CONTROL & CO-ORDINATION

M.Daisy Prasanthi
INTRODUCTION

 Control: It is the power of restrain and regulation by which something can be

started , slowed down or stopped.
 Coordination: The working together of various agents of the body of an
organism in a proper manner to produce appropriate reaction to a stimulus.
 All the activities in animals are controlled and coordinated by the nervous and
endocrine system.
 Hormones are the chemical messengers which assist the nervous system in
carrying out the various functions.
 Hormones in plants coordinate the movements.

M. Daisy Prasanthi
EXAMPLES

All these movements in

response to the environment
are carefully controlled by
our nervous system

M. Daisy Prasanthi
ANIMALS - NERVOUS SYSTEM

 Muscular and nervous tissue provide control and coordination.

 Parts of Nervous system.
1. Brain
2. Spinal Chord
3. Nerves
 Nerve Cell or Neuron : The structural and functional unit of Nervous system.
 Stimulus – Any change in the environment
 Receptors- Specialized cells which detect stimulus. Usually they are located
in our sense organs.

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RECEPTORS

 Thigmo Receptors – Skin (Touch)

 Gustatory Receptors – Tongue (Taste)
 Olfactory Receptors – Nose (Smell)
 Audio Receptors – Inner Ear (Sound)
 Photo Receptors – Eyes (Light)

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 STRUCTURE OF THE NERVE CELL OR NEURON

M. Daisy Prasanthi
The information acquired at the end of the dendritic tip sets of a chemical reaction to create an electrical impulse.

Pathway of Nerve Impulse

Receptors

Dendritic Tip

Dendrite

Cyton

Axon

Axon Terminal

(Electrical impulse releases Neurotransmitters )

Synapse

Dendrite of Next neuron

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REFLX ACTION
REFLEX ACTION – REFLEX ARC
RECAP
 ‘REFLEX’ is a word we use very commonly when we talk about some sudden
action in response to something in the environment.
 Examples – Touching a hot object, Stamping on a sharp object like nail or
thorn, Touching a flame etc.
 In all the above situations, we respond quickly without thinking about them.
 Spinal cord helps us in responding quickly so that we will be out of danger.
 Thinking is a complex process which involves a complicated interaction of
many nerve impulses from many neurons.
 The sensory nerves are connected to the motor nerves primarily at the spinal
cord.
 Relay neuron carries the nerve impulses from the sensory nerve to the motor
nerve.
 Reflex arc- it is the pathway of the reflex action.
 HUMAN BRAIN.
Brain
 TYPES OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Classification
RECAP
 Brain is the control centre of our body. It is covered by a bony case called cranium. It is
covered by 3 membranes known as meninges.
 The brain has three major parts - forebrain, midbrain and hind brain.
 Fore brain is the main thinking part of the brain.
 Cerebrum is the seat of mental abilities, controls thinking, reasoning, memory, emotions
and speech.
 Midbrain and hindbrain control involuntary actions.
 Hindbrain comprises of cerebellum, Pons and medulla oblongata.
 Pons regulates few aspects of respiration.
 Cerebellum maintains the posture and balance of the body.
 Medulla oblongata is the centre of cardiac and respiratory regulation. It also regulates
swallowing, coughing, sneezing and vomiting.
 Spinal cord is the extension of medulla oblongata. It is protected by the vertebral column
or backbone.
NERVOUS TISSUE & MUSCULAR TISSUE
1. What is the difference

between the two pics?

 FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS TISSUE

Nervous tissue…
1.Collects the information(stimuli) from the receptors.
2.Sends the information to the brain or spinal cord.
3.Processes the information.
4.Makes decisions based on the information.
5.Conveys the decision (response) to the muscles for action.
RECAP
 Nervous tissue sends responses to the muscular tissue . This makes the muscles
move.
 Muscular tissue, at the cellular level contains a complex of proteins - actin and
myosin.
 These proteins slide past one another when the signal to contract(move)is
received .
 These proteins change the shape of the cell and their arrangement in response to
the nervous impulse.
 The muscle cell contracts in length. A single cell can contract up to 70% in length.
 The proteins present in the muscles give the muscle cells a shorter form.
 HOME WORK:
 Answer the questions given in the page 119.
COORDINATION IN PLANTS
 Can u name the plant??
Germination of a seed
Mimosa - Structure
Mimosa – Nasty Movement
Tropic movements in plants
THIGMOTROPISM
PEA PLANT - AUXINS
PHYTOHORMONES
 Plant hormones are the special chemical compounds which are synthesized at the
places away from where they act and simply diffuse to the area of action.
 They coordinate growth , development and responses to the environment.
PLANT HORMONES - TYPES
RECAP
 Plants show both growth and movement in response to stimuli. Plants show two types of
movements – nasty and tropic.
 Nasty movements are independent of growth of the plant .Ex : Mimosa plant.
 Tropic movements are dependent on growth.
 The different tropic movements are phototropism , hydrotropism, chemotropism
,geotropism and thigmotropism.
 Plant hormones are the chemical substances that are synthesized at places away from
where they act and simply diffuse to the area of action.
 Auxins , gibberellins ,cytokinins are the growth promoting hormones.
 Abscisic acid and ethylene are growth inhibiting hormones.
 Auxins –cell elongation ,root formation ,development of seedless fruits and phototropism.
 Gibberellins – growth of the stem,induce flowering.
 Cytokinins-cell division, delays aging of leaves
 Abscisic acid - inhibits growth, promotes aging of leaves.
 Ethylene – ripening of fruits.
HORMONES IN ANIMALS

 What is happening?????????
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
 List out different parts in this diagram.
 RECAP
1.Besides nervous system, endocrine system also helps in control and coordination of plants.
2.HORMONES are the chemical substances produced in our body that controls and regulates the
activity of certain cells and organs.
3.Hormones are secreted by special glands.
4.Glands are the organs in the animal and human body which secretes particular chemical
substances for use in the body or for discharge into the surroundings.
5.Glands are classified into 3 types –exocrine ,endocrine and mixed gland.
6.Exocrine glands are also known as duct glands because they carry their secretions to the site
of action. EX: liver
7.Endocrine glands are also known as ductless glands because they pour their secretions directly
into the blood stream .Ex :pituitary gland , thyroid gland etc.
8.Mixed glands act as both exo and endocrine glands.
9.Exocrine glands secretes biocatalysts known as enzymes.
10.Endocrine glands secrete chemical messengers known as hormones.
ADRENAL GLAND
THYROID GLAND
PANCREAS
RECAP
 Adrenal gland is located above the kidneys . It is triangular in shape. It
secretes the hormone adrenaline.
 Adrenaline increases the heart rate, breathing rate, decreases the supply of
blood to digestive system and skin to divert the blood to the muscles.
 Thyroid gland – Iodine is necessary for thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine
hormone.
 It regulates carbohydrates, protein and fat metabolism to provide the best
balance for growth.
 Deficiency of Iodine causes goitre (Swollen neck).
 Pancreas produce a hormone known as Insulin. This hormone regulates blood
sugar level. If not secreted in proper amounts the sugar level in the blood
rises.
 Deficiency of insulin reduces the uptake of glucose by body tissues.
 To treat harmful effects of increased level of blood sugar the diabetic patients
are advised to take insulin injections.
PITUITARY GLAND
HORMONES - FUNCTIONS
RECAP
 Pituitary gland is also known as the master gland of the endocrine system. It
is located in the brain.
 It controls the working of majority of the endocrine glands by secreting
stimulating hormones.
 It secretes TSH(thyroid stimulating hormone),FSH(follicle stimulating
hormone),ACTH(Adreno cortico trophic hormone),prolactin ,vasopressin ,
growth hormone and oxytocin.
 Hypothalamus plays an important role in secreting releasing factors that
regulate the secretion of hormones from pituitary gland.
 Pineal gland secretes serotonin hormone which constricts the blood vessel at
the site of injury.
 Ovaries secrete estrogen(development of secondary sexual characters) and
progesterone(maintenance of pregnancy)
 Testis secrete testosterone . It helps in the development of masculine
features such as growth of beard and moustaches , male sex organs,
deepening of voice and muscular development.