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Smooth muscle

or involuntary, as it does not

Smooth muscle is described as non-striated, visceral Some smooth muscle has the
havestriations and is not under conscious control.
peristalsis. It is
intrinsic ability to initiate its own contractions (automaticity), e.g.autonomic nerve
innervated by the autonomic nervous system Additionally,
contraction. Smooth
impulses, some hormones and local metabolites regulate its
muscle is rich in mitochondria that fuel slow and sustained activity. It fatigues much
more slowly than skeletal muscle. Smooth muscle cells are usually organised in sheets
in the walls of hollow organs, so that contraction and relaxation determine pressure
within the organ, for example:
-regulating the diameter of blood vessels and parts of the respiratory tract
propelling contents along, e.g. in the ureters, ducts of glands and the alimentary tract
-expelling contents of the urinary bladder and uterus.
When examined under a microscope, the cells are seen to be spindle-shaped with only
one central nucleus.

Varicoity

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- Smooth macle cell

Cardiac muscle

This is found only in the heart wall. It is not under conscious control but, when
viewed under a microscope, cross-stripes (striations) characteristic of skeletal muscle
can be seen. Each fibre (cell) has one nucleus and one or more branches. The ends of
the cells and their branches are in very close contact with the ends and branches of
adjacent.
fibres.

cells. Microscopically, these 'joints!, or intercalated discs, appear as lines that are
thicker and darker than the ordinary cross-stripes. This arrangement gives cardiac
muscle the appearance of a sheet of muscle rather than a very large number of
individual fibres. This is significant when the heart contracts, as a wave of contraction
spreads from cell to cell across the intercalated discs, which means that the cardiac
muscle fibres do not need to be stimulated individually.
The heart has an intrinsic pacemaker system, which means that it beats in a
coordinated manner without external nerve stimulation, although the rate at which it
beats is influenced by autonomic nerve impulses, some hormones, local metabolites
and other substances.

CARDIAC MUSCLE SBYJU'S

Te Leaing Apo

Cross-strations

Nuclei
Myocytes
Intercalated
disks