.
• The nephrons are the structural and functional units of the kidney.
- Structural units – the building blocks making up the kidney.
- Functional units – independent units performing the functions of
the kidney.
Inwendige bou (mikroskopies)
• Elke nier is uit +/- 1 miljoen nefrons opgebou
• Die nefron is die strukturele en funsionele eenheid van die nier.
Struktureel – die boustene van die nier
Funksioneel – selfstandige eenhede wat die funksie van die nier
uitvoer
Each nephron is made up of two main parts:
- Malpighian body
- Renal tubule
Elke nefron bestaan uit twee dele:
- Malpighi liggaampie
- Nefronbuise
Malpighian body
• It occurs on one end of the nephron and is situated in the cortex.
• It consists of two parts:
- Bowman’s capsule (double-walled and cup-shaped)
- Glomerulus (a network of capillary blood vessels).
Malpighi liggaampie
• Kom voor aan die een punt van die nefron en is geleë in die
korteks.
• Dit bestaan uit twee dele:
- Bowman kapsel (dubbelwandig en bekervormig)
- Glomerulus (netwerk van kappilêre bloedvate)
Glomerulus
• These capillary blood vessels are lined with a single endothelial layer
(squamous epithelium) with pores between the endothelial cells.
• Afferent arteriole is the blood vessel that transports blood to the
glomerulus. (wider than efferent)
• Efferent arteriole is the blood vessel that transports blood away from the
glomerulus. (narrower than afferent)
Glomerulus
• Die kappilêre bloedvate is met ‘n enkele endoteellaag (plaveiselepiteel) met
porieë tussen die endoteelselle uitgevoer.
• Afferente arteriool is die bloedvat wat bloed na die glomerulus vervoer.
(wyer as die efferent)
• Efferente arteriool is die bloedvat wat bloed weg van die glomerulus
vervoer. (nouer as die afferent)
• Because the afferent arteriole is much wider than the
efferent arteriole blood flows to the glomerulus under high
pressure.
• Omdat die afferente arteriool wyer is as die efferente
arteriool is die bloedvloei in die glomerulus onder hoë
druk.

Draw and label

Teken en benoem
Bowman capsule
• Podocytes is specialized cells found in the inner wall of the
Bowman capsule.
• The podocytes are cells with projections between which
small openings, the filtration slits, occur.
Bowman kapsel
• Podosiete is gespesialiseerde selle gevind in die binne
wand van die Bowman kapsel.
• Die podosiete is selle met uitsteeksels waartussen klein
opening, die filtrasiesplete voorkom.
Renal tubule
• Long convoluted (coiled) tubule
that is situated partially in
the cortex and
partially in the medulla.
Nefronbuis
• Lang gekronkelde buis wat
gedeeltelik in die korteks
en gedeeltelik in die
medulla lê.
• It consists of three parts:
- Proximal convoluted tubule is directly after the Bowman’s capsule and is
situated in the cortex, it is the widest part of the renal tubule.
- Loop of Henle is situated in the medulla.
- Distal convoluted tubule is situated in the cortex.
• Dit bestaan uit drie dele:
- Proksimale kronkelbuis is direk na die Bowman kapsel geleë in die korteks
en is die wydste deel van die nefronbuis.
- Henlé-boog is geleë in die medulla.
- Distale kronkelbuis is in die korteks geleë
• The proximal and distal convoluted tubule are both lined with a single layer
of cuboidal epithelium.
• Distal convoluted tubule opens into a collecting duct together with a number
of distal convoluted tubules from other nephrons.
• A few collecting ducts converge and form the ducts of Bellini.
• The ducts of Bellini are the tubes forming the pyramids that open into the
renal calyx of the renal pelvis.
• Die proksimale en distale kronkelbuise is albei uitgevoer met ‘n enkel laag
kubusepiteel.
• Die distale kronkelbuis open saam met ‘n hele paar distale kronkelbuise van
ander nefrone in ‘n versamelbuis.
• ‘n Paar versamelbuise loop saam en vorm die buise van Bellini.
• Die buise van Bellini is die buise wat die nierpiramiedes vorm, wat in die
nierkelke en dan in die nierbekken open.
BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE KIDNEY
• Renal artery (a branch of the aorta) carries oxygenated blood rich in
metabolic wastes to the kidney.
• The renal artery enters the kidney at the hilum.
• The artery branches into smaller arteries and branch further until
they form the smallest branches in the cortex called afferent
arterioles.
BLOEDVOORSIENING VAN DIE NIER
• Nierslagaar ( vertakking van die aorta) bring geoksigeneerde bloed ryk
in afvalstowwe na die nier.
• Die nierslagaar kom die nier binne by die hilum.
• Die slagaar vertak in kleiner slagaartjies en vertak verder totdat dit die
kleinste vertakking, die afferente arteriool vorm in die korteks.
• One afferent arteriole extends to each Bowman’s capsule.
• The afferent arteriole divides to form a capillary network, the
glomerulus, which fits inside the cup-shaped hollow of the
Bowman’s capsule.
• The blood capillaries then merge and form an efferent arteriole,
which transports blood away from the Bowman’s capsule.
• Een afferente arteriool verloop na elke Bowman kapsel.
• Die afferente arteriool vertak en vorm ‘n kappilêre network, die
glomerulus, wat in die holte van die Bowman kapsel pas.
• Die kappilêre bloedvate verenig en vorm die efferente arteriool,
wat bloed weg van die Bowman kapsel vervoer.
• The efferent arteriole branches again to form a second network of
blood vessels, the peritubular capillary network, which surrounds
the renal tubule.
• The peritubular capillaries combine to form venules and larger veins
that eventually form the renal vein
• The renal vein takes deoxygenated blood, minus waste products,
from the kidney via the vena cava inferior to the heart.
• Die efferente arteriool vertak weer en vorm ‘n tweede kappilêre
netwerk, die peritubulêre kappilêre netwerk, wat die nefronbuis
omring.
• Die peritubulêre kappilêres verenig en vorm venules (aartjies) en
dan groter are wat uiteindelik die nieraar.
• Die nieraar neem gedeoksigineerdebloed, sonder die afvalstowee
van die nier na die vena cava inferior na die hart.
 4
5

