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2E Animal & Plant Nutrition

Time: 1 hour 30 minutes

Total marks available: 90

Total marks achieved: ______

Andy Todd
Q1.

Complex carbohydrates are broken down in the human digestive system.

(a) Name the elements present in a carbohydrate molecule.

(1)
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(b) Starch and glucose are carbohydrates found in living organisms.

Complete the table to show some of the properties of starch and glucose.
Insert a tick if the property applies or a cross if it does not.
(5)

(c) (i) Describe how you could test for the presence of glucose in a substance.
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(ii) Give two safety precautions you would take when carrying out the test.
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(Total for question = 11 marks)

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Q2.

Read the passage below. Use the information in the passage and your own knowledge
to answer the questions that follow.

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(a) Suggest how spending time outdoors can reduce the chance of getting rickets
(lines 7 and 8).
(1)
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(b) Suggest why vitamin D deficiency is more of a problem for children than for adults.
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(c) Vitamins are an essential part of a balanced diet.

Give three other components of a balanced diet.
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(d) Suggest why snacking on crisps, chocolate and soft drinks is an unsuitable diet for
children who are not very active (lines 16 and 17).
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(e) Suggest the health problems that might develop if children have too much fat in
their diet (line 18).
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(f ) Describe how you would carry out an experiment to find out the energy value of
a potato crisp.
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(Total for question = 13 marks)

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Q3.

The Bristol scale is used to classify human faeces. It is used to help diagnose patients
who have problems with their alimentary canal.

(a) Suggest why a patient might produce Type 1 faeces.

(1)
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(b) Suggest why a patient might produce Type 7 faeces.

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(c) Describe how food is moved through the gut.

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(d) Name the part of the gut where faeces are

(i) stored
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(ii) expelled
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(e) Explain how egestion differs from excretion.

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(Total for question = 10 marks)

Andy Todd
Q4.

The table shows the percentage of protein, fat and minerals found in the same mass
of meat from different animals.

(a) (i) Which meat contains the least protein?

(1)
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(ii) Calculate how many grams of protein are present in one kilogram of rabbit
meat. Show your working.
(2)

Answer ........................................................... g

(b) Which type of meat would provide the most energy?

(1)
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(c) Give two uses of fat in the human body.

(2)
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(d) Name the mineral in meat that is needed to make haemoglobin.

(1)
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(Total for question = 7 marks)

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Q5.

The photograph shows a water plant growing on the surface of a lake.

This water plant grows by increasing the number of its leaves. Many mineral ions
help plants to grow.

(a) Describe how one named mineral ion helps plants to grow.
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(b) Copper ions inhibit the growth of this water plant.

To investigate this effect, a student put four plants with a total of 10 leaves into a
beaker containing 400 cm3 of mineral ion solution together with a copper coin.
She repeated this with 400 cm3 of the mineral ion solution without a copper coin.
She counted the number of living leaves each day for the next eight days.
The table shows her results.

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(i) Plot a line graph on the grid below to show the results of her investigation.
Use a ruler to join the points with straight lines.
(6)

(ii) In this investigation, the concentrations and volumes of the mineral ion solution
and the species of water plant were kept the same.
Name three other variables that need to be kept the same for the results of
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this investigation to be valid.
(3)
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(Total for question = 11 marks)

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Q6.

During photosynthesis, plants absorb carbon dioxide through their leaves.

(a) Describe how the structure of a leaf is adapted to absorb carbon dioxide.
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(b) Write the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis.

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(c) A simple controlled experiment can be carried out to show that a plant leaf produces
starch when exposed to light.

(i) At the start of the experiment, all of the starch should be removed from the leaf.
Suggest how this could be done.
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(ii) Describe the control you would set up in this experiment.

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(iii) Describe how you would test a leaf for starch.

Include the safety precautions you would take and the results you would
expect to see.
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(Total for question = 10 marks)

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Q7.

The photograph shows a variegated leaf. The dark (green) part of the leaf has cells that
contain chloroplasts. The white part of the leaf has cells that do not contain chloroplasts.

(a) Describe the role of chloroplasts in leaf cells.

(2)
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(b) The diagram shows a leaf cell from the green part of the leaf.

Name the parts labelled A, B and C.

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(c) The diagram shows a plant with variegated leaves.

The plant was destarched by leaving it in the dark for 24 hours.

Leaf X then had a strip of black paper attached to both the upper and lower surfaces.
It was then sealed in a flask containing a solution of sodium hydroxide, a substance
that absorbs carbon dioxide.

Leaf Y also had a strip of black paper attached to both the upper and lower surfaces.

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The plant was then placed in the light for 24 hours and then a starch test was
carried out on leaf X and leaf Y.

The five leaves, A to E, show the possible appearance of leaf X and leaf Y after the
starch test.

(i) Which of the leaves A to E matches the result you would obtain after testing
leaf X and leaf Y for starch?
(2)
leaf X ................................................................................................................................................
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leaf Y ................................................................................................................................................
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(ii) Explain what happens in a leaf when it is destarched.

(2)
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(iii) Describe how the green pigment in leaf cells is removed safely before testing
a leaf for the presence of starch.
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(iv) Name the chemical used to test for starch.

(1)
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(Total for question = 13 marks)

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Q8.

(a) The diagram shows a section through a leaf.

(i) Name the structures labelled A and B.

(2)
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(ii) Give the function of the waxy cuticle.

(1)
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(iii) Some of the leaf cells carry out photosynthesis. Write a word equation for this
process.
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(iv) Plants, like all living organisms, need to excrete waste products.
Explain how the excretory product of photosynthesis is removed from the
leaf.
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(b) Some plants lose their leaves in cooler months. This can be described as an
excretory mechanism. Suggest two other reasons why some plants lose their
leaves in cooler months.
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2 .......................................................................................................................................................
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(c) Name one excretory organ in humans and name the substance it excretes.
(2)
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(Total for question = 11 marks)

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Q9.

