CH- 7 CONTROL AND COORDINATION

STIMULI- The changes in the environment to which the organisms respond and react called stimuli

Ex. Heat, cold ,smell,taste etc.

Response- reaction for a stimulus

For control and coordination two systems are required- 1 nervous system 2. Muscular system

Nervous system – smallest unit is neuron

Receptor- A cell or group of cell in sense organs which is sensitive to a particular type of stimulus.

PHOTORECEPTOR- eye (detect light) THERMO RECEPTOR - Skin (detect temperature)

PHONORECEPTOR - ear ( detect sound ) GUSTATO RECEPTOR- Tongue ( detect taste)

OLFACTO RECEPTOR- nose ( detect smell)

Effector - It is a part of body which respond to a stimulus according to the instructions sent from the
nervous system. Ex. Muscle and gland

Synapse - It is a microscopic gap btween two adjacent neuron where an axon terminal comes in near
contact with dendrite terminal of next neuron.

Impulse Is a selfpropagated electrical current that travel from one end to another of a neuron for
the passage of a message

Pathway of impulse in a neuron

Stimulus  receptor ( a chemical reaction produces electrical impulse in cell body) Axon Nerve
ending ( A chemical neurotransmitter secreted ) New electrical impulse is generated in the next
neuron .

Impulses travel in only one direction due to secretion of neurotransmitter on one side of the synapse

Types of neuron

1. Sensory neuron—transmit impulses from receptor ( sense organ) to central nervous system

2. Motor neuron--- transmit impulses from central nervous system to effectors.

3. Relay neuron – they occur in central nervous system where they serve as links between other
neurons.

Central nervous system –it consist 1. Brain 2. Spinal cord

Spinal cord—
Reflex action---It is an automatic ,simple type of response control led by spinal cord. No thinking process
involved

Reflex arc—The pathway taken by nerve impulse in a reflex action ( shortest route for quick response)

Flow chart of reflex action

Stimulus  Receptor--- spinal cord --- effector -- response

Need for reflex action though we hve well developed brain--

Thinking process by brain and to send instructions to give response for a stimulus is a long process,
there are certain situations where sensation requires immediate response .Delay in response would be
harmful. In such cases the body operates reflex action.

Brain -----It consist three parts 1. Fore brain 2. Mid brain 3. Hind brain

Parts of brain sub part functions

Fore brain 1. Cerebrum (80% of total weght) different regions for sight, smell, audio,

Learning,memory,thinking,store information

And expriences.

2.Olfactory lobe helps to detect smell

Mid brain control reflex movement of head and neck in

Response to visual and auditory stimuli

For example- change in pupil size, eye

Movement etc.

Hind brain 1. pons regulate some aspects of respiration

2.cerebellum control balan and posture of the body

Ex. Walking in straight line, riding a bicycle.

3. medulla oblongata control involuntary actions like coughing,

Sneezing,vomotting, swallowing, salivation,

Rate of heart beat, rate of breathing, blood

Pressure etc.

Peripheral nervous system It consists spinal nerves and cranial nerves
Spinal nerves--- arising from spinal cord (31 pair )

Cranial nerves --- arising from brain ( 12 pair )

Visceral nerves – arise from spinal cord ,connected to internal organs

Central nervous system communicate with other body parts by these nerves

How does the nervous tissue cause action?

When a nerve impulse reaches the muscle , the muscle show contraction and relaxation due to protein
present in them. Which change the shape of muscle and cause action

HOW brain and spinal cord is protected?

Brain—bony box called skull (cranium) inside it three membranes called menings, between these
membrane a fluid is filled called cerebro spinal fluid it act as cushion and protect brain from mechanical
shocks.

Spinal cord---out side of spinal cord vertebral column, inside this three membrane and between these
membrane cerebrospinal fluid is filled it act as cushion and protect spinal cord from mechanical shocks

Endcrine system – group of endocrine gland and produces various hormones.

Que- What are the limitations of electrical impulse

OR

Why we need chemical coordination though we have well developed nervous system ?

Ans- 1. All the cells are not connected to nerve cells.

2. Once an electrical impulse is generated in a cell and transmitted, the cell will take time to reset its
mechanism before it can generate and transmit a new impulse.

Hormone- certain chemical substances secreted by endocrine gland (ductless gland ) They are poured
directly into the blood stream to reach target site .

Characteristics of hormones ---

1.Hormones are released in very small amount.

2. they never work on the place where they are secreted ( work on target site )

Que – How chemical coordination takes place in animals ?