2 Small arterie
Klein slagaartjie
7
Venules

1 From Renal arterie

Vanaf nierslagaar
9
Ve ferio

8 To Renal vein
in
na r
Ca

Na Nieraar
va
FUNCTIONING OF THE KIDNEY
• The functioning of the kidney can be divided into three main processes:
1 Glomerular filtration / Ultra filtration
2 Tubular reabsorption
3 Tubular excretion

FUNKSIONERING VAN DIE NIER

• Die funksionering van die nier kan in drie hoofprosesse verdeel word:
1 Glomerulêre filtrasie / Ultrafiltrasie
2 Herabsorpsie deur die nefronbuis
3 Tubulêre ekskresie
1. Glomerular filtration / ultra filtration
• It occurs in the Malpighian tubules in the cortex of the
kidney.
• The blood in the glomerulus is under high pressure
because the afferent arteriole is larger than the efferent
arteriole.
1. Glomerulêre / ultrafiltrasie
• Vind plaas in die Malpighi liggaampie in die nier korteks.
• Die bloed in die glomerulus is onder hoë druk omdat die
afferente ateriool wyer is as die efferente arteriool.
• The thin endothelium with pores lining the blood capillaries of the
glomerulus, together with the podocyte layer with filtration slits of
the Bowman’s capsule, form an ultrafine filter through which the
filterable parts of the blood are forced.
• The blood cells and plasma proteins are too large to filter and they
remain behind in the capillaries.
• Die dun endoteel het porieë wat die kappilêre bloedvate van die
glomerulus uitvoer, tesame met die podosietlaag met
filtrasiesplete, van die Bowman kapsel vorm dit ‘n ultrafyn filter
waardeur die filtreerbare gedeeltes van die bloed gepers word.
• Die bloedliggaampies en plasmaproteïene is te groot om deur die
filter te gaan en bly agter in die kappilêre bloedvate.
• The part of the blood that moves into the Bowman’s
capsule is known as the glomerular filtrate.
• It contains useful substances as well as waste products.
• Die gedeelte wat deurbeweeg tot in die ruimte van die
Bowman kapsel staan as die glomerulêre filtraat bekend.
• Dit bevat nuttige sowel as afvalstowwe.
• Useful substances include: Nuttige stowwe sluit in:
- Water - Water
- Amino acids - Aminosure
- Glucose - Glukose
- Vitamins -Vitamiene
- Mineral salts - Mineraalsoute

• Waste products include: Afvalstowwe sluit in:

