Excretory System

● Regulate the chemical composition of body fluids by removing

metabolic waste and retaining the proper amounts of water, salts, and
nutrients.
Components of Excretory System
1. Kidneys
2. Liver
3. Sweat Glands
4. Lungs
5. Large Intestine
Function:
● To filter the blood and remove liquid waste from the body.

[Excretory System] Metabolism

● In the different body processes, some harmful by-products referred
to as metabolic waste are formed.
● Excretion is the process of removing these wastes and excess water

from the body.

● It is one of the primary ways the body maintains homeostatis

(balance).
The body gets rid of the following:
1. Excess water
2. Excess salts
3. Carbon dioxide resulting from cellular respiration
4. Nitrogen-containing compounds like ammonia, urea, and uric acid.
Ammonia
● Most aquatic animals, including most bony fishes.

Urea
● Mammals, amphibians, sharks, some bony fishes.

Uric Acid
 ● Birds, many reptiles, insects, snails.
[Excretory System] Kidneys
● The kidney are the principal excretory system organs of the body.
They excrete most of the urea, sugar, and salts in the form of urine.
● The human kidneys are two bean-shaped organs; one on each side

of the backbone. It is about the size of a fist.

● Small as it is, the kidney contains over a million excretory units or

filtering units called nephrons.

● Blood comes into the kidney, waste get removed. The filtered blood

goes back into the body. Waste get turned into urine.
● If blood stops flowing into a kidney, part or all of it could die. That

lead to kidney failure.

•URINARY TRACT•
[Urinary Track] Ureters
● These narrow tubes carry urine from the kidney to the bladder.

Muscles in the ureter walls continually tighten and relax forcing urine
downward, away from the kidneys.
[Urinary Tract] Bladder
● This triangle-shaped, hollow organ is located in the lower abdomen. It

is held in placed by ligaments that are attached to other organs and

the pelvic bones.
[Urinary Tract] Sphincter Muscles
– These circular muscles help keep urine from leaking by closing
tightly like a rubber band around the openning of the bladder.
[Urinary Tract] Nerves in the Bladder
● The nerves alert a person when it is time to urinate, or empty the

bladder.
[Urinary Tract] Uretra
● This tube allows urine to pass outside the body.
 •KIDNEY CONDITIONS•
[Kidney Conditions] Kidney stones
● Minerals in urine form crystals (stones), which may grow large

enough to block urine flow. The most common symptom is severe

pain.
[Kidney Conditions] Chronic Kidney Disease
● Describes the gradual loss of kidney function. Your kidney filter waste

and excess fluids from your blood, which are then excreted in your
urine.
[Exrectory System] Liver
● The liver acts on excess amino acids in the blood which are end
product of protein digestion.
● Removal of amino acids happens here as the liver convert them into

urea.
● Urea is transported by the blood from the liver mostly into the

kidneys which filter it out of the blood and expel it as part of urine.
● The LIVER is a large, meaty organ that sits on the right side of the

belly. Weighing about 3 pounds, the liver is reddish-brown in color

and feels rubbery to the touch. Normally you can’t feel the liver,
because it is protected by the rib cage. The liver has two large
sections, called the right and the left lobes.
There are 2 distinct sources that supply blood to the liver, including the
following:
1. Oxygenated blood flows in from the hepatic artey.
2. Nutrient-rich blood flows in from the hepatic portal vein.
[Function] Liver
● Production of bile, which helps carry away waste and break down fats

in the small intestine during digestion.

● Production of certain proteins for blood plasma.
 ● Production of cholesterol and special protein to help carry fats
through the body.
● Conversion of excess glucose into glycogen for storage (glycogen

can later be converted back to glucose for energ) and to balance and
make glucose as needed.
● Regulation of blood levels of amino acids, which form the building

blocks of protein.
● Processing of hemoglobin for use of its iron content (the liver stores

iron).
● When the liver has broken down harmful substances, its by-product

are excreted into the bile or blood.

● Bile by-product enter the intestine and leave the body in the form of

feces.
● Blood by-product are filtered out by the kidneys, and leave the body

in the form of urine

•Liver Conditions•
[Liver Conditions] Hepatitis
● Inflamation of the liver, usually caused by the viruses like hepatatis

A,B, and C. Hepatitis cma have non-infectious causes too, including

heavy drinking, drugs, allergic reactions, or obesity.
[Liver Conditions] Liver Cancer
● The most common type of liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma,

almost always occurs after cirrhosis is present.