The diagram shows the label on a packet of a new kind of food for people who want
to lose weight.

The food is a powder which is added to water to make a liquid drink. The label on the
packet claims that the food provides a complete balanced diet.
(a) What is meant by the term balanced diet?
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(b) A pregnant woman decides that this food does not provide her with a complete
balanced diet.

Use the information on the packet to give two reasons why the pregnant woman
may be right.
(2)
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(Total for question = 4 marks)

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Q1.

This question was on carbohydrates. All but a very few candidates could
give the elements present in a carbohydrate molecule in part a). However,
only the best candidates gained full credit in part b) for completing the table
on the properties of starch and glucose. In part c) most candidates were
able to describe a test they could carry out for glucose. A number of
responses included adding glucose to the substance to be tested. Most
responses also gave two safety precautions such as heating in a water bath
and wearing safety glasses.

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Q2.

The comprehension was about diet in children and tested understanding of

vitamins, balanced diet and energy balance. In part (a), most appreciated that
spending time outdoors allows sunlight to make vitamin D and so reduce the
chance of getting rickets. Those who thought sunlight contains vitamin D were not
credited. Part (b) was more challenging, but about 60% appreciated that children
are still growing which is why a vitamin D deficiency would cause a problem,
particularly with bone development. Those who did not read the question carefully
wrote about the time children spend indoors or commented on the amount of cod
liver oil they take. Most candidates were able to list three other components of a
balanced diet in part (c). In part (d), a pleasing number of candidates appreciated
the energy balance implications of eating foods rich in carbohydrates and fats and
not using the calories due to hypoactivity. Then, in part (e), many were aware of
the health risks of a high fat diet in causing obesity, cardiovascular disease and
diabetes. Part (f) required candidates to write about a practical procedure listed in
the specification. Those who had carried out the practical were able to recall many
of the points allowed in the mark scheme. However, it was clear that some
candidates had no idea what was required to find out the energy value of a food
sample.

Q3.

This question provided students with a copy of the Bristol scale used to
diagnose problems with alimentary canal function. In parts (a) and (b) the
more able candidates were able to suggest why the different form of faeces
might be produced. In part (c) the question required candidates to describe
how food is moved through the gut. Most responses gained some marks
with the best responses describing peristalsis as contraction of the circular
and longitudinal muscles in the gut wall. In (d) most candidates could name
the part where faeces are expelled but fewer could name the part where
faeces are stored. In part (e) candidates needed to explain how egestion
differs from excretion. Very few seemed to understand the differences and
only the best candidates scored full marks. Many responses talked about
faeces being excreted and few candidates knew what egestion was.

Q4.

This question presented data on the protein, fat and mineral content of 5
different meats. In part a) almost every candidate could correctly identify
the meat with least protein and calculate how many grams would be
present in one kilogram of rabbit meat.

Q5.

The question gave a picture of a water plant growing on a lake. In (a), most
candidates were able to suggest a mineral ion required by a plant and its role in
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the plant. We would expect candidates to give the ions required in the
specification - magnesium for chlorophyll or nitrate for amino acids. However,
other ions were also credited. Candidates then had to plot a line graph of some
experimental results in (b). Those from centres who had practiced graph plotting
scored very well. In (d), many candidates could identify three variables to be kept
constant with light intensity, carbon dioxide level and temperature being the most
common correct answers.

Q6.

(a) required a description of how the leaf is adapted to absorb

carbon dioxide. Many candidates gained full credit for writing about the presence
of a large surfaces area and many stomata. The thinness of the leaf provides a
short diffusion distance and the moist surfaces of the spongy mesophyll cells. In
(b) candidates had to write a balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis.
Although many gained full marks some confused respiration, others gave wrong
formulae. In part (c) students needed to remember the practical experiment
used to show that light is required for photosynthesis. This is straight from the
specification and we were disappointed by how many candidates did not know
how to destarch a leaf or test one for starch.

Q7.

This question gave candidates a photograph of a variegated leaf. In (a) almost

all could describe the role of chloroplasts. Again, In part (b), most could
name the structures in the diagram of the plant cell. The experiment
described in part (c) should have been familiar to all candidates. However
this item (iv) discriminated well between candidates and only the best could
identify the appearance of the leaves after testing for starch. In parts (ii)
and (iii) those candidates who had carried out investigations testing leaves
for starch could answer well and those who had not seen this practical
performed poorly. In part (iv) almost all could correctly identify iodine
solution as the chemical test for starch.

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Q8.

This question provided a diagram of a section through a leaf. In part a)

almost all candidates could correctly name the structures labelled. Most
were able to give the function of the waxy cuticle as reducing transpiration
and preventing entry of microorganisms. Most could also give the word
equation for photosynthesis, although a significant minority chose to give
chemical formulae. In the final part the better candidates gained full credit
for explaining that oxygen exits the stomata down a diffusion gradient from
a high concentration to a lower one outside the leaf. Part b) asked
candidates to suggest reasons why some plants lose their leaves in cooler
months. Answers that gained credit included reduction of water loss, lack of
sunlight for photosynthesis and conservation of energy resources.

Q9.

This question required students to use information from a label on a slimming drink. In part (a)
most students gained some credit with the best answers describing a balanced diet as containing
the correct proportions of carbohydrate, protein, lipid, vitamins and minerals. In part (b) most
could identify why the drink would not be suitable for a pregnant woman.

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Q3.

Q4.

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Q5.

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Q7.

Q8.

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Q9.

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