- Urea - Ureum
- Uric acid - Uriensuur
- Creatinine - Kreatinien
• The filtration process is promoted by:
- The high blood pressure in the glomerulus
- A large filtration surfaces
- The permeability of the glomerular membrane.
• Die filtrasieproses word bevorder deur:
- Die hoë bloeddruk in die glomerulus
- ‘n Groot filtrasie-oppervlak
- Die deurdringbaarheid van die glomerulêre membraan
• Adaptations of the Malpighian body for filtration
- The afferent arteriole is wider than the efferent arteriole –
causes a high blood pressure in the glomerulus, promoting
filtration.
- The capillary network of the glomerulus has a large surface area
– increases the efficiency of filtration.
• Aanpassing van die Malpighi liggaampie vir filtrasie
- Die afferente arteriool is wyer as die efferente arteriool – wat
hoë bloeddruk in die glomerulus veroorsaak en wat filtrasie
bevorder.
- Die kappilêre netwerk van die glomerulus het ‘n groot oppervlak
– vergroot doeltreffendheid van filtrasie.
- The Bowman’s capsule is cup-shaped – provides large
surface for effective filtration.
- The endothelial layer of the glomerular capillaries and
the podocyte layer of the Bowman’s capsule – form an
ultrafine filter through which substances are filtered.
- Die Bowman kapsel is bekervormig – vergroot oppervlak
vir effektiewe filtrasie
- Die endoteellaag van die glomerulêre kappilêre
bloedvate en die podosietlaag van die Bowman kapsel
vorm ultrafyn filter waardeur stowwe filtreer word
- The endothelial layer has pores – only allow smaller
parts of the blood to filter through.
- The podocytes have filtration slits – only allow smaller
parts of the blood to filter through.
- Die endoteellaag besit porieë – laat net kleiner dele,
filtreerbare dele van bloed deur.
- Die podosiete besit filtrasiesplete – laat net kleiner dele,
filtreerbare dele van bloed deur.
2. Tubular reabsorption
• Useful substances must be reabsorbed and returned to the bloodstream.
• Reabsorption prevents that useful substances forming part of urine are
excreted.
• The filtrate leaves the Bowman’s capsule and enters the proximal
convoluted tubule.
2. Herabsorpsie deur die nefronbuise
• Nuttige stowwe moet geherabsorbeer word en in die bloedstroom
teruggeplaas word.
• Herabsorpsie verhoed dat nuttige stowwe in die urine beland en uitgeskei
word.
• Die filtraat verlaat die Bowman kapsel en gaan die proksimale kronkelbuis
binne
Adaptation of the proximal convoluted tubule for reabsorption
- The tube is long and convoluted – enlarges the surface for
maximal reabsorption.
- The peritubular capillary network surrounds the renal tubule –
reabsorbed substance can easily move into the bloodstream.
Aanpassing van die proksimale kronkelbuis vir herabsorpsie
- Die proksimale kronkelbuis is lank en gekronkel – vergroot die
oppervlak vir herabsorpsie.
- Die peritubulêre kappilêre netwerk omring die nefronbuis –
geherabsorbeerde stowwe kan maklik in die bloedstroom
inbeweeg.
- The cuboidal epithelial cells, which line the tubule, have
many mitochondria – provide energy, this indicates an
active transport mechanism.
- The cuboidal epithelial cells have finger-like projections
(microvilli) – increase the absorption surface.
- Die kubusepiteelselle, wat die kronkelbuis uitvoer het
baie mitochondria – voorsien energie , aanduiding van
aktiewe vervoermeganisme.
- Die kubusepiteelselle besit vingeragtige uitgroeisels
(mikrovilli) - vergroot oppervlak.
Reabsorption of useful substances
- All glucose, amino acids and water-soluble vitamins are actively reabsorbed
into the peritubular capillary vessels.
- Mineral salts (e.g. Sodium) and fat-soluble vitamins are also actively
reabsorbed, but only selectively, as they are needed by the body.
- Approximately 66% of water is passively reabsorbed into the peritubular
capillaries by osmosis.
Herabsorpsie van nuttige stowwe
- Alle glukose, aminosure en wateroplosbare vitamiene word aktief
geherabsorbeer deur die peritubulêre kappilêre bloedvate.
- Minerale soute (bv. Natrium) en vetoplosbare vitamiene word ook aktief
geherabsorbeer, maar slegs gedeeltelik, soos benodig deur die liggaam.
- Ongeveer 66% water word passief deur osmose uit die filtraat
geherabsorbeer tot in die peritubulêre kappilêre bloedvate
Water reabsorption through the loop of Henlé
• The filtrate enters the loop of Henlé.
• Loop of Henlé ensures that the medulla tissue always have a high
sodium concentrations (hypertonic) – high salt and low water
potential.
• Increased sodium in medulla creates water potential gradient, water
moves passively through osmosis into the medulla.
Herabsorpsie van water deur die boog van Henlé
• Die filtraat gaan die Henlé boog binne
• Die Henlé boog verseker dat die medulla weefsel altyd ‘n hoë natrium
konsentrasie het (hipertonies is) – hoë sout en lae water konsentrasie.
• Toename van natrium in die medulla vorm ‘n potential gradiënt,
water beweeg passief deur osmose in die medulla in.
• Descending leg of Henlé is permeable to water and the
water is passively reabsorbed by osmosis.
• Sodium ions is actively pumped out of the ascending leg
of Henlé into the tissue fluid of the medulla. (Sodium
pump – Energy needed)
• Dalende been van Henlé is deurlatend vir water en water
word passief onttrek deur osmose.
• Natrium ione word aktief uit die stygende been van Henlé
tot in die medulla weefselvloeistof gepomp (Natrium
pomp – Energie benodig)
• Ascending leg of Henlé is impermeable to water, thus no
water will follow
• Sodium will be absorbed by the peritubular capillary
vessels so that the medulla do not get to salty.
• Die stygende been van Henlé is ondeurdringbaar vir water,
geen water sal volg nie.
• Natrium word deur die peritubullêre kappilêres
geabsorbeer sodat die medulla nie te sout raak nie.
Reabsorption at distal convoluted tubule
• Reabsorption of useful substances occurs
• Active reabsorption of sodium take place and the passive
reabsorption of water through osmosis.