[Excretory System] Sweat Glands
● During exercise or heavy work, the body can lose plenty of water and
salt.
● Body Excrete (Water); Composition (Urine,Sweat); Percentage (Urine,
95% to 96% and Sweat, 99%).
● Body Excrete (Salts); Composition (Urine,Sweat); Percentage (Urine,
 ●

4% to 5% and Sweat 1%).

● Also known as sudoriferous or sudoriparous glands.

● These are small tubular structures of the skin that produce sweat.

● These are glands that produce and secrete substances onto an

epithelial surface by way of a duct.

Three (3) part of Sweat Glands:
1. Eccrine sweat glands
– These are distributed all over the body in varying densities.
2. Apocrine sweat glands
– Are limited to the axilla and perianal areas in humans.
3. Apoeccrine sweat glands
– These have the characteristics of both eccrine and apocrine
sweat glands.
[Excretory System] Lungs
● The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side
of the chest (thorax).
● The trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the lungs throught

its tubular branches, called bronchi.

● The bronchi then divides into smaller and smaller branches

(bronchioles), finally becoming microscopic.

● The bronchioles eventually end in cluster of microscopic air sacs

called aveoli. In the aveoli, oxygen from the air is absorbed into the
blood.
● As blood passes through the capillaries of the lungs, it receives a

fresh supply of oxygen.

● At the same time, it expels excess carbon dioxide and a small amount

of water into the air sacs of the lungs.

Functions:
● Changing the pH of blood (whether the blood is more acid or alkali)
 ●

by increasing or decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the body.

● To help oxygen from the air we breathe enter the red cells in the

blood.
● The lungs also help the body excrete or get rid of carbon dioxide

when we breathe out.

● Filtering out small gas bubbles that may occur in the bloodstream.

● Converting a chemical in the blood called angiotensin l to

angiotensin ll.
Respiratory Failure
● Can happen when your respiratory system is unable to remove

enough carbon dioxide from the blood, causing it to build up in your

body.
[Excretory System] Large Intestine
● The undigested part of the food is passed in to the large intestine.
● The walls of the large intestine absorb most of the liquid portion of

the waste, leaving a more or less solid feces that the body expels
through the anus.
● The cell lining of the large intestine excrete excess salt that is thrown

out together with the feces.

● The large intestine is the final organ in the gastrointestinal tract.

● Its main function is to eliminate solid watse that remain after the

digestion of food and the extraction of the water from indigestible

matter in food waste.
It has three (3) parts:
1. Cecum
– Allows food to pass from the small intestine to the large intestine.
2. Colon
– It is where fluids and salts are absorbed and extends from the
cecum to the rectum.
 3. Rectum
– It is where feces (waste material) is stored before leaving the
body through the anus.
Bowel Obstruction
● Occurs when the large intestine is not working properly, it is a serious

problem that happens when something blocks your bowels, either

your large or small intestine.
● It can stop blood flow, causing part of the intestine to die. As pressure

build up from the blockage, intestinal bacteria can leak into the
bloodstream.

Excretory System in Other Organisim

[Excretory System] Amoeba
Excretory Organ
● The contractile vacoule removes the ammonia and excess water in

their body.
Excretory Waste
● Ammonia

[Excretory System] Earthworms

Excretory Organ
● Special stuctures called Nephridia collect excretory products from

body cavity and eliminate through pores in the body surfaces.

Excretory Waste
● Urea

● Ammonia

● Water

[Excretory System] Insects

Excretory Organ
 ● Malpighian Tubules seen along with digestive tract. They separate
excretory products and eliminate along with digestive waste.
Excretory waste
● Uric acid

[Excretory System] Fishes

Excretory Organ
● Kidney filter the wastes and eliminate directly to water.

Excretory Waste
● Ammonia

[Excretory System] Frog

Excretory Organ
● Their nitrogenous waste filtered by Kidneys are excreted in the form

of urine.
Excretory Waste
● Urine

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Additional Explanation (Excretory System)

● Also called urinary system
● Maintain of internal homoestasis (means balance)
● Excrete/remove waste
● Kidneys,liver, sweat gland, lungs, and large intestine
● Three main type of nitrogenous waste (ammonia, uric acid, urea)
● Amino acid (liver) into ammonia
● Ammonia connect to urea
● Waste product that we have are ammonia and urea
● Kidney excrete ammonia
● Liver excrete urea
● Uric acid build up from the non healthy food
● Kindey are main organ im excretory system
● Function of kidney is to filtrate of urea, sugar, and salt
● Flitration of blood
● flitrating units (nephrons)
● Kidney Dialysis is called if the kidney is not functioning
● Liver cells (hepatocytes) is to convert amino acids to ammonia
● Liver cancer is the common disease of liver