EXCRETORY SYSTEM (urinary)

• I INTRODUCTION
• Excretion rids body waste substances,
particularly end products of metabolism.
• Several organs assist in the excretory
process but the kidneys which are a part of
the urinary systemare the primry organs of
excretion.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM contd.
• Urine is formed by more than one million
nephrons in each kidney which not only
serves to rid the body of nitrogenous wastes,
but also to regulate the water content, the
salt levels, and the pH of the blood.

• USE pp. 243 & 244 of the lab manual.

EXCRETORY SYSTEM CONTD.
• I EXCRETORY PROCESS IN HUMAN BODY
• 1. Lungs--carbon dioxide
• 2. Sweat-Glands--urea (in small quantities.
• 3. Digestive Tract-excess Calcium,and
• iron from the small intestine.
• 4. Kidneys--Nitrogenous wastes , (urea)
• 5. Liver--Bile pigments
EXCRETORY SYSTEM contd.
• Proteins are broken down into amino acids.
• They may be used to produce new protein or
they may be deaminated in the liver to form
ammonia.

• Ammonia is toxic and is converted in the liver

to urea. This is delivered to the kidneys by
the blood. (ON BOARD)
EXCRETORY SYSTEM contd.
• FUNCTIONS OF EXCRETORY SYSTEM
• 1. Excretion of nitrogenous products of
metabolism in urine.
• 2. Maintenance of the proper water balance
in the body.
• 3. Maintenance of the proper conc. Of salts.
• 4. Regulation of pH in the blood.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM contd.
• URINARY SYSTSEM
• 1. Kidneys--(bean shaped organs about 4”X2”. They are
reddish brown in color.
• 2. URETERS--(tubes which convey the urine
• to the bladder.)
• 3. URINARY BLADDER--(hollow muscular organ that can hold
up to 600 mls. Of urine.
• 4. URETHRA--(tube that runs from bladder to body surface.
Drains the bladder.)
•
EXCRETORY SYSTEM contd.
• ANATOMY & FUNCTION OF THE KIDNEY
• 1. CORTEX--Layer that lies next to outside of
kidney. Contains the nephrons, the filtering
units of the kidneys.
• 2. MEDULLA--The inner layer of the kidney.It
consists of thousands of collecting tubules.
Forms pyramids & calyx. 3. PELVIS--Hollow
collecting chamber.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM contd.
• The formation of urine by the nephron results
from 3 physiological activities that occur in
different regions of the nephron:
• I FILTRATION
• 1. Blood pressure forces small molecules
• from the glomerulus into Bowman’s
• capsule.
• 2. The glomerular filtrate (20 percent of
EXCRETORY SYSTSEM contd.
• 3. This glomerular filtrate , collected in
Bowman’s capsule is carried to the renal
tubule .
• 4. 80 per cent of the blood (serum protein &
blood cells) is carried by the efferent vessel
to the network of veins sorounding the renal
tubule.
• This is accomplished by blood pressure.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM contd.
• II. SELECTIVE REABSORPTION
• 1. Cells in the walls of the proximal
convoluted tubule reabsorb whatever
substances are needed and pass them out into
the venous capillaries sorrounding the tubule.
• 2. The tubule is able to select for
reabsorption just the amount of any one
substance needed by the blood.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM contd.
• 3. Reabsorbed materials are:
• (a) electrolytes
• (b) glucose sugar
• © water (80 per cent absorbed at the
• loop of Henle.
• 4. This is accomplished by diffusion and
active transport.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM contd.
• III. SECRETION
• In the distal convoluted tubule substances not
needed in the blood, are transferred out of the
blood from the venous capillaries into the the
tubule. The tubule then secretes these into the
filtrate.
• Substances excreted are: (1) water (2salts (3) urea
(4) Uric ascid (5) creatinine
• All are excreted from the body in the urine.