Herabsorpsie by die distale kronkelbuise

• Herabsorpsie van nuttige stowwe vind plaas.
• Aktiewe herabsorpsie van natrium vind plaas en passiewe
absorpsie van water deur osmose.
• Water is conserved and not excreted in urine
• Filtrate moves to the collecting ducts
• Water word bewaar en nie uitgeskei deur die urine
• Filtraat beweeg in die versamelbuise in
3. Tubular excretion
• This process occurs in the proximal and distal convoluted
tubules.
• Substances are secreted from the blood in to the surrounding
peritubular capillaries through the epithelium of the renal
tubule and added to the filtrate.
3. Tubulêre ekskresie
• Die proses vind in die proksimale en distale kronkelbuis plaas
• Stowwe wat deur die epiteel laag van die nierbuise uit die bloed
in die omringende peritubulêre kappilêres tot in die filtraat
toegevoeg.
• Hydrogen ions, potassium ions, creatinine, urea, drugs,
preservatives, colorants and other foreign substances are
actively added to the filtrate.
• Waterstofione, kaliumione, kreatinien, ureum,
dwelmmiddels, preserveermiddels, kleurmiddels en
liggaamsvreemde stowwe word aktief tot die filtraat
toegevoeg
 Tubular
Blood in afferent arteriool Tubular Tubular excretion
reabsorption
Bloodcells reabsorption Creatinine
Sodium – active
Plasma protein ADH Urea
Drugs ADH Water - Osmosis
Water Water
Glucose Glucose Preservatives
Amino acids Ultra filtration Amino acids Colorants
Vitamins Filtrate Vitamins Foreign substances
Urea Water Mineral salts Tubular
Uric acid Glucose reabsorption
Creatinine Amino acids Water - Osmosis
Ammonia Vitamins ADH
Mineral salts Urea Aldosterone
Uric acid Tubular Tubular
Creatinine reabsorption reabsorption
Ammonia ADH Salt –
Mineral salts Water - Sodium Urine
osmosis pump Water
Urea Drugs
Uric acid Preservatives
Creatinine Colorants
Mineral salts Foreign substances
Urine formation
• The filtrate that flows into the collecting ducts and is now called urine.
• Urine flows through the ureter into the bladder where it is temporarily
stored.
• From Collecting ducts – Ducts of Bellini – renal pyramids – renal
calyces – renal pelvis – ureter – bladder – urethra.