Ans- Certain chemical compound are secreted by some specialized cells and released in the body of an
organism.This chemical compound would diffuse all around the original cell. If other cells around have
the means to detect this compound using special molecule on their surfaces .
.Then they would be able to recognize information and even transmit it.

 Reach to every cell .

 Steady and persistant
Name of gland hormone function
Hypothalamus releasing hormone regulate secretion of pituitary

Inhibitory hormone gland

Pituitary gland growth hormone (G H) Control growth of human body

Thyroid gland Thyroxine control rate of metabolism of fats

Carbohydrate and protein

Pancreas (dual nature) Insulin regulate (lower)the level of sugar in

Blood

Adrenal gland Adrenalin ( emergency It prepare our body for action in some

Hormone) particular situations like when we are

Frighten, excited or angry

Testes Testosterone control development of sex organ

And secondary sexual characters

Ovary oestrogen -------------do-----------

Progesterone control change in uterus in menstral

Cycle, maintenance of pregnancy

 Feed back mechanism --- The mechanism by which timing and amount of hormone released is
controlled. Example
 Sugar level rises in blood  pancreatic cell detect it produce insulinblood sugar level falls to
certain level  secretion of insulin is stopped by pancreas
 Coordination in plants 
Plant hormones ( phytohormone)
Hormone Function
Growth promotor
1.Auxin ( secreted at shoot tip) promote cell enlargement , cell differentiation

2. Gibberlins promote cell division, cell differentiation

 3. cytokinin promote cell division

4. Ethylene Ripening of fruit

5. Abscisic acid(ABA) Inhibit growth by closing of stomata,wilting

(growth inhibitor ) of leaves, falling of leaves and fruit etc.

Plant movements --There are two plant movement

1. Tropic movement ( directional ) 2. Nastic movement (non –directional movement)

Tropic movement  movement of plant part in response to stimulus due to growth

(i) movement toward stimulus—positive
(Ii) movement away from stimulus- negative

Types of tropic movement—

1. Phototropism movement of plant part in respose to light
Ex. Growth of stem --+ve movement, growth of root- negative movement

2. Geotropism - movement of plant part in response to gravity.

Ex. Growth of root -- +ve movement, growth of stem – negative movement

3.Hydrotropism- movement of plant part in respose to water

Ex. Growth of stem -- negative movement , growth of root --- +ve movement
4. Chemotropism--- growth of plant part in response to a chemical.
Ex. Growth of pollen tube towards ovule in response to chemical(sugar) secreted by stigma.

 Nastic movement( growth independent)

Movement of plant part in response to touch of an object is called nastic or thigmonasty.

Direction of plant part is changed by changing the amount of water in their cells.
Ex.touch me not ( mimosa pudica )

Ch-6 life processes

Lymph- ( extra cellular fluid)
How lymph is formed ?
From pores of blood capillaries some amount of protein, plasma and blood cells come out and
fill in intercellular space. It flows in lymph vessels and lymph nodes
Function- 1. It take nutrients from tissue and put back into blood.
2.kill germs with the help of lymphocytes

Differences in blood and lymph

Blood lymph
1. red in colour light yellow in colour
2. contain all blood cells contain only white blood cells
3. plasma contain more protein plasma contain less protein
4.flow in both direction flow in one direction

Transportation in plants-
Transportation in plant is slow because plans energy requirement is less due to-
1. in plants most of the tissues are dead 2. Plants are stationary
Que- How water enter into plants ?
Ans.- root cells in contact with soil take ions by spending energy ( actively). It create difference
in concentration. To eliminate this difference water enter into root cell by osmosis. And reach to
root xylem.
Que- How water move upward in plants?
Ans. Water enter through osmosis create pressure in xylem cell which is sufficient for height
that we commonly see in plants but when plant height is more then water which is lost through
the stomata is replaced by water from xylem vessels in the leaf. Infact , evaporation of water
molecules from the cells of leaf creates a suction which pulls water from the xylem cells of roots.

Two forces are responsible for upward movent of water.

1.Root pressure 2. Transpiration or sunction pull created by transpiration
Advantages of transpiration –
1. create sunction pull for upward movement of water
2. maintain the temperature of plant body.
Translocation- Transporation of soluble product of photosynthesis from leaf to different part of
plant by tissue phloem.
Que . which substances are transported by phloem?and where these substances are
transpoted?
Ans. Amino acids and other substances like sucrose. They are transported to root, stem ,growing
parts and storage parts