VSg

QUESTIONS

ANSWER

SHORT
VERY of m a n .
the braln ni cov
cranial
meninges
coverlng
called
cranial
meinges
vering te
Name the membranes

Q. tissue
connective

the three layered

embrane. t
memi
are double
Ans. Ihe following thick,
brain. It is a
brain of man. of the
membrane

outermost

1.
D U r d m a t e r

: It is a n cavity. brain.

lines the inner

surface of
cranial
membrane
ofthe
It is a thin, webby
middle
membrane
of the
brain which
closel.
closely attarhe
Arachnoid
Mater innermost
2. and
richly vascular
Piamater: Itis a thin,

to the brain.
March-15, Q4]
callosum?
May-15, 04| (TS)
Q2. What is corpus Q3| (AP)
March-17, Q3 (TS) May-15, fibres which
(AP) myelinated
Ans. TS) May-17, Q41 flat bundle of
wide and cerebral hemispheres.
is a
transverse,
sides of
Corpus
callosum
and left
between the right cerebral hemispheres
nervous
connection
between left
and right
acts as a communication

coordination and
It brings
of the cerebrum.
(TS) March-20 4
vitae?
know about arbor
What do you into a sheath of grey matter
Q3.
of cerebellum
which projects out
matter
the inner white
Ans. Arbor vitae is
It appears like a branching tree.
(Cerebellar cortex). division?
thoraco-lumbar
division is called
Q4. Why the sympathetic L(TS) March-17, Q4| (AP) March-16.Q4
Ans.
the thoracic regions and lumbar of the spinal cord

preganglionic n e u r o n s originate from

As the
thoraco-lumbar division.
the sympathetic division is called as
craniosacral division?
Q5. Why the parasympathetic division is called
located
Ans. The cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division of ANS are
in the brain and in the sacral region of the spinal cord, the parasympathetic division is also knowT as

craniosacral division.

Q6. Distinguish between the absolute and relative refractory periods.

Ans.

Absolute Refractory Period

1. It is the time
during which a second action
Relative Refractory Period
1. It is the time ction

potential cannot be initiated even by a very during which a second d

strong stimulus. Potential can be initiated by a larger than norma
2 Itcoincides with the periods of stimulus.
and hyperpolarization. depolarization 2. It coincides with the period of
Q7. What is
hyperpolarization.
all-or-none principle?
Ans. The action
potential which is generated in
threshold stimulus but does not response to a threshold stimulus
impulse is either conducted totally
occur at
subthreshold stimuli, which means (or) supra
all- or none (or) not conducted at all. the nerve
principle. This principle is known as am

COOl
54
 Chapter 3(B) (Neural Control and Coordination)
How do rods and cones of human eye differ trom each other chemlcally and functlonally?
(15) March-19, Q4| (AP) May-16, 04)
Ans.

Rods Cones
Rods contain a purplish red protein called 1. Conescontaina visual pigmentcalled iodopsin
rhodopsin (or) visual purple
They play a significant role in twilight 2. They play a significant role in day light
dimlight i.e., scotopic vision is the vision (photopic vision) and color vision.
under low light conditions
Q9. Distingulsh between the blind spot and the yellow spot. (TS) May-17, Q31

Ans.

Blind Yellow Spot of the

1. It is the region in retina in which the optic 1. It is the region present in the centre
nerve leaves the eye ball. posterior portion of the retina.
of yellow
2 Both rods and cones (Photo receptor cells) 2. Only cones are present in the centre
called fovea centralis. Cones
are absent. Images are not formed at this spot, which is as
are responsible for sharp vision.
spot,
(AP) March-17, Q4| (AP) March-15, Q6]
Q10. What ls organ of Corti?
'auditory receptors, that It is
Organ of corti is a hearing apparatus which contains hair cells
act as
Ans.
is which forms a sensory ridge
present in the 'middle canal' of the cochlea. Cochlear epithelium present
on basilar membranes
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS SA@S
Q1. Draw a labelled dlagram of the T.S of the splnal cord of man.

Ans. (AP) May-17, a13|(75) March 16, 013| 75) May 15, Q13 1(AP)May-15,Q13| (TS)March-15, Q13 1(AP) March-15, 013)
Dorsal horn
Posterlor median sulcus
White
natter Central canal
Dorsal root of
Grey matter- spinal nerve
VIP
Dorsal root Ouestion
Anterior median.
ganglon
fissure Vventral
horn Spinal nerve
Ventral root of
spinal nerve

Figure T.S of Spinal Cord of Man

2. Distingulsh between somatic and autonomic neural systems.

Ans.
Somatic Neural System (SNS)
Both
sensory and motor neurons are present in this system.
ensory neurons present in this system. Conducts sensory impulses from somatic receptors to the
CNS.
Sensory signals are generally consciously perceived.
Somatic motor neurons regulate the skeletal muscles and produce voluntary activities. This effect
is called excitation.

ingle, myelinated somatic neuron extends from CNS to skeletal muscle fibres.
55
 Zoology (Second Year) 4
' h o t w