Vorming van urine

• Die filtraat wat die versamelbuise binne vloei staan bekend as die
urine.
• Urine vloei deur die ureter na die blaas waar dit tydelik gestoor word.
• Vanaf die versamelbuise – buise van Bellini – nierpiramiedes – nierkelk
– nierbekken – ureter – blaas - uretra
Composition of urine
• Urine is a yellowish fluid with a characteristic smell.
• The composition and colour although are influenced by the
level of activity, health, amount of fluid intake, type of food
eaten, medication etc.
Samestelling van urine
• Urine is ‘n gelerige vloeistof met ‘n kenmerkende reuk.
• Die kelur en samestelling word beinvloed deur die graad
van aktiwiteit, gesondheid, hoeveelheid vloeistof
ingeneem, tipe voedsel ingeneem, medikasie, ect
Urine consists of:
Water- main component, solvent
Inorganic salts - e.g. chloride, sulphate and phosphate ions of calcium, sodium
and magnesium
Metabolic wastes - urea, uric and creatinine
Foreign substance - colorants, preservatives
Urine bestaan uit:
Water – hoofkomponent, oplosmiddel
Anorganiese soute- bv. Chloried, sulfaat en fosfaatione van kalsium, natrium
en magnesium
Metaboliese afvalstowwe – ureum , uriensuur en kreatinien
Liggaamsvreemde stowwe - kleur en preserveermiddels
Class work
• E-book – pg 217-219
HOMEWORK
• Act 5 pg 251
• Act 6 pg 251-252
 HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL
HOMEOSTATIESE BEHEER

Afwyking Korreksie

Beheer sentrum
Regulation of the salt concentration of the blood
• The hormone aldosterone is secreted by the cortex of the adrenal
gland
• Aldosterone regulates the concentration of sodium ions and
potassium ions in the blood.
• Aldosterone controls the permeability of distal convoluted tubules
and the collecting ducts.
Regulering van sout konsentrasie van die bloed
• Die hormoon aldosteroon word deur die bynier korteks afgeskei.
• Aldosteroon reguleer die konsentrasie soutione en kaliuminone in
die bloed
• Aldosteroon sal die deurlatendheid van die distale kronkelbuis en
die versamelbuise beheer.
When the sodium concentration in the blood is too low
• The adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland is stimulated to secrete more
aldosterone.
• More sodium ions are reabsorbed from the distal convoluted tubule and
collecting duct into the blood in the peritubular blood capillaries.
• The concentration of sodium ions in the blood increases and fewer
sodium ions are excreted in the urine.
Wanneer die natrium konsentrasie in die bloed te laag is
• Die bynier korteks van die byniere word gestimuleer om meer aldosteroon
af te skei.
• Meer natriumione word geabsorbeer uit die distale kronkelbuis en die
versamelbuis na die bloed in die peritubulêre kappilêre.
• Die konsentrasie natrium in die bloed neem toe en minder natrium ione
word deur die urine uitgeskei.
When the sodium concentration in the blood is too high
• The adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland is stimulated to secrete less
aldosterone.
• Fewer sodium ions are reabsorbed from the renal tubule.
• The concentration of sodium ions in the blood decreases and more
sodium ions are excreted in the urine.
Wanneer die natrium konsentrasie in die bloed te hoog is
• Die bynier korteks van die byniere word gestimuleer om minder
aldosteroon af te skei.
• Minder natriumione word geabsorbeer uit die nierbuise.
• Die konsentrasie natrium in die bloed neem af en meer natrium ione word
deur die urine uitgeskei.
 Sodium High
Natrium Hoog
Stimulate Adrenal gland
Stimuleer Byniere
Less Aldosterone secreted
Minder Aldosteroon afgeskei
Less sodium reabsorbed
at DCT and CD
Minder natrium geabsorbeer uit
DKB en VB
Sodium ions in the blood decreases
Natrium in die bloed neem af
More sodium ions in urine
Meer natrium ione in urine
Sodium back to normal
Natrium terug na normaal
Sodium Low
Natrium Laag
Stimulate Adrenal gland
Stimuleer Byniere
More Aldosterone secreted
Meer Aldosteroon afgeskei
More sodium reabsorbed
at DCT and CD
Meer natrium geabsorbeer uit
DKB en VB
Sodium ions in the blood increases
Natrium in die bloed neem toe
Fewer sodium ions in urine
Minder natrium ione in urine
Sodium back to normal
Natrium terug na normaal
Regulation of water content of the blood
• Osmoregulation
• The hormone ADH (anti-diuretic hormone), secreted by the
pituitary gland (hypophysis), regulates the water content of
the blood.

Regulering van water inhoud van die bloed

• Osmoregulering
• Die hormoon ADH (anti-diuretiese hormoon), afgeskei deur
die pituitêre klier (hipofise), reguleer die water inhoud van
die bloed
When the blood has too much water
• When: on old day / inactive / lots of fluid intake
• Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus in the brain is not stimulated
• LESS ADH secreted into the blood.
• As a result, the distal convoluted and collecting ducts become LESS
permeable to water.
Wanneer die bloed te veel water het
• Wanneer: koue dag / onaktief / baie vloeistof ingeneem
• Osmoreseptore in die hipotalamus in die brein word nie gestimuleer nie
• Minder ADH word afgeskei in die bloed.
• Die resultaat is dat die distale kronkelbuise en die versamelbuise minder
deurlatend word vir water
• This cause LESS water to leave the tubule by osmosis.
• MORE water thus remains in the tubule and very dilute urine is
excreted.
• LESS water is thus reabsorbed into the capillaries
• Water content of the blood decrease and returns to normal.
• Dit veroorsaak dat MINDER water die buise verlaat deur osmose.
• MEER water bly in die buise agter en verdunde urine word
uitgeskei.
• MINDER water is dus geherabsorbeer in die kappilêrevate
• Waterinhoud van die bloed neem af en keer terug na normaal.
When the blood has less water
• When: Warm days / Active / not enough fluid taken in.
• Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus is stimulated and a message is
sent to the pituitary gland which secretes MORE ADH into the blood.
• As a result, the distal convoluted and collecting ducts become MORE
permeable to water.
Wanneer die bloed te min water het
• Wanneer: Warm dae / Aktief / nie genoeg water ingeneem.
• Osmoreseptore in die hipotalamus word gestimuleer en ‘n boodskap
word na die pituitêre klier gestuur wat dan MEER ADH afskei in die
bloed.
• As ‘n resultaat word die distale kronkelbuis en versamelbuis MEER
deurlatend vir water.
• This cause MORE water to leave the tubule by osmosis and enter the
medulla.
• LESS water thus remains in the tubule forming very concentrated urine
which is excreted from the body
• MORE water is thus reabsorbed into the capillaries
• Water content of the blood increase level returns to normal.
• Dit veroorsaak dat MEER water die buise verlaat deur osmose en die
medulla binne gaan.
• MINDER water bly in die buise oor, vorm baie gekonsentreerde urine
wat deur die liggaam uitgeskei word.
• MEER water is dus geherabsorbeer in die kappilêres
• Waterinhoud van die bloed neem toe en keer terug na normaal.
HOMEWORK
Act 10 pg 258
DISEASES THAT AFFECT KIDNEY FUNCTIONING
Kidney stones
• Nitrogenous wastes and mineral salts form solid crystals.
• If the kidney stones become too big, they can block the ureter,
leading to serious pain in the side, lower abdomen and groin.
SIEKTES WAT DIE NIERFUNKSIE AFFEKTEER
Nierstene
• Stikstofhoudende afvalstowwe en minerale soute vorm soliede
kristalle.
• As die nierstene te groot raak, blokkeer dit die ureter dit
veroorsaak erge pyn in die sy, laer abdomen en lies.
• The kidney stones can be broken up into smaller pieces by
using ultrasound waves or lazer, kidney stones can then be
excreted in the urine.
• Kidney stones that are too large are usually removed
surgically.
• Die nierstene kan in kleiner stukke opgebreek word deur
ultraklankgolwe of laser, nierstene kan dan saam met die
urine uitgeskei word .
• Nierstene wat te groot is moet chirurgies verwyder word
Bilharzia
• A disease that is caused by the Schistosoma parasite.
• It affects the general health of the infected person.
Bilharzia
• ‘n Siekte wat deur Schistosoma parasiet veroorsaak word.
• Dit affekteer die algemene gesondheid van die
geïnfekteerde mens
• The most harmful effects are bleeding and the formation of
ulcers in the gut or bladder.
• Long term effects include liver damage, renal failure and
cancer of the bladder.
• Die skadelikste effekte is bloeding en die vorming van sere
in die ingewande en blaas.
• Langtermyn effekte sluit lewerskade, nierversaking en
kanker van die blaas in.
Renal failure
• A state where the kidney is so damaged that it can no longer function.
• The waste products and excess water accumulate in the blood and
body.
• The most common cause is diabetes and untreated high blood
pressure.
Nierversaking
• Is ‘n toestand waar die nier so beskadig is dat dit nie meer kan
funksioneer nie.
• Die afvalprodukte en oortollige water hoop op in die bloed en liggaam.
• Die mees algemeenste oorsaak is diabetes en onbehandelde hoë
bloeddruk
• A person suffering from renal failure can be kept alive by
dialysis or should otherwise undergo a kidney transplant.
• People with renal failure can have their blood purified
artificially by the process of dialysis, using a kidney
machine.
• ‘n Persoon wat lei aan nierversaking kan aan die lewe
gehou word deur dialise of ‘n nieroorplanting ondergaan.
• Mense met nierversaking kan hul bloed kunsmatig suiwer
deur dialise proses, deur gebruik te maak van ‘n
niermasjien.
Dialysis treatment for chronic and acute kidney failure
Ineffective kidney function results in an imbalance of salts, water
and pH in the blood which may reach toxic levels.
• DEF: Dialysis involves a process where a patient’s blood is passed
through a filtration system and returned clean to the body.