Automatic Neural System

system
includes
cells i.e.,

(a)
rod and cones,

Rods Contains a purplish

trecepto
Autonomic
neural
pigment called rhodops red
in twilight/dimlight (lo proten
sense

interceptors
such as
viscera and
hin, importan
stimuli w igh
without conditions).
operates
This system usually
Contains
conscious control. (b) Cones a
visual
Autonomic motor

movements
neurons
regulate
in the cardiac
the called iodopsin, important in
vision and colour vision.
pidayymenyligh
involuntary
muscles, smooth
muscles and glands.
5.
Macula lutea (or) yellow spot is the
Osterior portTegjioon
in this centre of t
2 motorneurons
in series are present present in the
of the retina.
autonomic pathway.
(a) Preganglionic neuron Fovea centralis is a snmall depressic
6.
b) Postganglionic neuron. composed of cones. It is
located in thewhich
of the macula lutea. Fovea is
This system has two divisions
sharp, central vision while walkino.
import
Sympathetic division (Thoraco lumbar
(a) driving etc.
division)
(b) Parasympathetic division (Cranio:|7. Optic disc (or) blind spot is the ree:
gion in
sacral division). retina in which the optic nerve leaves the
account of the retina of the
ball. eye
Q3 Gve an

human eye. Q4. Glve an account of synapti

Ans. TS) May-18, a13 (TS) March-2018, a13)] fransmission.

(AP) March-18, Q13 (T

PigmentEpithelium Ans. March-17, a13 | (AP) March-16, o
(Back of the eye)
Rod
Axon

Photoreceptor layer
Axon terminal
Bipolar cell . Synaptic vesicles
Bipolar celllayer Pre-synaptic
membrane
Ganglion cell- Synaptic cleft Synapse
Ganglion cellayer Post synaptic
membrane

Neurotransmitters Receptors
Light (faling on retina)
Figure: Microscopic Figure: Synaptic Transmission
1. Retina
Structure of
is the
the Retina 1.
1.
third and inner coat of
the eye.
Synapses are the junctions through w
Itconsists pigmented of a
the nerve
impulse is transmitted from 0
epithelium
neural portion (non-
visual portion) and a neuron to another
neuron. It is formeu
portion). (visual the
membranes of a presynaptic an pe
3 The synaptic neuron.
pigmented epithelium is a sheet of
elanin with
epithelial cells in it whereas the 2 A
synaptic cleft is a ay
neural gaap that may (or)
portion composed
is of three separate the ynaptic and post s
namely, layers neuron.
(a) Photoreceptor layer 3.
Two types of
(b) Bipolar layer present synapses are
()Ganglioncell layer. 1 Four
() Electrical
butWoniy

56 i) Chemical synpases. Tam compler

 Chapter-3(B) (Neural Control and Coordination)

Transmission
( Electrical Synapses Steps in Synaptic
reaches the axon
The gap between the membranes of 1 When an action potential
(a) terminals it depolarizes the membrane and
presynaptic and post synaptic neurons calcium channels are
is less in case of electrical impulses. then the voltage gated
opened.
(b) The electrical synapses act as conductive
Calcium ions fuses with the plasma
links between two neurons. These are
neurotransmitters are
membrane and
also called as "gap junctions".
released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis.
The impulse transmisions through an
(c) Neurotransmitter binds with their specific
electrical synapse is always faster than 3.

receptor molecules which are present

that across a chemical synapse.
on ligand gated channel of postsynaptic
(i) Chemical Synapses membrane.
(a) A fluid filled space called synaptic4 and
cleft separates the nmembrances of pre
Binding opens the ligand gated channels
allows the entry of specific ions, which can

synaptic and post synaptic neuronal produce a new action potential in the post
membranes.
synaptic neuron.

(b) Neurotransmitters present in the 5. The new action potential produced may
vesicles of axon terminals are involved be excitatory or inhibitory (based on
in the transmission of impulses at these neurotransmitter interaction with ligand
synapses.
gated receptors).
Q5 List out the differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic neural syhstems in
man.

Ans.

Sympathetic Neural System Parasympathetic Neural System

This system originates in the thoracic and 1. This system originates in the cranial region of
lumbar regions of the spinal cord. brain and secral region of spinal cord.
2
Ganglia of this system are linked to form a 2. Ganglia remains isolated (does not form a
chain, one chain on each side of vertebral
column.
chain)
3. Length of axons of preganglionic neurons are 3. Length of axons of preganglionic neurons are
shorter where as in
are longer. postganglionic fibres, they longer where as in post ganglionic neurons,
they are shorter.
Postganglionic fibres produce and release 4.
Postganglionic fibres
Norepinephriine/Adrenaline on the efffector produce and release
acetylcholine on the effector organs. Thus, this
organs. Thus, this systemis called adrenergic. system is called cholinergic.
.
6
During stress period, this system is active. 5. This system is active
veral effect is generally 'excitatory' during relaxing times.
Stimulating and 6. Overal effect of this sytemis
usually 'inhibitory

Q1. Gve
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS LA@S
a brief account of
the structure and
Ans. functions of the brain of man.

Brain in