Dialise behandeling vir kroniese en akute nierversaking

• Ondoeltreffende nierfunksie lei tot ‘n wanbalans in soute, water
en pH in die bloed, wat toksiese vlakke kan bereik
• DEF: Dialise behels ‘n proses waar ‘n pasiënt se bloed deur ‘n
filtrasiestelsel vloei en dan skoon na die liggaam teruggestuur
word.
Dialysis has the following disadvantages:
• Dialysis is time consuming and expensive.
• The patient is often tired after dialysis and cannot work.
• Dialysis cannot remove all the waste in the blood.
• The only long-term solution to kidney failure, is a kidney
transplant.
Dialise het die volgende nadele:
• Dialise is tydrowend en duur.
• Die pasiënt is dikwels moeg na dialise en kan nie werk nie.
• Dialise kan nie al die afvalstowwe uit die bloed verwyder nie.
• Die enigste langtermyn oplossing vir nierversaking is ‘n
nieroorplanting.
Kidney transplants
• A patient with both kidneys seriously damaged could be considered for a kidney
transplant.
• A donor donates one of their kidneys to the patient with kidney failure (the
recipient).
• A person would be a suitable donor if he or she has the same blood group (A, B, AB
or O) as the intended recipient, and if they have a very close tissue match
(compatible).
Nieroorplanting
• ‘n Pasiënt wie se niere beide ernstig beskadig is kan oorweeg word vir ‘n
nieroorplanting.
• ‘n Skenker skenk een van hul niere vir die pasiënt met nierversaking (die
ontvanger).
• ‘n Persoon sal ‘n geskikte skenker wees indien hy of sy dieselfde bloedgroep (A, B,
AB of O) as die beoogde ontvanger het en hulle moet weefselpasmaats wees
(compatible).
• The ideal donor would be a blood relative of the patient.
• The recipient might reject the donated kidney and is given
immunosuppressive drugs to reduce the chances of organ
rejection.
• Die ideale skenker sal ‘n bloedverwant van die pasiënt wees.
• Die ontvanger mag dalk die skenkernier verwerp en dus
word immuunonderdrukkende middels voorgeskryf om die
kanse van orgaanverwerping te verlaag.
HOMEWORK
• Do Question 6 and 7, Answer series pg 2.67

HUISWERK
• Doen Vraag 6 en 7, Antwoordreeks bl 2.67
REVISION
 REVISION
NAME OF WHERE IT TAKES WHAT HAPPENS
STEP PLACE WAT GEBEUR
NAAM VAN WAAR VIND DIT
STAP PLAAS
1 Transport Renal arterie – Blood with useful and waste
blood to afferent substances carried to
glomerulus arteriool glomerulus
Vervoer Nierslagaar – Bloed met bruikbare en
bloed na afferente afvalprodukte word na
Glomerulus arteriool glomerulus geneem
 NAME OF STEP WHERE IT TAKES PLACE WHAT HAPPENS
NAAM VAN STAP WAAR VIND DIT PLAAS WAT GEBEUR

2 In the glomerulus All substances except blood cells

Glomerular / – podocytes / and protein forced into Bowman
Ultra filtration afferent size vs capsule – podocytes filter
Glomerulêre / efferent arteriole Alle stowwe behalwe bloedselle
Ultra filtrasie gives pressure en proteiene in Bowman kapsel
In die glomerulus – geforseer – podosiete filtreer
podosiete /
afferent dikte vs
efferente arteriool
gee druk
 NAME OF STEP WHERE IT TAKES PLACE WHAT HAPPENS
NAAM VAN STAP WAAR VIND DIT PLAAS WAT GEBEUR

3. Selective Proximal Convoluted ADH Water Passive Water passief

Proksimale kronkelbuis Salt Passive Sout passief
reabsorpstion Mitochondria – active All Glucose active Alle Glukose aktief
Selektiewe transport All Amino acids active Alle Aminosure aktief
herabsorpsie Vitamins and hormones Vitamiene en hormone
Descending limb of Henle ADH Water – passive absorption osmosis
Reabsorb by the Dalende been van Henle Water passief geabsorbeer deur osmose
peritubular
capillaries Acending limb of Henle Sodium active (sodium pump)
Herabsorpsie Stygende been van Henle Natrium aktief (natrium pomp)
deur die Aldosterone
peritubulêre Mitochondria – active
kappilêres transport
Distal convoluted tube ADH Water – passive absorption osmosis
Distale kronkelbuis Water passief geabsorbeer deur osmose
Collecting duct ADH Most water reabsorbed passively
Versamelbuise Meeste water passiewe geherabsorbeer
NAME OF STEP WHERE IT WHAT HAPPENS
NAAM VAN TAKES PLACE WAT GEBEUR
STAP WAAR VIND
DIT PLAAS
4. Tubular Along all kidney Waste Afvalstowwe
excretion tubes Salt Sout
Buisafskeiding/ Langs al die
tubulêre nierbuise
sekresie
NAME OF STEP WHERE IT WHAT HAPPENS
NAAM VAN TAKES PLACE WAT GEBEUR
STAP WAAR VIND
DIT PLAAS
5 Excretion of Bladder urethra Urine pass from collecting duct –
urine Blaas uretra pyramids – calyx – pelvis – ureter –
Ekskresie van bladder – urethra
uriene Bladder store urine temporarily
Uriene beweeg vanaf die
versamelbuis – piramiedes – kelk –
ureter – blaas – uretra
Blaas stoor tydelik die uriene
 Tubular
Blood in afferent arteriool Tubular Tubular excretion
reabsorption
Bloodcells reabsorption Creatinine
Sodium – active
Plasma protein ADH Urea
Drugs ADH Water - Osmosis
Water Water
Glucose Glucose Preservatives
Amino acids Ultra filtration Amino acids Colorants
Vitamins Filtrate Vitamins Foreign substances
Urea Water Mineral salts Tubular
Uric acid Glucose reabsorption
Creatinine Amino acids Water - Osmosis
Ammonia Vitamins ADH
Mineral salts Urea Aldosterone
Uric acid Tubular Tubular
Creatinine reabsorption reabsorption
Ammonia ADH Salt –
Mineral salts Water - Sodium Urine
osmosis pump Water
Urea Drugs
Uric acid Preservatives
Creatinine Colorants
Mineral salts Foreign substances
 Nephron tubes
Nefron buise
Water
Creatinine Glucose
Urea Tubular excretion Tubular reabsorption
Buisie uitskeiding Buisie herabsorpsie Amino acids
Drugs Vitamins
Preservatives Mineral salts
Colorants Peritubular Bloodvessel
Foreign substances Peritubulêre Bloedvat
 Sodium High
Natrium Hoog
Stimulate Adrenal gland
Stimuleer Byniere
Less Aldosterone secreted
Minder Aldosteroon afgeskei
Less sodium reabsorbed at
acending leg of Henle
Minder natrium geabsorbeer uit
Stygende been van Henle
Sodium ions in the blood decreases
Natrium in die bloed neem af
More sodium ions in urine
Meer natrium ione in urine
Sodium back to normal
Natrium terug na normaal
Sodium Low
Natrium Laag
Stimulate Adrenal gland
Stimuleer Byniere
More Aldosterone secreted
Meer Aldosteroon afgeskei
More sodium reabsorbed
acending leg of Henle
Meer natrium geabsorbeer uit
Stygende been van Henle
Sodium ions in the blood increases
Natrium in die bloed neem toe
Fewer sodium ions in urine
Minder natrium ione in urine
Sodium back to normal
Natrium terug na normaal
 Water High Water Low - dehidration
Water Hoog Water Laag - dehidrasie

Detected by hypthalumus Detected by hypothalamus

Waargeneem deur hipotelamus Waargeneem deur hipotelamus

Less ADH secreted by pituatary gland More ADH secreted by pituitary gland
Minder ADH afgeskei deur pituatêre klier Meer ADH afgeskei pituatêre klier

Less permeable at DCT and CD More permeable at DCT and CD

Minder deurlatende DKB en VB Meer water geabsorbeer uit DKB en VB
Less water reabsorbed at DCT and CD More water reabsorbed at DCT and CD
Minder geabsorbeer by DKB en VB Meer water geabsorbeer uit DKB en VB

Water in the blood decreases Water in the blood increases

Water in die bloed neem af Water in die bloed neem toe

More water in urine -dilute Less water in urine - concentrated

Meer water in urine - verdun Minder water in urine - gekonsentreerd

Water back to normal Water back to normal

Water terug na normaal Water terug na normaal
HOME WORK
E-class room Pg 228 – 229
Question 2 & 3.2